Three teachings

{{short description|Confusianism, Taoism, and Buddhism collectively, considered as a harmonious aggregate}}

{{Hatnote|This article is about San Jiao in Chinese society. For a concept of San Jiao within the traditional Chinese medicine (TCM), see San Jiao.}}

File:Confucius Laozi Buddha.jpg handing over an infant Gautama Buddha to an elderly Laozi]]File:Huxisanxiaotu.jpg, a Song dynasty (12th century) painting portraying three men representing Confucianism, Taoism (Daoism), and Buddhism laughing together]]

File:Hanging Temple.jpg, which contains Daoist, Buddhist and Confucian deities and halls]]

File:性命圭旨三聖圖.png]]

In Chinese philosophy, the three teachings ({{zh|c=三教|p=sān jiào}}; {{langx|vi|tam giáo}}, Chữ Hán: 三教) are Confucianism, Taoism, and Buddhism. The learning and the understanding of the three teachings are traditionally considered to be a harmonious aggregate within Chinese culture.{{Cite web|url=http://afe.easia.columbia.edu/cosmos/ort/teachings.htm|title=Living in the Chinese Cosmos: Understanding Religion in Late-Imperial China|website=afe.easia.columbia.edu}} Literary references to the "three teachings" by prominent Chinese scholars date back to the 6th century. The term may also refer to a non-religious philosophical grounds of aggregation as exemplified within traditional Chinese medicine.

Three teachings harmonious as one

The phrase also appears as the three teachings harmonious as one ({{zh|c=三教合一|s=|t=|p=San Jiao He Yi |labels=no}}). In common understanding, three teachings harmonious as one simply reflects the long history, mutual influence, and (at times) complementary teachings of the three belief systems.{{Cite journal|last1=Vuong|first1=Quan-Hoang|date=2018|title=Cultural additivity: behavioural insights from the interaction of Confucianism, Buddhism and Taoism in folktales |journal=Palgrave Communications|volume=4|issue=1|pages=143|doi=10.1057/s41599-018-0189-2|s2cid=54444540 |doi-access=free}}

It can also be used in reference to the "Sanyi teaching", a syncretic sect which was founded during the Ming dynasty by Lin Zhao'en, wherein Confucian, Taoist, and Buddhist beliefs are combined according to their usefulness in self-cultivation.{{cite web |url=https://faculty.franklin.uga.edu/kirkland/sites/faculty.franklin.uga.edu.kirkland/files/linchao.pdf |title=Lin Zhaoen (Lin Chao-en: 1517-1598) |first=Russell |last=Kirkland |access-date=16 February 2011}} However, the phrase is not necessarily a reference to this sect.

While Confucianism was the ideology of the law, the institutions and the ruling class, Taoism was the worldview of the radical intellectuals and it was also compatible with the spiritual beliefs of the peasants and the artisans. The two, although opposite ends of the philosophical spectrum, jointly created the Chinese "image of the world".Freiberg, J.W. “THE DIALECTIC OF CONFUCIANISM AND TAOISM IN ANCIENT CHINA.” Dialectical Anthropology 2, no. 3 (1977): 175–98. http://www.jstor.org/stable/29789901.

The joint worship of the three teachings can be found in some Chinese temples, such as in Hanging Temple.

Sanjiao believers think that "[t]hree teachings are...safer than one" and that using elements from all three brings good fortune.{{Cite book |last=Clayre |first=Alasdair |title=The Heart of the Dragon |publisher=Houghton Mifflin |year=1985 |isbn=978-0-395-35336-3 |edition=First American |location=Boston |pages=35 |author-link=Alasdair Clayre}}

Confucianism

Confucianism is a complex school of thought, sometimes also referred to as a religion, revolving around the principles of the Chinese philosopher Confucius. It was developed in the Spring and Autumn period during the Zhou dynasty. The main concepts of this philosophy include ren (humaneness), yi (righteousness), li (propriety/etiquette), zhong (loyalty), and xiao (filial piety), along with strict adherence to social roles. This is illustrated through the five main relationships Confucius interpreted to be the core of society: ruler-subject, father-son, husband-wife, elder brother-younger brother, and friend-friend. In these bonds, the latter must pay respect to and serve the former, while the former is bound to care for the latter.{{cite web|title=Confucianism|url=http://www.patheos.com/Library/Confucianism.html|publisher=Patheos|access-date=11 February 2015}}

The following quotation is from the Analects, a compilation of Confucius' sayings and teachings, written after his death by his disciples.

{{quote|"The superior man has a dignified ease without pride. The mean man has pride without a dignified ease."|Confucius, The Analects of Confucius{{cite web|title=The Analects Quotes|url=http://www.goodreads.com/work/quotes/3320969---lunyu|access-date=12 February 2015}}}}

This quotation exemplifies Confucius' idea of the junzi ({{zh|c={{linktext|君子}}|labels=no}}) or gentleman. Originally this expression referred to "the son of a ruler", but Confucius redefined this concept to mean behaviour (in terms of ethics and values such as loyalty and righteousness) instead of mere social status.{{cite book|last1=Craig|first1=Albert|title=The Heritage of Chinese Civilization|publisher=Pearson}}

Taoism

Daoism (or Taoism) is a philosophy centered on living in harmony with the Dao (Tao) ({{zh|c={{linktext|道}}|p=Dào|l=Way}}), which is believed to be the source, pattern and substance of all matter.{{cite web|last1=Chiu|first1=Lisa|title=Daoism in China|url=http://chineseculture.about.com/od/religioninchina/a/Daoism.htm|access-date=13 February 2015}} Its origin can be traced back to the late 4th century BCE and the main thinkers representative of this teaching are Laozi and Zhuang Zhou. Key components of Daoism are Dao (the Way) and immortality, along with a stress on balance found throughout nature. There is less emphasis on extremes and instead focuses on the interdependence between things. For example, yin and yang ({{lit|dark and bright}}) do not exemplify the opposition of good against evil, but instead represents the interpenetration of mutually-dependent opposites present in everything; "within the Yang there exists the Yin and vice versa".

The basis of Daoist philosophy is the idea of "wu wei", often translated as "non-action". In practice, it refers to an in-between state of "being, but not acting". This concept also overlaps with an idea in Confucianism as Confucius similarly believed that a perfect sage could rule without taking action. Daoism assumes any extreme action can initiate a counter-action of equal extremity, and so excessive government can become tyrannical and unjust, even when initiated with good intentions.

The following is a quote from the Daodejing, one of the main texts in Daoist teachings:

{{quote|"The truth is not always beautiful, nor beautiful words the truth."|Laozi, Daodejing{{cite web|title=Tao Te Ching Quotes|url=https://www.goodreads.com/work/quotes/100074|access-date=13 February 2015}}}}

Buddhism

File:Buddhist, Daoist, and Folk Deities from the Water-Land Ritual.jpg of Buddhist, Daoist, and Folk Deities]]

Buddhism is a religion that traces its roots back to the teachings of Siddhartha Gautama. Central ideas of Buddhist belief and practice are karma, rebirth, and impermanence. Most Buddhists believe that life is full of suffering, but that suffering can be overcome by attaining enlightenment. Nirvana can be obtained by breaking away from (material) attachments and purifying the mind. However, different doctrines vary on the practices and paths followed in order to do so.

Another concept prominent in the Buddhist belief system is the Eight-Fold Path. The Noble Eightfold Path is the fourth of the Four Noble Truths, which is said to be the first of all Buddha's teachings.{{cite web|last1=Allan|first1=John|title=The Eight-Fold Path|url=http://www.buddhanet.net/e-learning/8foldpath.htm|access-date=13 February 2015}} It stresses areas in life that can be explored and practice, such as right speech and right intention.{{cite web|last1=Nourie|first1=Dana|title=What is the Eightfold Path?|url=http://secularbuddhism.org/2013/05/03/what-is-the-eightfold-path/|access-date=13 February 2015}}

Controversy

Though the term "three teachings" is often focused on how well Confucianism, Buddhism, and Taoism have been able to coexist in harmony throughout Chinese history, evidence has shown that each practice has dominated, or risen to favour, during certain periods of time.{{cite web|title=San Jiao / San Chiao / Three Teachings|url=http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/china/religion-san-jiao.htm|access-date=10 February 2015}} Emperors would choose to follow one specific system and the others were discriminated against, or tolerated at most. An example of this would be the Song dynasty, in which both Buddhism and Taoism became less popular. Neo-Confucianism (which had re-emerged during the previous Tang dynasty) was followed as the dominant philosophy.{{cite web|last1=Theobald|first1=Ulrich|title=Chinese History - Song Dynasty 宋 (960-1279) literature, thought and philosophy|url=http://www.chinaknowledge.de/History/Song/song-literature.html|access-date=13 February 2015}}

A minority also claims that the phrase "three teachings" proposes that these mutually exclusive and fundamentally incomparable teachings are equal. This is a contested point of view as others stress that it is not so. Confucianism focuses on societal rules and moral values, whereas Taoism advocates simplicity and living happily while in tune with nature. On the other hand, Buddhism reiterates the ideas of suffering, impermanence of material items, and reincarnation while stressing the idea of reaching salvation beyond.