Timeline of Kaliningrad

{{short description|None}}File:Coat of arms of Kaliningrad.svg]]

The following is a timeline of the history of the city of Kaliningrad, Russia. The city was known as Königsberg ({{langx|pl|Królewiec}}, {{langx|lt|Karaliaučius}}) prior to 1945 and Twangste prior to 1255.

File:Coat of Arms of Königsberg.svg

Era of Teutonic Order

1255 – Fortress built by Teutonic Knights during Prussian Crusade, on the basis of a Prussian settlement Twangste.
1256 – Settlement formed north of the fortress.
1262 – Prussians begin to besiege castle during the Great Prussian Uprising.
1264 – Settlement developed south of the castle.
1286 – Königsberg chartered.
1300 – Town of Löbenicht built.{{Cite book |publisher =William Blackwood |date = 1830 |location = Edinburgh |title = Edinburgh Encyclopædia |editor=David Brewster |chapter=Königsberg |chapter-url= https://archive.org/stream/edinburghencyclo12edinuoft#page/489/mode/1up |title-link = Edinburgh Encyclopædia }}
1324 – Town of Kneiphof founded.
1333 - Construction of Königsberg Cathedral begins.
1340 – Königsberg joins Hanseatic League.
1377 – Köttelbrücke (bridge) built.{{cite book |title=Geschichte der königl. Haupt- und Residenzstadt Königsberg in Preussen |trans-title=History of the Royal Capital and Residence City of Königsberg in Prussia |author= Richard Armstedt |location= Stuttgart |publisher= Hobbing & Büchle |year= 1899 |url=http://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/008994398 |language=de }}
1379 (or 1397) – Schmiedebrücke (bridge) built.{{Cite web|url=http://sg39.ru/en/objects/schmiedebrucke|title=Sites and projects|website=sg39.ru|access-date=2018-01-30}}
1380 – Cathedral built in Kneiphof (approximate date).
1387 – Kneiphof Town Hall renovated.

15th century

1440 – The city becomes a founding member of the anti-Teutonic Prussian Confederation.
1454
March: Inclusion of the city, in Polish known as Królewiec, within the borders of the Kingdom of Poland following a request of the Prussian Confederation.{{Cite book|last=Górski|first=Karol|title=Związek Pruski i poddanie się Prus Polsce: zbiór tekstów źródłowych|year=1949|publisher=Instytut Zachodni|location=Poznań|language=pl|page=54}}
March: The local mayor pledged allegiance to the Polish King during the incorporation of the region in Kraków.Górski, pp. 71–72
March: City authorized by the Polish king to mint Polish coins.Górski, p. 63
April: City becomes the capital of the Królewiec Voivodeship within Poland.{{sfn|Podbereski|2010|p=113}}
1455 – Captured by Teutonic Knights during the Thirteen Years' War.
1457 – City becomes capital of the State of the Teutonic Order.
1464 – Georg Steinhaupt becomes mayor.
1465 – Landing force from Polish-allied Elbląg destroyed the shipyard near the Old Town, preventing the Teutonic Knights from rebuilding their fleet until the end of the Thirteen Years' War.{{cite web|url=https://dzieje.pl/kalendarz-dat/1465|title=Kalendarz dat: 1465|website=Dzieje.pl|access-date=16 July 2022|language=pl}}
1466 – Second Treaty of Thorn: the city becomes a part of Poland as a fief held by the Teutonic Order.Górski, pp. 96–97, 214–215

16th century

1519–21 – Polish-Teutonic War. The city opposed the Teutonic Knights' war against Poland and demanded peace.{{sfn|Małłek|1992|p=248}}
1520 – Mikolaj Firlej lays siege to the town{{citation needed|date=June 2019}}
1521–24 – Secularization of the Teutonic Order
1523 – Printing press in operation.{{cite book|author= Henri Bouchot |editor=H. Grevel |location=London |title=The book: its printers, illustrators, and binders, from Gutenberg to the present time|year=1890|publisher=H. Grevel & Co. |chapter-url= https://books.google.com/books?id=5ycxAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA367 |chapter=Topographical index of the principal towns where early printing presses were established |author-link=Henri Bouchot }}
1525 – Treaty of Kraków: Königsberg/Królewiec becomes the capital of the Duchy of Prussia, Albert becomes first Duke of Prussia as a vassal of Poland.{{sfn|Podbereski|2010|p=113}} Treaty confirmed by city representatives.{{sfn|Małłek|1992|p=249}}
1529 – Castle Library established
1542 – Pedagogium founded by Albert Hohenzollern in Kneiphof
1544 – Albertina University (Lutheran) founded by Albert, Duke of Prussia.{{sfn|Podbereski|2010|p=113}}
1545 – Oldest Polish catechism published by Jan Seklucjan.{{sfn|Podbereski|2010|p=114}}
1547 – Catechism of Martynas Mažvydas published.
1550 – Population: 14,000.{{sfn|Małłek|1992|p=248}}
1553 – Oldest Polish translation of the New Testament, by Stanisław Murzynowski, published.
1560 – 28 March: King Sigismund II Augustus of Poland confers university privileges on the Albertina University,{{sfn|Podbereski|2010|p=113}} on a par with the Jagiellonian University.{{citation needed|date=June 2019}}
1561 – First acquisition of citizenship in the city by a Scot.{{cite magazine|last=Feduszka|first=Jacek|year=2009|title=Szkoci i Anglicy w Zamościu w XVI-XVIII wieku|magazine=Czasy Nowożytne|language=pl|publisher=Zarząd Główny Polskiego Towarzystwa Historycznego|volume=22|page=52|issn=1428-8982}}
1566
Duke Albert attempted to introduce absolutist rule in violation of the Treaty of Kraków.{{sfn|Małłek|1992|p=249}}
August–October: Stay and intervention of Polish Royal commissioners, restoration of the previous legal order.{{sfn|Małłek|1992|p=249}}
4 October: Decree expanding the rights of Polish rulers and of the nobility and cities in the duchy.{{sfn|Małłek|1992|p=249}}
22 October: Decree settling the city's conflict with Duke Albert, instituted by Polish Royal commissioners.{{sfn|Małłek|1992|p=250}}
1568 – March: Albert Frederick becomes Duke of Prussia.
1577 – City opposes the regency of George Frederick, Margrave of Brandenburg-Ansbach.{{sfn|Małłek|1992|p=250}}
1579 – Renewed city resistance to the regency of George Frederick. The city supports the nobility's request to the Polish King to send a Polish Royal Commission to the city.{{sfn|Małłek|1992|p=250}}
1580 – Arrival of George Frederick to establish his rule.{{sfn|Małłek|1992|p=250}}
1590 – Green Bridge rebuilt.{{citation needed|date=November 2013}}
1594 – Schlosskirche (castle church) dedicated

17th century

1616
A Catholic church erected by order of King Sigismund III Vasa and the bishop of Warmia Szymon Rudnicki. It hosted Polish, German and Lithuanian services.{{cite journal|last=Szorc|first=Alojzy|year=1995|title=Dzieje parafii katolickiej w Królewcu 1614–1650|journal=Studia Warmińskie|volume=XXXII|language=pl|page=157}}
First German Reformed service held.{{sfn|Gresch|2012|p=29}}
1618 – Duchy of Prussia passes under control of Electors of Brandenburg, August: John Sigismund becomes Duke of Prussia
1619 – December: George William becomes Duke of Prussia
1626 – City walls built.
1629
City refuses to pay taxes to the duchy.{{sfn|Małłek|1992|p=252}}
Reformed cemetery founded.{{sfn|Gresch|2012|p=29}}
1632 – King Władysław IV Vasa of Poland supports the city in its dispute with Duke George William.{{sfn|Małłek|1992|p=252}}
1635
January: Agreement between the King of Poland and the city, granting the city the right to organize its military defense against a possible Swedish attack in exchange for exemption from taxes.{{sfn|Małłek|1992|p=252}}
July: Visit of King Władysław IV Vasa.{{sfn|Małłek|1992|p=253}}
July: Jerzy Ossoliński appointed the Polish governor of the duchy by King Władysław IV Vasa.{{sfn|Małłek|1992|p=253}}
Jerzy Ossoliński completes the fortification of the city against a potential Swedish attack.{{sfn|Małłek|1992|p=253}}
1636 – Visit of King Władysław IV Vasa.{{sfn|Małłek|1992|p=253}}
1640 – December: Frederick William becomes Duke of Prussia
1645 – The King of Poland allowed the Reformed community to hold services in the castle.{{sfn|Gresch|2012|p=29}}
1646 – Reformed congregation founded with its consistory composed of three Englishmen, two Dutchmen, two Germans, and one Scot.{{sfn|Gresch|2012|p=29}}
1647 – Neurossgarten Church dedicated
1649 – Full religious freedom granted to the Reformed community by the Polish King.{{sfn|Gresch|2012|p=29}}
1655 – First Polish Reformed Church service at the Königsberg Castle.{{sfn|Gresch|2012|p=31}}
1657
Brandenburg Gate built.
Fort Friedrichsburg under construction
City opposes the rule of Elector Frederick William, and sides with Poland.
1658 – Reformed school founded.{{sfn|Gresch|2012|p=29}}
1662
City sends a letter to King John II Casimir Vasa of Poland, opposing the rule of Elector Frederick William.{{sfn|Małłek|1992|p=254}}
8 July: Confederation formed in the city to maintain Poland's sovereignty over the city and region.{{sfn|Małłek|1992|p=254}}
27 October: The Brandenburg Elector and his army enter the city.{{sfn|Małłek|1992|p=254}}
30 October: Hieronymus Roth, leader of the city's anti-Elector opposition, abducted by Brandenburg forces, and then imprisoned.{{sfn|Małłek|1992|pp=254–255}}
1663 – City burghers, forced by Frederick William, swear an oath of allegiance to him, however, in the same ceremony they still also pledge allegiance to Poland.{{sfn|Małłek|1992|p=255}}
1686 – French Huguenot community and congregation founded.{{sfn|Gresch|2012|p=32}}
1688 – April: Frederick becomes Duke of Prussia.

18th century

1701
18 January: Coronation of Frederick I of Prussia in the Schlosskirche.
Capital of Duchy of Prussia relocated from Königsberg to Berlin.
1706 – Polish Reformed congregation relocated from the Reformed school to the Reformed church.{{sfn|Gresch|2012|p=31}}
1709 – Plague.{{Citation |publisher = Frederick Warne & Co. |location = London |author = George Henry Townsend |title = A Manual of Dates |date = 1867 |edition=2nd |chapter=Königsberg (Prussia) |chapter-url= https://archive.org/stream/manualofdatesdic00townrich#page/555/mode/1up |author-link = George Henry Townsend }}

File:Poczta Królewiecka (Europeana).jpg newspaper, 1718]]

1718
City Library opens.
Poczta Królewiecka Polish-language newspaper begins publication (ceased in 1720).
1724
22 April: Birth of Immanuel Kant, philosopher.
June: City of Königsberg expanded by uniting Altstadt, Kneiphof, and Löbenicht.
Königsberg City Archive is located in the Town Hall (approximate date).
1734 – 8 August: Polish King Stanisław Leszczyński stops in the city.{{cite book|last=Ciesielski|first=Tomasz|editor-last=Gieszczyński|editor-first=Witold|editor-last2=Kasparek|editor-first2=Norbert|year=2010|title=Wielkie wojny w Prusach. Działania militarne między dolną Wisłą a Niemnem na przestrzeni wieków|language=pl|location=Dąbrówno|page=108|chapter=Prusy Wschodnie w trakcie polskiej wojny sukcesyjnej i wojny siedmioletniej|isbn=978-83-62552-00-9}}
1735 – Math problem "Seven Bridges of Königsberg" presented.
1736
26 January: Stanisław Leszczyński signed an act of renunciation of the Polish crown in the city.Ciesielski, p. 113
27 March: Stanisław Leszczyński left the city for France on March 27, 1736.
29 July: Rococo French Reformed Church inaugurated.{{cite book|last=Muret|first=Ed.|title=Geschichte der Französischen Kolonie in Brandenburg-Preußen, unter besonderer Berücksichtigung der Berliner Gemeinde. Aus Veranlassung der Zweihundertjährigen Jubelfeier am 29. Oktober 1885|year=1885|location=Berlin|language=de|page=230}}
1740 – French Reformed preachers houses built.{{sfn|Gresch|2012|p=32}}
1756 – Synagogue built.
1758
14 January: Forces of the Kingdom of Prussia withdraw from the city.Ciesielski, p. 165
16 January: Russian forces enter city.
24 January: City becomes part of Russia.
1764 – Russian occupation ends.{{Citation |publisher = Ward, Lock & Co. |location = London |title = Haydn's Dictionary of Dates |author = Benjamin Vincent |edition = 25th |date = 1910 |chapter=Konigsberg |chapter-url=https://archive.org/stream/haydnsdictionary00hayd#page/804/mode/1up |title-link = Haydn's Dictionary of Dates }}
1765 – Gumbinnen Gate built.
1780 – Theodor Gottlieb von Hippel becomes mayor.
1787 – French Reformed secondary school founded.{{sfn|Gresch|2012|p=32}}
1790 – Königshalle built.

19th century

1804 – 12 February: Death of Immanuel Kant, philosopher.
1806 – Last Polish Reformed service held.{{sfn|Gresch|2012|p=31}}
1807
French in power.
Members of the French congregation persuaded Napoleon to reduce war contributions from 20 to 12 million francs.{{sfn|Gresch|2012|p=32}}
Reformed Castle Church and French Reformed Church used as a military hospitals.{{sfn|Gresch|2012|p=31}}
1809 – Paradeplatz city garden established.

File:Gruenes-Tor-Koenigsberg-Stich1810.jpg

1810 – August Wilhelm Heidemann becomes mayor.
1812 – School of church music founded.{{citation needed|date=November 2013}}
1813 – Koenigsberg Observatory built.
1814 – Carl Friedrich Horn becomes mayor.
1825 – French Reformed secondary school closed.{{sfn|Gresch|2012|p=32}}
1826 – Johann Friedrich List becomes mayor.
1828 – Royal and University Library formed.{{Citation |publisher = H.W. Schmidt |location = Halle |title = Handbuch Deutscher Bibliotheken |url = https://archive.org/stream/handbuchdeutsch01petzgoog#page/n229/mode/1up |author = Julius Petzholdt |language=de |date = 1853 |oclc = 8363581 }}
1830 – Population: 54,000.
1831 – Polish poet Wincenty Pol interned in the city following the unsuccessful Polish November Uprising. He wrote his first poems there.{{sfn|Podbereski|2010|p=115}}
1832 – French Reformed elementary school closed.{{sfn|Gresch|2012|p=32}}
1833 – University's Department of Chemistry opens in Neurossgarten.{{citation needed|date=November 2013}}
1838 – Rudolf von Auerswald becomes mayor.
1843 – Polish Reformed Congregation dissolved.{{sfn|Gresch|2012|p=31}}
1845
Union Giesserei foundry in business.
New Altstadt Church dedicated.
Art academy opens.{{cite book|author=Richard Armstedt|title=Heimatkunde von Königsberg|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=P-oyAQAAMAAJ|year=1895|publisher=Koch |location=Königsberg |language=de }}
1851 – Grolman Bastion built.
1855
Sailing Club founded.
Rossgarten Gate rebuilt.
1856 – Königsberg Cathedral restored.
1858 – Dohna Tower built.
1860 – Astronomic Bastion built.
1861
18 October: Coronation of William I, German Emperor, in the Schlosskirche.
Albertina University new campus dedicated.
1863–1864 – Arms trafficking for Polish insurgents during the January Uprising in the Russian Partition of Poland, co-organized by Wojciech Kętrzyński.{{sfn|Podbereski|2010|p=116}}
1867 – Population: 101,507.{{cite book|editor=J. Niederstetter|title=Staats-Almanach für das Königreich Preußen |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kCMBAAAAcAAJ|year=1867|publisher=Heymann |location=Berlin |language=de }}
1875
Johann Karl Adolf Selke becomes mayor.
Königsberg Stock Exchange built in Vorstadt.{{Citation |publisher = J. Reichmann & Cantor |location = Berlin |title = Guide through Germany, Austria-Hungary, Italy, Switzerland, France, Belgium, Holland and England |author = Norddeutscher Lloyd |date = 1896 |oclc = 8395555 |chapter-url= https://archive.org/stream/guidethroughgerm00nord#page/126/mode/2up |chapter= Königsberg|author-link = Norddeutscher Lloyd }}
1878 – Königsberger Allgemeine Zeitung (newspaper) in publication.{{cite web |url=http://www.worldcat.org/search?q=su%3AKaliningrad+Newspapers.&qt=results_page |title= Kaliningrad Newspapers |location=USA |work=WorldCat |publisher=Online Computer Library Center |access-date=11 November 2013}}
1880
Bronsart Fort built.
Population: 140,800.{{Cite EB1911|wstitle= Königsberg |volume= 15 | pages = 894–895 |date=1910 }}
1883 – High Bridge rebuilt.{{citation needed|date=November 2013}}
1886 – Siemering Museum established.{{cite book|author=Königliche Museen zu Berlin|title=Kunsthandbuch für Deutschland |url= https://archive.org/details/kunsthandbuchfr00berlgoog |edition=6th |language=de |year=1904|publisher=Georg Reimer}}
1889 – Eisenbahnbrücke (bridge) opens.{{citation needed|date=November 2013}}

File:Königsberg Castle courtyard.jpg in the 1890s]]

1890 – Population: 161,666.
1892 – Baltika Stadium opens.
1893 – Hermann Theodor Hoffmann becomes mayor.
1896 – Zoo founded.
1897 – Königsberger Tageblatt (newspaper) in publication.
1898 – Palaestra Albertina established.{{Citation | publisher = Karl Baedeker | location = Leipzig | title = Northern Germany | edition = 15th | date = 1910 | oclc = 78390379 |chapter=Königsberg |chapter-url=https://archive.org/stream/northerngerma00karl#page/n613/mode/2up }}
1900
Football Club Königsberg formed.
Population: 187,897.

20th century

=1900-1945=

1901
Queen Louise Memorial Church and Pillau-Königsberg canal built.{{cite journal |title=East Baltic Ports and Boundaries: With Special Reference to Königsberg |author= Eugene van Cleef |journal= Geographical Review |volume= 35 |issue= 2 |pages= 257–272 |year= 1945 |jstor=211478 |doi= 10.2307/211478 }}{{cite book|author=United States Hydrographic Office |title=Baltic Pilot |volume=1 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bmoDAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA438 |year=1917|publisher=Government Printing Office |location=Washington, D.C. |author-link=United States Hydrographic Office }}
{{interlanguage link|Königsberger Volkszeitung|de}} (newspaper) in publication.{{cite web |url=http://zefys.staatsbibliothek-berlin.de |title=Zeitungsinformationssystem ZEFYS |trans-title=Newspaper Information System |language=de |publisher=Berlin State Library |access-date=19 November 2016 }}
1903 – Siegfried Körte becomes mayor.
1905 - Population: 219,862.
1906 – Bismarck tower built near city.
1907 – Church of the Holy Family built.
1912 – Stadthalle opens.
1913
New Tragheim Church dedicated.
Kunsthalle Königsberg (art gallery) opens.
1914 – City bombed by Russian forces.
1919
Hans Lohmeyer becomes mayor.
City becomes part of the German Reich.
Population: 260,895.{{cite book |title=Statesman's Year-Book |year=1921 |location=London |publisher= Macmillan and Co.|chapter= Germany: Principal Towns |via=Hathi Trust |hdl=2027/njp.32101072368440 |title-link=Statesman's Year-Book }}
1920 – 24 April: Consulate of Poland opened.{{cite book|last1=Ceranka|first1=Paweł|last2=Szczepanik|first2=Krzysztof|year=2020|title=Urzędy konsularne Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej 1918–1945. Informator archiwalny|language=pl|location=Warszawa|publisher=Naczelna Dyrekcja Archiwów Państwowych, Ministerstwo Spraw Zagranicznych|page=196|isbn=978-83-65681-93-5}}
1921 – Königsberg Devau Airport opens.

File:Königsberg (Luftaufnahme).JPG

1927 – City Hall relocated to Hansaplatz.
1928 – Königsberg City Museum opens.
1929 – Central railway terminal opens.
1931 – Last Polish book in the pre-1945 city published.{{sfn|Podbereski|2010|p=114}}
1933 – Hellmuth Will becomes mayor.
1934 – Hansaplatz renamed Adolf-Hitler-Platz.
1939
Lasch Bunker built in Paradeplatz.
Population: 368,433.{{Citation |publisher = G. & C. Merriam Co. |location = Springfield, Massachusetts |title = Webster's Geographical Dictionary |date = 1960 |ol=5812502M |page= 529 }}
25 August: The local Gestapo issued an arrest warrant for all Polish teachers in the region.{{cite journal|last=Cygański|first=Mirosław|year=1984|title=Hitlerowskie prześladowania przywódców i aktywu Związków Polaków w Niemczech w latach 1939-1945|journal=Przegląd Zachodni|language=pl|issue=4|page=41}}
August–September: Persecution of Poles, incl. mass arrests of Polish students and arrests of local Polish consul Jerzy Warchełowski and attaché Witold Winiarski.Cygański, p. 42
October: The Germans established a forced labour camp for Romani people.{{cite web|url=https://www.bundesarchiv.de/zwangsarbeit/haftstaetten/index.php?action=2.2&tab=7&id=2284|title=Lager für Sinti und Roma Königsberg|website=Bundesarchiv.de|access-date=7 May 2022|language=de}}
1941 – 1 September: Aerial bombing by Soviet forces begins.
1942 – 24 June: The Nazi SS sends the first deportation of Jews from Königsberg and the province of East Prussia to extermination camps.{{cite web|title=Memorial Plaque to the Victims of the First Deportation from Königsberg|website=Information Portal to European Sites of Remembrance |url=https://www.memorialmuseums.org/denkmaeler/view/1457/Memorial-Plaque-to-the-Victims-of-the-First-Deportation-from-K%C3%B6nigsberg|publisher=Stiftung Denkmal für die ermordeten Juden Europas|location=Berlin, Germany|access-date=2019-07-18}}
1944
August: Aerial bombing by British forces; city extensively damaged.
19 August: The Germans established a subcamp of the Stutthof concentration camp, in which around 500 Jews were subjected to forced labour.{{cite journal|last=Gliński|first=Mirosław|title=Podobozy i większe komanda zewnętrzne obozu Stutthof (1939–1945)|journal=Stutthof. Zeszyty Muzeum|language=pl|volume=3|page=173|issn=0137-5377}}
1945
January: Subcamp of the Stutthof concentration camp dissolved.
January: Battle of Königsberg begins.
February: Metgethen massacre.
9 April: Battle of Königsberg ends; Soviets in power.

=1946-1990s=

1946
April: City becomes part of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic, per Potsdam Agreement.{{cite journal |title=International Affairs: The Postwar World Map: New States and Boundary Changes |author= Russell H. Fifield |journal= American Political Science Review |volume=42 |issue= 3 |pages= 533–541 |year=1948 |jstor= 1949917 |doi= 10.2307/1949917 |s2cid= 147617453 }}
City renamed Kaliningrad after Bolshevik Mikhail Kalinin.
City becomes seat of the newly formed Kaliningrad Oblast.
Kaliningrad Regional Museum of History and Arts founded.
Kaliningradskaya Pravda newspaper begins publication.
1947 – Kaliningrad Regional Drama Theatre established.
1954 – Pishchevik Kaliningrad football club formed.
1956 – Population: 188,000.

File:Koenigsberger schloss ruinen.tif

1960 – Theatre on Mira Avenue rebuilt.
1965 - Population: 253,000.{{cite book |chapter-url= https://unstats.un.org/unsd/demographic/products/dyb/1960_round.htm |title=Demographic Yearbook 1965 |year=1966 |publisher=Statistical Office of the United Nations |location=New York |chapter=Population of capital cities and cities of 100,000 and more inhabitants }}
1967
Kaliningrad State University active.
French Reformed Church demolished.{{sfn|Gresch|2012|p=32}}
1979
Khrabrovo Airport terminal built.
Kaliningrad Amber Museum opens.
1985 - Population: 385,000.{{cite book |chapter-url= https://unstats.un.org/unsd/demographic/products/dyb/1980_round.htm |title=1985 Demographic Yearbook |year=1987 |author=United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Statistical Office |location=New York |chapter=Population of capital cities and cities of 100,000 and more inhabitants |pages=247–289 }}
1988 – Kaliningrad State Art Gallery established.{{cite web |url=http://www.russianmuseums.info/default.asp?words=kaliningrad |title=Russianmuseums.info |publisher=Russian Cultural Heritage Network |access-date=11 November 2013 }}
1989 – Population: 401,280; oblast 871,283.
1990
Chamber of Commerce founded.{{cite book |title= Europa World Year Book 2004 |isbn=1857432533 |publisher=Taylor & Francis }}

{{cite web

|url = http://www.kaliningrad-cci.ru/about/history/

|script-title=ru:История Палаты |trans-title=History of the Chamber |language=ru

|publisher = Калининградская торгово-промышленная палата (Kaliningrad Chamber of Commerce)

|access-date=11 November 2013

|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120412031414/http://www.kaliningrad-cci.ru/about/history/

|url-status = live

|archive-date = 12 April 2012

}}

City opens to foreign tourists.{{cite journal |title=Old cities, new pasts: Heritage planning in selected cities of Central Europe |author1= G.J. Ashworth |author2=J.E. Tunbridge |journal= GeoJournal |volume= 49 |issue= 1 |pages= 105–116 |year=1999 |jstor= 41147404 |doi= 10.1023/A:1007010205856 |s2cid= 133089435 }}
1994 – Kaliningrad State Technical University active.
1996 – Leonid Gorbenko becomes governor of Kaliningrad Oblast.{{cite web |url= https://www.nytimes.com/2000/04/05/world/in-a-russian-region-apart-corruption-is-king.html |title=In a Russian Region Apart, Corruption Is King |date=5 April 2000 |work=New York Times |author=Patrick E. Tyler |access-date=11 November 2013|author-link=Patrick Tyler }}
1998 – The Voice from the Pregel Polish-language magazine in publication.

21st century

2001 – Vladimir Yegorov becomes governor of Kaliningrad Oblast.
2005
July: 750th anniversary of city founding.{{cite web |url= http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/4645447.stm |date=3 July 2005 |title=Kaliningrad marks key anniversary |publisher=BBC News |access-date=11 November 2013}}
Kaiser Bridge reconstructed (approximate date).{{citation needed|date=November 2013}}
Georgy Boos becomes governor of Kaliningrad Oblast.
2007
Alexander Jaroschuk becomes mayor.{{cite web |url= http://www.citymayors.com/government/europe_mayors.html#Anchor-Russia-49575 |title=Mayors in Europe |location=London |work=City Mayors.com |publisher=City Mayors Foundation |access-date=11 November 2013}}
Khrabrovo Airport new terminal opens.{{cite news |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-18284828 |title=Kaliningrad profile |date=31 May 2012 |publisher=BBC News |access-date=11 November 2013}}
2008 – Cathedral of Christ the Saviour consecrated.
2010
30 January: Protest against governor Georgy Boos.{{cite web |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2010/03/26/world/europe/26kaliningrad.html |title=Restlessness in Russia's Western Outpost |date=25 March 2010 |work= New York Times |access-date=11 November 2013}}
Population: 431,500;{{cite web |url=http://unstats.un.org/unsd/demographic/products/dyb/dyb2011.htm |work=Demographic Yearbook 2011 |year=2012 |publisher=United Nations Statistics Division |title=Population of Capital Cities and Cities of 100,000 or More Inhabitants }} oblast 941,873.
Nikolay Tsukanov becomes governor of Kaliningrad Oblast.
2012 – Poland-Russia border near Kaliningrad Oblast opens.{{cite web |url=http://www.spiegel.de/international/europe/poland-and-russia-test-visa-free-travel-a-847828.html |title=Crack in the EU: Poland and Kaliningrad Open Borders for Locals |date=2 August 2012 |work=Spiegel Online |access-date=11 November 2013}}

References

This article incorporates information from the German Wikipedia and Russian Wikipedia.

Bibliography

=in English=

;Published in the 18th-19th century

{{Citation |publisher =S. Birt |location = London |author = Thomas Nugent |title = The Grand Tour |date = 1749 |chapter=Königsberg |volume=2: Germany and Holland |hdl = 2027/mdp.39015030762572 |author-link = Thomas Nugent (travel writer) }}
{{Citation |publisher = J.F.C. Rivington |location = London |author = Richard Brookes |author-link=Richard Brookes |title = The General Gazetteer |edition=6th |date = 1786 |chapter-url=https://archive.org/stream/generalgazetteer00broouoft#page/n339/mode/1up |chapter=Konigsburg }}
{{Citation |publisher = S. Converse |location = New Haven |author1 = Jedidiah Morse |author-link1=Jedidiah Morse |author2=Richard C. Morse |title = A New Universal Gazetteer |date = 1823 |edition= 4th |chapter-url= https://archive.org/stream/newuniversalgaze00morsrich#page/385/mode/1up |chapter=Königsberg }}
{{cite book|author=Augustus Bozzi Granville |title=St. Petersburgh: A journal of travels to and from that capital |year=1829|publisher=H. Colburn |chapter=(Königsberg) |chapter-url = https://books.google.com/books?id=kjUEAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA347|author-link=Augustus Bozzi Granville }}
{{Citation |title = Leigh's New Descriptive Road Book of Germany |date = 1837 |location=London |publisher=Leigh and Son |chapter=Königsberg |chapter-url= https://archive.org/stream/leighsnewdescri00leiggoog#page/n208/mode/2up }}
{{cite book |title=Penny Cyclopaedia |chapter=Königsberg |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wQ5CAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA251 |year=1839 |location=London |title-link=Penny Cyclopaedia }}
{{cite book |publisher = J. Murray |location = London |year=1877 |title=Handbook for North Germany |chapter=Königsberg |chapter-url= https://archive.org/stream/handbookfornort00firgoog#page/n286/mode/1up }}
{{Citation |title = A Dictionary, Practical, Theoretical and Historical of Commerce and Commercial Navigation |date = 1880 |publisher = Longmans, Green, and Co. |location=London |chapter=Königsberg |chapter-url=https://archive.org/stream/dictionaryprac00mccu#page/796/mode/2up |author=John Ramsay McCulloch |editor=Hugh G. Reid |author-link = John Ramsay McCulloch }}
{{Citation |publisher = Harper & Brothers |location = New York |author = W. Pembroke Fetridge |title = Harper's Hand-Book for Travellers in Europe and the East |date = 1884 |edition=23rd |chapter=Königsberg |hdl = 2027/nyp.33433066588363 }}
{{Citation |date = 1896 |title = Bradshaw's Illustrated Hand-book to Germany and Austria |location = London |publisher = W.J. Adams & Sons |chapter=Königsberg |chapter-url=https://archive.org/stream/bradshawsillust10bradgoog#page/n98/mode/2up |title-link = Bradshaw's Guide }}

;Published in the 20th century

{{Cite EB1911|wstitle= Königsberg |volume= 15 | pages = 894–895 |date=1910 |short= 1}}
{{Citation |publisher = Lonely Planet |title = Scandinavian & Baltic Europe |edition = 4th |year= 1999 |ol=8314793M |chapter=Kaliningrad |chapter-url=https://archive.org/stream/scandinavianbal000bend#page/300/mode/2up |page=300+ }}
{{cite book|author=James Charles Roy|title=The Vanished Kingdom: Travels Through the History of Prussia |year=1999|publisher=Basic Books|isbn=978-0-8133-3793-7}}
{{cite journal |title=Historical Representation and the Politics of Memory in Kaliningrad, Former Königsberg |author=Olga Sezneva |journal= Polish Sociological Review |pages=323–338 |number= 131 |year=2000 |jstor=41274763 }}

;Published in the 21st century

{{cite journal |title=Kaliningrad |author= Peter Savodnik |journal= Wilson Quarterly |volume=27 |issue= 2 |pages= 16–22 |year= 2003 |jstor=40261179 }}
{{cite book|author=Ann Kennard |title=Old Cultures, New Institutions: Around the New Eastern Border of the European Union |year=2010|publisher=LIT Verlag Münster|isbn=978-3-643-10751-0 |chapter=Case Study 1: Kaliningrad |pages=133–161}}

Eaton, Nicole. German Blood, Slavic Soil: How Nazi Königsberg Became Soviet Kaliningrad (Cornell University Press, 2023) [https://www.h-net.org/reviews/showpdf.php?id=60859 online review of this book]

=in other languages=

{{cite book|author=Karl Faber|title=Die Haupt- und Residenz-Stadt Königsberg in Preußen |trans-title=Capital and Residence City of Königsberg in Prussia |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7d4AAAAAcAAJ|year=1840|publisher=Gräfe und Unzer |location=Königsberg |language=de }}
{{cite book|author= Alexander Jung |title=Königsberg und die Königsberger |url=https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_g94AAAAAcAAJ|year=1846|publisher=Hermann Kirchner |location=Leipzig |language=de }}
{{cite book |title=Zur sechshundertjährigen Jubelfeier der Stadt Königsberg |trans-title=600th Jubilee Celebration of the City of Königsberg |author= F.W. Schubert |location=Königsberg |publisher= Verlag von Schubert und Seidel

|year= 1855

|language=de |url=http://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/011229184

}}

{{cite book

|title=Biblioteca geographica: Verzeichniss der seit der Mitte des vorigen Jahrhunderts bis zu Ende des Jahres 1856 in Deutschland

|year=1858

|location=Leipzig

|publisher=Wilhelm Engelmann

|language=de

|chapter=Konigsberg

|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=p6o6AQAAIAAJ&pg=PA615

}} (bibliography)

{{cite book

|author=August Wilhelm Grube |title=Charakterbilder Deutschen Landes und Lebens fur Schule und Haus |edition=10th

|year=1875

}}

{{cite book |title=Brockhaus' Konversations-Lexikon |location=Leipzig |publisher=Brockhaus |year=1898 |edition=14th |language=de |chapter=Königsberg |chapter-url= https://archive.org/stream/brockhauskonver00unkngoog#page/n651/mode/1up

}}

{{cite book|last=Gresch|first=Eberhard|title=Im Blickpunkt der Geschichte der Reformation: Evangelisch-Reformierte in (Ost-)Preußen|year=2012|language=de}}
{{cite book

|editor=P. Krauss |editor2=E. Uetrecht

|title=Meyers Deutscher Städteatlas |trans-title=Meyer's Atlas of German Cities

|year=1913

|publisher=Bibliographisches Institut

|location=Leipzig

|language=de

|chapter-url=http://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/009018394

|chapter= Konigsberg

}}

{{citation

|title=Deutscher Städteatlas

|isbn=3891150008

|publisher=Institut für vergleichende Städtegeschichte

|language=de

|volume= 2

|year= 1979

|chapter= Konigsberg

}}

{{cite magazine|last=Małłek|first=Janusz|year=1992|title=Polityka miasta Królewca wobec Polski w latach 1525–1701|magazine=Komunikaty Mazursko-Warmińskie|language=pl|issue=3–4}}
{{cite magazine|last=Podbereski|first=Wacław|year=2010|title=Królewiec – Koenigsberg – Kaliningrad|magazine=Znad Wilii|volume=4 |language=pl|issue=44|issn=1392-9712}}
{{cite book

|editor1= Wolfgang Adam |editor2=Siegrid Westphal

|title= Handbuch kultureller Zentren der Frühen Neuzeit: Städte und Residenzen im alten deutschen Sprachraum

|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=spvoBQAAQBAJ

|year= 2012

|publisher=De Gruyter|isbn=978-3-11-029555-9 |language=de

|chapter= Königsberg

|pages= 1153+

| ref = {{harvid|Adam|2012}}

}}

External links

Europeana. [https://www.europeana.eu/portal/search.html?query=kaliningrad&rows=96 Items related to Kaliningrad], various dates.
Digital Public Library of America. [http://dp.la/search?utf8=✓&q=kaliningrad Items related to Kaliningrad], various dates
Links to fulltext [https://de.wikisource.org/wiki/Adressbücher#K city directories for Konigsberg] via Wikisource

Category:History of Kaliningrad

Kaliningrad

Timeline of Kaliningrad

Era of Teutonic Order

15th century

16th century

17th century

18th century

19th century

20th century

=1900-1945=

=1946-1990s=

21st century

See also

References

Bibliography

=in English=

=in other languages=

External links