Thomas Edward Thorpe

{{Infobox scientist

| name = Thomas Edward Thorpe

| honorific_suffix = {{post-nominals|size=100%|CB|FRS|FRSE}}

| image = Thomas Edward Thorpe.jpg

| signature = Signature Thomas Edward Thorpe.svg

| birth_date = 8 December 1845

| birth_place = Manchester, UK

| death_date = {{death date and age |1925|02|23 |1845|12|08 |df=yes}}

| death_place = Salcombe, UK

| nationality = British

| fields = Chemistry

| workplaces = Normal School of Science
Yorkshire College of Science
Andersonian Institute

| alma_mater = University of Heidelberg

| doctoral_advisor = Robert Bunsen

| doctoral_students= {{Plainlist|

Henry Vincent Arid Briscoe{{cite web |title=The Vincent Briscoe Annual Security Lecture |url=https://www.imperial.ac.uk/security-institute/media/videos/briscoe-lecture/ |website=Imperial College London |access-date=5 April 2021}}

}}

| awards = Longstaff Prize (1881)
Royal Medal (1889)

}}

File:200 y Anniversary of Berlin Academy 1900.jpg, Alfred Werner and other prominent chemists]]

Sir Thomas Edward Thorpe CB, FRS HFRSE LLD (8 December 1845 – 23 February 1925) was a British chemist.{{cite journal|title=Thorpe, Sir Edward|journal=Who's Who|year=1918|page= 2370|url=https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=uc1.b3452406;view=1up;seq=2400}} From 1894 to 1909, he was Chief Chemist to the British Government, as Director of the Government Laboratory.{{Cite journal | doi=10.1021/ed003p100|title = Sir Edward Thorpe, C.B., F.R.S| journal=Journal of Chemical Education| volume=3| pages=100|year = 1926|last1 = Hart|first1 = Edward| issue=1 | bibcode=1926JChEd...3..100H |doi-access=free}}

Early life and education

Thorpe was born at Barnes Green in Harpurhey, Manchester, the son of George Thorpe, a cotton merchant at Trafford Bank, and his wife Mary Wilde. He was educated at Hulme Grammar School.{{cite book|title=Biographical Index of Former Fellows of the Royal Society of Edinburgh 1783–2002|date=July 2006|publisher=The Royal Society of Edinburgh|isbn=0-902-198-84-X|url=https://www.royalsoced.org.uk/cms/files/fellows/biographical_index/fells_indexp2.pdf}}

Thorpe originally worked as a clerk, but in 1863 began working as an assistant to Henry Roscoe, a professor of chemistry at Owen's College, Manchester, where he gained a degree in Chemistry. Thorpe then undertook postgraduate studies at the University of Heidelberg, gaining his doctorate (PhD).

Academic career

After a time working for August Kekulé in Bonn Thorpe returned to Britain in 1870 to accept a Chair at the Andersonian Institute (now the University of Strathclyde) in Glasgow. He later held posts at the Yorkshire College of Science (now the University of Leeds) and the Normal School of Science (later the Royal College of Science and now part of Imperial College London).

Thorpe conducted research on a wide range of subjects. He contributed to the understanding of the relationship between substances' molecular weights and their specific gravities, and his work on phosphorus compounds led to a better understanding of phosphorus trioxide and the prevention of the illnesses it caused to workers in the match industry. Thorpe's work on the atomic weights of metals led to the award of a Royal Medal in 1889, and in 1902 Thorpe was elected member of the newly created International Atomic Weights Commission. He was a fellow of the Royal Society, to which he served as foreign secretary in 1903.{{Cite newspaper The Times |title= Court Circular|date=7 November 1902 |page=8 |issue=36919}} He was the president of the British Association for 1921–1922.[https://archive.org/stream/reportofbritisha22adva#page/n43/mode/2up Thorpe's Presidential Address to the British Association Meeting, held at Edinburgh in 1921] He also took part in four eclipse expeditions, and a magnetic survey of the British Isles.

From 1894 to 1895, Thorpe served as president of the Society of Chemical Industry.{{cite web | url=https://www.soci.org/about-us/history/sci-presidents | title=SCI Presidents }}{{cite magazine|author1=Addison, Henry Robert|author2=Oakes, Charles Henry|author3=Lawson, William John|author4=Sladen, Douglas Brooke Wheelton|title=THORPE, Thomas Edward|magazine=Who's Who|year=1907|volume= 59|page=1748|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yEcuAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA1748}} He left academia in 1894 to take up a government post as principal of Somerset House Laboratory, also known as the Government Laboratory, originally established in 1842 for the prevention of the adulteration of tobacco products and then enhanced by the Sale of Food and Drugs Act 1875 (38 & 39 Vict. c. 63).{{cite book|author1=Michael French|author2=Jim Phillips|title=Cheated Not Poisoned?: Food Regulation in the United Kingdom, 1875-1938|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HYumkNK0YEMC&pg=PA45|date=2 September 2000|publisher=Manchester University Press|isbn=978-0-7190-5605-5|pages=45–}} In this post from 1894 to 1909, he moved the government laboratory in 1897 from Somerset House to a new building of his own design and helped to further the effectiveness and reputation of this government laboratory. With his staff Thorpe worked on matters of public health, including the detection of arsenic in beer, and the elimination of lead from pottery. His successor as principal chemist of the Government Laboratories was James Johnston Dobbie. In 1912 he was appointed to the Royal Commission on Fuel and Engines.{{London Gazette|issue=28632|pages=5721–2|date=2 August 1912|nolink=y}}

Honours

Thorpe was appointed a Companion of the Order of the Bath (CB) by Queen Victoria in the 1900 Birthday Honours{{London Gazette |issue=27200 |pages=3629–3630 |date=8 June 1900 }} and knighted by King Edward VII in 1909.London Gazette June 1909

Family

In 1870, Thorpe married Caroline Emma Watts, daughter of John Watts. They had no children.{{cite ODNB|first=P. W.|last=Hammond|title=Thorpe, Sir Thomas Edward (1845–1925)|id=36514}}

Death

Thorpe died of a heart attack, following a long period of ill-health, at "Whinfield" in Salcombe, Devon on 23 February 1925 at the age of 79.Nature (magazine) 7 March 1925 He was buried in the local churchyard at Salcombe.

Publications

Thorpe wrote a number of books, including the textbooks Inorganic Chemistry (1873), Dictionary of Applied Chemistry (1890){{cite book|author=Thorpe, Sir Edward|title=A Dictionary of Applied Chemistry|volume=5 vols., 1912–1916, revised & enlarged edition|location=London|publisher=Longmans, Green, & Co|url=https://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/001042604}} and a History of Chemistry (vol. 1, 1909; vol. 2, 1910).{{cite book|author=Thorpe, Sir Edward|title=History of chemistry|volume=1 & 2, 1909–1910|location=London|publisher=Watts|url=https://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/007646259|date=October 1909|series=The history of science series}} Outside chemistry, his great interest was yachting,{{cite journal|last1=Tutton|first1=A. E. H.|authorlink=Alfred Edwin Howard Tutton| title=Obituary. Sir Edward Thorpe. C.B., F.R.S.|journal=Nature|volume=115|pages=343–345|date=7 March 1925|doi=10.1038/115343a0|issue=2888|doi-access=free}} and he wrote two books on this subject; A Yachtsman's Guide to the Dutch Waterways (1905) and The Seine from Havre to Paris (1913).