Timeline of English history

{{short description|List of significant events in the history of England}}

{{See also|List of English monarchs|List of British monarchs|English monarchs family tree}}

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This is a timeline of English history, comprising important legal and territorial changes and political events in England and its predecessor states. To read about the background to these events, see History of England.

Prehistory: Mesolithic/Neolithic periods{{•}}Bronze/Iron Ages
Centuries: 1st{{•}}2nd{{•}}3rd{{•}}4th{{•}}5th{{•}}6th{{•}}7th{{•}}8th{{•}}9th{{•}}10th{{•}}11th{{•}}12th{{•}}13th{{•}}14th{{•}}15th{{•}}16th{{•}}17th{{•}}18th{{•}}19th{{•}}20th{{•}}21st
References{{•}}Sources

1st century BC

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55 BC

Roman General Julius Caesar invades for the first time, gaining a beachhead on the coast of Kent.Caesar, Commentarii de Bello Gallico 4.20–35, 5.1, 8–23; Dio Cassius, Roman History [https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Cassius_Dio/39*.html#50 39.50–53], [https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Cassius_Dio/40*.html#1 40.1–3]; Florus, Epitome of Roman History 1.45

54 BC

Caesar invades a second time. These two invasions are known as Caesar's invasions of Britain.

Centuries in 1st millennium: 1st{{·}}2nd{{·}}3rd{{·}}4th{{·}}5th{{·}}6th{{·}}7th{{·}}8th{{·}}9th{{·}}10th

1st century

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c.10–c.40		Reign of Cuno, an influential king of southern England before the Roman occupation; son of Tasciovanus{{cite ODNB \| url=http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/10.1093/ref:odnb/9780198614128.001.0001/odnb-9780198614128-e-6939 \| isbn=978-0-19-861412-8 \| doi=10.1093/ref:odnb/6939 \| year=2004 \| last1=Todd \| first1=Malcolm \| title=Cunobelinus [Cymbeline] (D. C. Ad 40), king in southern Britain }}
43		Aulus Plat leads an army of forty thousand to invade Great Britain;{{cite book\|first=Anthony R.\|last=Birley\|date=1981\|title=The Fasti of Roman Britain\|page=39}} Emperor Claudius makes Britain a part of the Roman EmpireSheppard Frere, Britannia: A history of Roman Britain, revised edition (London: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1978), p. 82
C. 47 – 50 \| \|London settled by the Romans, known as Londini{{Cite book\|last=Hingley, Richard\|title=Londinium : a biography : Roman London from its origins to the fifth century\|date=9 August 2018 \|isbn=978-1-350-04730-3\|location=London\|pages=27–32\|oclc=1042078915}}

2nd century

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122 – 128

Emperor Hadrian orders a 73-mile (117 km) wall built to mark the Northern Roman Empire's province on the British Isle. Hadrian's Wall,{{Cite web|url=https://hadrianswallcountry.co.uk/hadrians-wall/hadrian%E2%80%99s-wall-facts|title=Hadrian's Wall: The Facts|date=2016-03-08|website=Visit Hadrian's Wall|language=en|access-date=2019-02-21}} as it comes to be known, is intended to keep the Caledonians, Picts, and other tribes at bay.

3rd century

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c. 213

|Britain becomes divided into two provinces called Britannia Inferior and Britannia Superior. This was likely due to the Roman emperor at the time, Caracalla.{{Citation |last=Birley |first=Anthony R. |title=Britain during the third century crisis |date=2007-01-01 |work=Crises and the Roman Empire |pages=46 |url=https://brill.com/display/book/edcoll/9789047420903/Bej.9789004160507.i-448_005.xml |access-date=2024-03-02 |publisher=Brill |language=en |doi=10.1163/ej.9789004160507.i-448.13 |isbn=978-90-474-2090-3|url-access=subscription |doi-access=free }}

286

|Marcus Aurelius Mausaeus Carausius, a Roman military commander at the time, usurps power during the Carausian Revolt.{{Citation |last=Birley |first=Anthony R. |title=Carausius, Marcus Aurelius Maus(aeus?) |date=2015-12-22 |encyclopedia=Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Classics |url=https://oxfordre.com/classics/display/10.1093/acrefore/9780199381135.001.0001/acrefore-9780199381135-e-1362 |access-date=2024-02-28 |language=en |doi=10.1093/acrefore/9780199381135.013.1362 |isbn=978-0-19-938113-5|url-access=subscription }}

4th century

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367

|The Great Conspiracy begins, starting a year-long period of disorder and war in Britain.{{Cite journal |last=Frend |first=W. H. C. |date=1992 |title=Pagans, Christians, and 'the Barbarian Conspiracy' of A. D. 367 in Roman Britain |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/526106 |journal=Britannia |volume=23 |pages=121–131 |doi=10.2307/526106 |jstor=526106 |s2cid=162189776 |issn=0068-113X|url-access=subscription }}

5th century

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401

|Romans begin their withdrawal from Britain.{{cite book |title=The Oxford Companion to Classical Civilization |year=1998 |editor1=Simon Hornblower |editor2=Antony Spawforth |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-860165-4 |url=https://archive.org/details/oxfordcompaniont0000unse }}{{rp|129–131}}

449

|The Angles begin their invasion of England and establish tribal kingdoms on the east coast.{{Cite web |title=Angle {{!}} Anglo-Saxon, Germanic, Migration {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Angle-people |access-date=2024-03-06 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}

6th century

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597

| Christianisation of the Kingdom of Kent and its leader King Æthelberht by Saint Augustine.Bede, Ecclesiastical History, Book I, Ch. 25 & 26

7th century

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616

24 February

King Æthelberht of Kent dies and is then succeeded by his son Eadbald of Kent.{{Cite web |date=2024-02-07 |title=Aethelberht I {{!}} Anglo-Saxon, Kentish, Ruler {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Aethelberht-I |access-date=2024-03-06 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}

8th century

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740-756

|Reign of Cuthred, King of Wessex.Frank Stenton, Anglo-Saxon England (Oxford University Press, 1971), p. 204

757

|Offa becomes King of Mercia.{{cite book |last= Kirby|first= D.P.|title=The Earliest English Kings|year= 1992|location=London|publisher= Routledge|isbn=0-415-09086-5|page=163}}

793

|8 June

|Viking raid on a monastery in Lindisfarne, often taken as the beginning of the Viking age.{{cite book|last= Swanton |first= Michael |date= 6 April 2000 |title= The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle (New ed.) |publisher= Phoenix Press |isbn= 1-84212-003-4 |page= 57 }}

796

|29 July

|Offa of Mercia dies.{{cite web | url=http://www.anglo-saxons.net/hwaet/?do=get&type=day&id=07290796 | title=July 29, 796: Death of King Offa of Mercia | publisher=anglo-saxons.net | work=Anglo-Saxons | access-date=27 February 2024| author=Miller, Sean}}

9th century

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802

| Ecgberht of Wessex is enthroned.

849

|Alfred the Great, the future king of Wessex (r. 871-899), is born to parents Aethelwulf of Wessex and Osburh.

865

|Arrival of the Great Heathen Army.

871

|April

|Alfred the Great succeeds his brother Æthelred as King of the West Saxons.

874

|Edward the Elder, the future king of England (r. 899-924), is born to parents Alfred the Great and Ealhswith.

894

|Æthelstan the Glorious, the future king of England (r. 927-939), is born to parents Edward the Elder and Ecgwynn.

10th century

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921

|Edmund the Magnificent, the future king of England (r. 939-946), is born to parents Edward the Elder and Eadgifu of Kent.

923

|Eadred, the future king of England (r. 946-955), is born to parents Edward the Elder and Eadgifu of Kent.

924 AD

|Æthelstan becomes king of England

940

|Eadwig All-Fair, the future king of England (r. 955-959), is born to parents Edmund I and Ælfgifu of Shaftesbury.

943

|Edgar the Peaceful, the future king of England (r. 959-975), is born to parents Edmund I and Ælfgifu of Shaftesbury.

962

|Edward the Martyr, the future king of England (r. 975-978) is born to parents Edgar the Peaceful and Æthelflæd.

963

|17 April

|Sweyn Forkbeard, the future king of England (r. 1013-1014), is born in Denmark to parents Harald Bluetooth and either Tove or Gunhild.

966

|Æthelred the Unready, the future king of England (r. 978~1013), is born to parents Edgar the Peaceful and Ælfthryth.

990

|Edmund Ironside, the future king of England (r. 1016-1016), is born to parents Æthelred and Ælfgifu of York.

995

|Cnut the Great, the future king of England (r.1016-1035), is born to parents Sweyn Forkbeard and Gunhilda of Poland.

992 AD

Earl Byrhtnoth and his thegns led the English against a Viking invasion in the Battle of Maldon in Essex.

11th century

class="wikitable" width="100%" ! style="width:6%" \| Year	style="width:10%" \| Date	Event
1003 \| \|Edward the Confessor, the future king of England (r. 1042-1066), is born to parents Æthelred the Unready and Emma of Normandy.
1016 \| \|Harold Harefoot, the future king of England (r.1035-1040), is born to parents Cnut the Great and Ælfgifu of Northhampton.
1016		Cnut the Great of Denmark becomes king of all England{{cite book\|last=Stenton\|first=Frank \|author-link=Frank Stenton\|title=Anglo-Saxon England\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0Y65NxJaMtcC&pg=PA393\|year=1971\|publisher=Clarendon Press\|location=Oxford\|isbn=978-0-19-821716-9\|page=393}}
1018 \| \|Harthacnut, the future king of England, (r. 1040-1042), is born to parents Cnut the Great and Emma of Normandy.
1022 \| \|Harold II, the future king of England (r. 1066-1066), is born to parents Godwin of Wessex and Gytha Thorkelsdóttir.
1028 \| \|William the Conqueror, the future king of England (r.1066-1087), is born to parents Robert the Magnificent and Herleva.
1042		Edward the Confessor becomes king of all England{{cite ODNB\| last = Barlow \| first = Frank \| title= Edward (St Edward; known as Edward the Confessor) \| id=8516 \| date = 25 May 2006\|author-link=Frank Barlow (historian)}}
1054		The Great Schism; culmination of theological and political differences between Eastern and Western Christianity{{cite book\|last1=Cross\|first1=Frank Leslie \|last2=Livingstone\|first2=Elizabeth A. \|title=The Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church\|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fUqcAQAAQBAJ&pg=PA706\|year=2005\|publisher=University Press\|location=Oxford \|isbn=978-0-19-280290-3\|chapter=Great Schism\|page=706}}
1056 \| \|William II, the future king of England (r. 1087-1100), is born to parents William the Conqueror and Matilda of Flanders.
rowspan=3\| 1066		Battle of Fulford: English forces were defeated by Norse invaders in northeastern England.
	Battle of Stamford Bridge: the remaining Norse under Harald Hardrada defeated by the bulk of England's army under the command of its king
	Battle of Hastings: England's remaining forces defeated by invaders from Normandy, known as the Norman Conquest; William the Conqueror crowned king of England
1068 \| \|Henry I, the future king of England (r.1100-1135), is born to parents William the Conqueror and Matilda of Flanders.
1086		Work commenced on the Domesday Book
1096 \| \|Stephen of Blois, the future king of England (r. 1135-1154), is born to parents Stephen, Count of Blois, and Adela of Normandy.

12th century

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1133 \|5 March \|Henry II, the future king of England (r. 1154-1189), is born in Le Mans, France, to parents Geoffrey V of Anjou and Matilda.
1135		The Anarchy began, a civil war resulting from a dispute over succession to the throne that lasted until 1153.
1138		The Battle of the Standard, an engagement in which the English defeated an invading Scottish army led by King David I.{{cite web\|title=The Anarchy: Battle of the Standard\|url=http://militaryhistory.about.com/od/battleswars10011200/p/battle-of-the-standard.htm\|publisher=About}}
1157 \|8 September \|Richard the Lionheart, the future king of England (r. 1189-1199), is born to parents Henry II and Elanor of Aquitaine.
1164		The Constitutions of Clarendon, a set of laws which governed the trial of members of the Catholic Church in England, were issued.
1166 \|24 December \|John Lackland, the future king of England (r. 1199-1216), is born to parents Henry II and Elanor of Aquitaine.
1170		Archbishop of Canterbury Thomas Becket was assassinated.
1192		Crusades: King Richard I was captured by Austrian Duke Leopold V, Duke of Austria while returning from the Holy Land.
1194		Richard was ransomed and returned to England.

13th century

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1207 \|1 October \|Henry III, the future king of England (r. 1216-1272), is born to John and Isabella of Angoulême.
1209		King John was excommunicated from the Catholic Church by Pope Innocent III.
1214 \| \|The English defeated in Battle of Bouvinnes.
1215		The Magna Carta was signed.
1237		The Treaty of York was signed, fixing the border between Scotland and England.
1239 \|17 June \|Edward I, the future king of England (r. 1272-1307), is born to Henry III and Elanor of Provence.
1264		Battle of Lewes: Rebel English barons led by Simon de Montfort, 6th Earl of Leicester defeated King Henry III.
1267		Henry recognised the authority of Llywelyn ap Gruffudd in Gwynedd.
1277		England annexed Gwynedd.
1279		The Statute of Mortmain was issued.
1284 \|25 April \|Edward II, the future king of England (r. 1307-1327), is born to Edward I and Elanor of Castile.
1287		Rhys ap Maredudd led a revolt against English rule in Wales.
1294		Madog ap Llywelyn led a revolt against English rule in Wales.
1297		Battle of Stirling Bridge: The Scots, led by William Wallace, defeated the English.

14th century

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1305	23 August	William Wallace was executed by the English on a charge of treason.
1312 \|13 November \|Edward III, the future king of England (r. 1327-1377), is born to Edward II and Isabella of France.
1314	23 – 24 June	Battle of Bannockburn: Scotland won a decisive victory over England.
1328	1 May	The Treaty of Edinburgh–Northampton, under which England recognised Scottish independence, was signed.
1348		The Black Death arrived in England.
1356	19 September	Battle of Poitiers: Second of the three major battles of the Hundred Years' War took place near Poitiers, France.
1367 \|6 January \|Richard II, the future king of England (r. 1377-1399), is born to parents Edward the Black Prince and Joan of Kent.
1367 \|April \|Henry IV, the future king of England (r. 1399-1413), is born to parents John of Gaunt and Blanche of Lancaster.
1373	16 June	The Anglo-Portuguese Treaty of 1373 is signed, forming an alliance between England and Portugal; it remains an active treaty, most recently invoked in the Falklands War (see 1982){{cite web \|last1=Fergusson \|first1=George \|last2=Trowbridge \|first2=Benjamin \|title=History's Unparalleled Alliance: the Anglo-Portuguese Treaty of Windsor, 9th May 1386 \|website=History of Britiah Government \|date=9 May 2016 \|url=https://history.blog.gov.uk/2016/05/09/historys-unparalleled-alliance-the-anglo-portuguese-treaty-of-windsor-9th-may-1386/}}
1381	May – June	Peasants' Revolt: Also called Wat Tyler's Rebellion or the Great Rising, was a major uprising across large parts of England led by Wat Tyler.
1386 \|16 September \|Henry V, the future king of England (r. 1413-1422), is born to parents Henry IV and Mary de Bohun.
1395		The Statute of Praemunire was issued.

15th century

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1403	21 July	Battle of Shrewsbury was a battle waged between an army led by the Lancastrian King, Henry IV, and a rebel army led by Henry "Harry Hotspur" Percy from Northumberland.{{cite web\|url=http://www.english-heritage.org.uk/content/imported-docs/p-t/shrewsbury.pdf\|title=English Heritage Battlefield Report: Shrewsbury 1403\|author=English Heritage\|year=1995\|access-date=22 August 2011}}
1415	25 October	Battle of Agincourt was a major English victory in the Hundred Years' War{{Ref label\|a\|a\|none}}that occurred on Saint Crispin's Day, near modern-day Azincourt, in northern France.
1421 \|6 December \|Henry VI, the future king of England (r. 1422~1471), is born to parents Henry V and Catherine of Valois.
1442 \|28 April \|Edward IV, the future king of England (r. 1461~1470), is born to parents Richard of York and Cecily Neville.
1452 \|2 October \|Richard III, the future king of England (r. 1483-1485), is born to parents Richard of York and Cecily Neville.
1455	22 May	The start of the Wars of the Roses a civil war for control of the throne of England between the House of York in Yorkshire and House of Lancaster in Lancashire.
1457 \|28 January \|Henry VII, the future king of England (r. 1485-1509), is born to parents Edmund Tudor and Margaret Beaufort.
1485	22 August	Battle of Bosworth Field (Battle of Bosworth): the last significant battle of the Wars of the Roses, the civil war between the Houses of Lancaster and York. Richard III, the last Plantagenet king was killed, succeeded by Henry VII.
1487	16 June	Battle of Stoke was the decisive engagement in an attempt by leading Yorkists to unseat Henry VII of England in favour of the pretender Lambert Simnel.
1470 \|2 November \|Edward V, the future king of England (r. 1483-1483), is born to parents Edward IV and Elizabeth Woodville.
1491 \|28 June \|Henry VIII, the future king of England (r. 1509-1547), is born to parents Henry VII and Elizabeth of York.

16th century

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1513		Battle of Flodden Field: Invading England, King James IV of Scotland and thousands of other Scots were killed in a defeat at the hands of the English.
1516 \|18 February \|Mary I, the future queen of England (r. 1553-1558), is born to parents Henry VIII and Catherine of Aragon.
1521		Lutheran writings begin to circulate in England.
1527 \|21 May \|Phillip II, the future king of England (r. 1554-1558), is born to parents Charles V of the Holy Roman Empire and Isabella of Portugal.
1526		Lord Chancellor Cardinal Thomas Wolsey ordered the burning of Lutheran books.
rowspan="2" valign="top" \| 1533		King Henry VIII severs ties with the Catholic Church and declared himself head of the church in England.
7 September	Elizabeth I, the future queen of England (r. 1558-1603), is born to parents Henry VIII and Anne Boleyn.
rowspan="2" valign="top" \| 1534		Henry VIII issued the Act of Supremacy.
	Henry VIII issued the Treasons Act 1534.
1535		Thomas More and Cardinal John Fisher were executed.
rowspan="2" valign="top" \| 1536		William Tyndale was executed in Antwerp.
	Henry VIII issued the Dissolution of the Monasteries.
1537 \|12 October \|Edward VI, the future king of England (r. 1547-1553), is born to parents Henry VIII and Jane Seymour.
1549		Prayer Book Rebellion: A rebellion occurred in the southwest.
1550		England and France sign the Peace of Boulogne.
1553		The Act Against Sectaries 1553 was issued.
1555		John Lock is the first recorded Englishman to have taken enslaved people from Guinea, Africa.
1558		Elizabeth I claims the throne of England and rules until 1603.
1559		The Act of Supremacy 1559 was issued.
1566 \|19 June \|James I, the future king of England (r. 1603-1625), is born to parents Henry Stuart and Mary I.
rowspan="2" valign="top" \| 1571		The Treasons Act 1571 was issued.
	The Act Prohibiting Papal Bulls from Rome 1571 was issued.
1585		The Roanoke Colony was founded in America.
1588	8 August	The Spanish Armada was destroyed.
1589		The English Armada (or Counter Armada) was defeated by Spain.
1593		The Act Against Papists 1593 was issued.

17th century

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1600 \|19 November \|Charles I, the future king of England (r. 1625-1649), is born to parents James I and Anne of Denmark.
1601		Catholic plot against the Earl of Essex includes some of the plotters from the gunpowder plot.
1603		King James VI of Scotland ascends to the English throne, becoming James I of England and uniting the crowns – but not the parliaments – of the two kingdoms.
1605	5 November	Gunpowder Plot: A plot in which Guy Fawkes and other Catholic associates conspired to blow up King James VI and I and the Parliament of England was uncovered.
1607 \|14 May \|Jamestown was founded in the Virginia Colony and was the first permanent English colony in America.
1611		Henry Hudson died.
1618	29 October	Walter Raleigh was executed.
1630 \|29 May \|Charles II, the future king of England (r. 1660-1685) is born to parents Charles I and Henrietta Maria of France.
1633 \|14 October \|James II, the future king of England (r. 1685-1688) is born to parents Charles I and Henrietta Maria of France.
1639		Bishops' Wars: A war with Scotland began which would last until 1640.
1640		Long Parliament: The Parliament was convened.
1642		The English Civil War began (see timeline of the English Civil War).
1649	January	Trial and execution of Charles I
1649		Interregnum began with the First Commonwealth.
1650 \|4 November \|William III, the future king of England (r. 1689-1702), is born to parents William II of Orange and Mary of England.
1653–1659		the Protectorate under the Lord Protector Oliver Cromwell and later (1658) his son Richard Cromwell
1659		The Second Commonwealth brings with it a period of great political instability.
1660		Restoration of the monarchy: After a chaotic short revival of the Commonwealth of England, the monarchy was restored in May 1660, after agreeing to the Declaration of Breda, largely through the initiative of General George Monck.
1662 \|30 April \|Mary II, the future queen of England (r. 1689-1694), is born to parents James II and Anne Hyde.
1665 \|6 February \|Anne, the future queen of England (r. 1702-1707), is born to parents James II and Anne Hyde.
1666	2 – 5 September	Great Fire of London : A major conflagration that swept through the central parts of London.
1688		Glorious Revolution:Name of the Glorious Revolution in the languages of Britain and Ireland: {{langx\|ga\|An Réabhlóid Ghlórmhar}} {{langx\|sco\|Gloryws Revolution}} {{langx\|gd\|Rèabhlaid Ghlòrmhor}} {{langx\|cy\|Chwyldro Gogoneddus}} Also called the Revolution of 1688, was the overthrow of James II by a union of English Parliamentarians with the Dutch stadtholder William III of Orange-Nassau (William of Orange).
1694 \|27 July \|The Bank of England is founded.

18th century

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1701		The Act of Settlement 1701, which required the English monarch to be Protestant, was passed.
1702	8 March	William III died and was succeeded by Anne.
rowspan="2" valign="top" \| 1704	4 August	Gibraltar was captured by a combined Dutch and English fleet under the command of Admiral of the Fleet George Rooke.
13 August	Battle of Blenheim: A combined English and Dutch army under the command of John Churchill, 1st Duke of Marlborough defeated the French army in Bavaria.
1706	22 July	The Treaty of Union was agreed between representatives of the Parliament of England and the Parliament of Scotland.
1707		The Acts of Union 1707 were passed in the Parliament of England and Parliament of Scotland, ratifying the Treaty of Union.
1716		The Old Dock, originally known as Thomas Steers' dock, was the world's first commercial wet dock.{{cite web\|url=http://www.liverpoolmuseums.org.uk/nof/docks/access/dock_history7.html\|title=Trading Places: Old Dock History\|work=Liverpool Museums\|access-date=24 March 2008\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080324050020/http://www.liverpoolmuseums.org.uk/nof/docks/access/dock_history7.html\|archive-date=24 March 2008}}
1744		An attempted French invasion of southern England was stopped by storms.
1756		Following the start of the French and Indian War 2 years prior, the Seven Years' War begins.{{Cite web \|title=Seven Years’ War {{!}} Key Facts {{!}} Britannica \|url=https://www.britannica.com/summary/Key-Facts-of-the-Seven-Years-War \|access-date=2024-03-03 \|website=www.britannica.com \|language=en}}
1763 \|10 Feb \|The Treaty of Paris (1763) is signed, formally ending the Seven Years' War. France renounces a large portion of North American land to Great Britain.{{Cite web \|date=2024-02-15 \|title=Treaty of Paris {{!}} End of French & Indian War, Peace, Colonies {{!}} Britannica \|url=https://www.britannica.com/event/Treaty-of-Paris-1763 \|access-date=2024-03-03 \|website=www.britannica.com \|language=en}}
1765		William Blackstone published his first volume of Commentaries on the Laws of England.
1775	19 April	War of American Independence officially starts with the Battles of Lexington and Concord. Lasts until 1789.
1790s		Canal Mania, an intense period of canal building in England and Wales.
1797	22–25 July	Admiral Horatio Nelson suffer his worst defeat in Battle of Santa Cruz de Tenerife (1797) and loses most of his right arm from a musket ball whilst fighting against canarian militias.{{Cite web \|title=Nelson's Health {{!}} Admiral Nelson Guide 2024 \|url=https://www.aboutnelson.co.uk/health.htm \|access-date=2024-03-02 \|website=www.aboutnelson.co.uk}}

19th century

class="wikitable" width="100%" ! style="width:6%" \| Year	style="width:10%" \| Date	Event
1805	\|Battle of Trafalgar: Horatio Nelson defeats the French at Trafalgar, establishing British naval supremacy over the world's oceans for approximately 140 years.
1819	16 August \|Peterloo Massacre: about 18 people killed and several hundred injured in Manchester when a large cavalry charge demonstration demanding parliamentary representation reform broke out.{{Cite book\|last=Bush, M. L.\|title=The casualties of Peterloo\|date=2005\|publisher=Carnegie Pub\|isbn=1-85936-125-0\|location=Lancaster\|oclc=71224394}}
1830	15 September \|The Liverpool and Manchester Railway[https://books.google.com/books?id=G6JVAAAAcAAJ A History and Description of the Liverpool and Manchester Railway]. T. Taylor, 1832.Arthur Freeling. [https://books.google.com/books?id=t8EHAAAAQAAJ Freeling's Grand Junction Railway Companion]. Whittaker, 1838James Cornish. [https://archive.org/details/grandjunctionan00corngoog The Grand Junction, and the Liverpool and Manchester Railway Companion: Containing an Account of Birmingham, Liverpool, and Manchester]. 1837. (L&MR) was the first inter-city railway in the world.{{Cite news \|author=BBC \|date=23 July 2009 \|title=Manchester to Liverpool: the first inter-city railway \|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/local/manchester/hi/people_and_places/history/newsid_8165000/8165208.stm \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191120154328/http://news.bbc.co.uk/local/manchester/hi/people_and_places/history/newsid_8165000/8165208.stm \|archive-date=20 November 2019\|url-status=live}}{{efn-lr\|The Stockton and Darlington Railway opened in 1825, but sections of this line employed cable haulage, and only the coal trains were hauled by locomotives. The Canterbury and Whitstable Railway, opened in May 1830, was also mostly cable hauled. Horse-drawn traffic, including passenger services, used the railway upon payment of a toll.}} It opened on 15 September 1830 between the Lancashire towns of Liverpool and Manchester in England.
1837	20 June	Queen Victoria becomes queen of England, she will reign until January 22, 1901. The Victorian era starts.
1859	24 November \|On the Origin of Species by Charles Darwin is published{{citation\| last1= Desmond\|first1= Adrian\|last2= Moore\| first2= James\| author2-link = James Moore (biographer)\| year = 1991\| title = Darwin\| place = London\| publisher=Michael Joseph, Penguin Group\| isbn = 0-7181-3430-3 \|page= 477 }}
1863	10 January \| The first underground train goes into operation in London{{cite book \|last=Wolmar \|first=Christian \|author-link=Christian Wolmar \|year=2004 \|title=The Subterranean Railway: how the London Underground was built and how it changed the city forever \|publisher=Atlantic \|page= 135 \|isbn=978-1-84354-023-6}}
1878 \| \| Women first admitted to the Universities of Oxford and Cambridge{{cite magazine\|author=Frances Lannon\|url=http://www.timeshighereducation.co.uk/404111.article\|title=Her Oxford\|magazine=Times Higher Education\|date=30 October 2008\|access-date=27 March 2013\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140102191641/http://www.timeshighereducation.co.uk/404111.article\|archive-date=2 January 2014\|url-status=live}}

20th century

class="wikitable" width="100%"

! style="width:6%" | Year

style="width:10%" | Date

Event

1912

|August

Harry Brearley invents Stainless Steel in Sheffield, Yorkshire{{cite news |newspaper=The New York Times |title=A non-rusting steel |date=31 January 1915}}

1914

|28 July

|World War 1 begins

1918

|11 November

|World War 1 ends

1939

|3 September

|Britain declares war on Nazi Germany and enters World War 2

1945

|8 May

|Germany surrenders and World War 2 ends in Europe

1948

|5 July

|The National Health Service is founded

1973

| 1 January

UK joins the European Communities (predecessor of the European Union).

1982

|11 October

The Mary Rose is raised from the seabed of the Solent, where she had sunk in 1545Wendell Lewis, "Raising the Mary Rose" in Marsden (2003), pp. 53–59; Rule (1983), pp. 206–27.

21st century

class="wikitable" width="100%"

! style="width:6%" | Year

style="width:10%" | Date

Event

2004

|June

|The population of England reaches fifty million.{{Cite web |date=2005-12-23 |title=Population of England passes 50 million and UK approaches 60 million |url=http://www.statistics.gov.uk/pdfdir/popest0805.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/ukgwa/20080109063204/http://www.statistics.gov.uk/pdfdir/popest0805.pdf |archive-date=2008-01-09 |access-date=2024-04-25 |website=www.statistics.gov.uk}}

2019

|14 July

|ICC Cricket World Cup: England win a thriller at Lords and clinch their maiden ODI World Cup led by Eoin Morgan.{{Cite news |last1=Fordyce |first1=Tom |date=2019-07-14 |title=England win Cricket World Cup: A golden hour ends in a champagne super over |url=https://www.bbc.com/sport/cricket/48985109 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190718045830/https://www.bbc.com/sport/cricket/48985109 |archive-date=2019-07-18 |access-date=2024-03-02 |work=BBC Sport |language=en-GB}}

2020

|31 January

|Brexit takes place. The UK officially withdraws from the European Union three years after it voted to leave during a referendum in 2016.{{Cite news |date=2020-01-31 |title=Brexit: UK leaves the European Union |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-politics-51333314 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230401095332/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-politics-51333314 |archive-date=2023-04-01 |access-date=2024-03-02 |work=BBC News |language=en-GB}}

2020

|31 January

|The first patient with COVID-19 is confirmed in York.{{Cite news |last1=Ball |first1=David |last2=Wace |first2=Charlotte |last3=Smyth |first3=Chris |last4=Brown |date=2020-01-31 |title=Hunt for contacts of coronavirus-stricken pair in York |url=https://www.thetimes.com/uk/healthcare/article/hunt-for-contacts-of-coronavirus-stricken-pair-in-york-dh363qf8k |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200204105559/https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/hunt-for-contacts-of-coronavirus-stricken-pair-in-york-dh363qf8k |archive-date=2020-02-04 |access-date=2024-02-17 |work=The Times |language=en |issn=0140-0460}}

2022

|8 September

|Queen Elizabeth II dies of after a reign of 70 years and 214 days. She is succeeded by King Charles III.{{Cite news |last1=Bowden |first1=George |last2=Jackson |first2=Marie |last3=Coughlan |first3=Sean |date=2022-09-08 |title=Queen Elizabeth II has died |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-61585886 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220909033013/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-61585886 |archive-date=2022-09-09 |access-date=2024-02-17 |work=BBC News |language=en-GB}}{{Cite news |last=Coughlan |first=Sean |date=2022-09-29 |title=Queen's cause of death given as 'old age' on death certificate |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-63078676 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221001023647/https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-63078676 |archive-date=2022-10-01 |access-date=2024-02-17 |work=BBC News |language=en-GB}}

References

= Bibliography =

Marsden, Peter, Sealed by Time: The Loss and Recovery of the Mary Rose. The Archaeology of the Mary Rose, Volume 1. The Mary Rose Trust, Portsmouth. 2003. {{ISBN|0-9544029-0-1}}

class="wikitable" width="100%" ! style="width:6%" \| Year	style="width:10%" \| Date	Event
1003 \| \|Edward the Confessor, the future king of England (r. 1042-1066), is born to parents Æthelred the Unready and Emma of Normandy.
1016 \| \|Harold Harefoot, the future king of England (r.1035-1040), is born to parents Cnut the Great and Ælfgifu of Northhampton.
1016		Cnut the Great of Denmark becomes king of all England{{cite book\|last=Stenton\|first=Frank \|author-link=Frank Stenton\|title=Anglo-Saxon England\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0Y65NxJaMtcC&pg=PA393\|year=1971\|publisher=Clarendon Press\|location=Oxford\|isbn=978-0-19-821716-9\|page=393}}
1018 \| \|Harthacnut, the future king of England, (r. 1040-1042), is born to parents Cnut the Great and Emma of Normandy.
1022 \| \|Harold II, the future king of England (r. 1066-1066), is born to parents Godwin of Wessex and Gytha Thorkelsdóttir.
1028 \| \|William the Conqueror, the future king of England (r.1066-1087), is born to parents Robert the Magnificent and Herleva.
1042		Edward the Confessor becomes king of all England{{cite ODNB\| last = Barlow \| first = Frank \| title= Edward (St Edward; known as Edward the Confessor) \| id=8516 \| date = 25 May 2006\|author-link=Frank Barlow (historian)}}
1054		The Great Schism; culmination of theological and political differences between Eastern and Western Christianity{{cite book\|last1=Cross\|first1=Frank Leslie \|last2=Livingstone\|first2=Elizabeth A. \|title=The Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church\|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fUqcAQAAQBAJ&pg=PA706\|year=2005\|publisher=University Press\|location=Oxford \|isbn=978-0-19-280290-3\|chapter=Great Schism\|page=706}}
1056 \| \|William II, the future king of England (r. 1087-1100), is born to parents William the Conqueror and Matilda of Flanders.
rowspan=3\| 1066		Battle of Fulford: English forces were defeated by Norse invaders in northeastern England.
	Battle of Stamford Bridge: the remaining Norse under Harald Hardrada defeated by the bulk of England's army under the command of its king
	Battle of Hastings: England's remaining forces defeated by invaders from Normandy, known as the Norman Conquest; William the Conqueror crowned king of England
1068 \| \|Henry I, the future king of England (r.1100-1135), is born to parents William the Conqueror and Matilda of Flanders.
1086		Work commenced on the Domesday Book
1096 \| \|Stephen of Blois, the future king of England (r. 1135-1154), is born to parents Stephen, Count of Blois, and Adela of Normandy.

Timeline of English history

1st century BC

1st century

2nd century

3rd century

4th century

5th century

6th century

7th century

8th century

9th century

10th century

11th century

12th century

13th century

14th century

15th century

16th century

17th century

18th century

19th century

20th century

21st century

See also

References

= Bibliography =

Further reading