Timeline of Mecca
{{short description|None}}
The following is a timeline of the history of the city of Mecca, Saudi Arabia.
{{Dynamic list}}
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Prior to 20th century
{{History of Saudi Arabia}}
- 100 BCE - "Yemeni tribes of Jurham rule Mecca."{{sfn|Sardar|2014}}
- 570 CE - Year of the Elephant and the birth of Muhammad.
- 605 CE - Quraish rebuild Kaaba after it was damaged in floods.{{cite web |title=1st Millennium CE |url=https://madainproject.com/1st_millennium_ce_timeline |website=Madain Project |access-date=30 December 2019}}
- 613 CE - Muhammad starts preaching publicly in Mecca.{{cite book|author=John L. Esposito|author-link=John Esposito|title=Oxford Dictionary of Islam|year= 2003|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-975726-8 |chapter=Chronology of Key Events |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=E324pQEEQQcC |page=351+ }}
- 622 CE / 0-1 H - Muhammad migrates from Mecca to Medina, with followers (muhajirun).{{cite book |title=New Encyclopedia of Islam |year=2003 |publisher=AltaMira Press |location=USA |isbn=978-0-7591-0190-6 |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/newencyclopediao0000glas }}
- 7th C. - Masjid al-Haram architectural components began.
- 625-629 : Pilgrim mosques built in numerous countries like (Kerala) India & in China by early disciples of Muhammad.
- Pilgrimage of Muslims to Mecca per Treaty of Hudaybiyyah.
- 11 December: Liberation of Mecca.
- 683 / 63-64 H - Siege of Mecca (683); Kaaba burnt.{{sfn|Hollister|1996}}
- 692 - Siege of Mecca (692).{{sfn|Haydn|1910}}{{sfn|Britannica|1910}}
- 751 - Milestones installed along the {{Interlanguage link|Darb Zubaidah|ar|3=درب زبيدة}} (Baghdad-Mecca road).
- 793 - Harun al-Rashid visits city.{{sfn|Hollister|1996}}
- 810 - Aqueduct built.{{sfn|Sardar|2014}}
- 930 - City sacked by Qarmatians; Black Stone taken out of Mecca.{{sfn|Hollister|1996}}{{sfn|Britannica|1910}}
- 951 - Black Stone returned to Mecca "for a great ransom".{{sfn|Hollister|1996}}{{sfn|Britannica|1910}}
- 1184 - Traveller Ibn Jubayr visits city.{{sfn|Tolmacheva|2000}}
- 1265 - Egyptian Mamluks in power.{{sfn|Hollister|1996}}
- 1326 - Traveller Ibn Battuta visits Mecca.{{sfn|Tolmacheva|2000}}
- 1517 - Ottomans in power;{{sfn|Agoston|2009}} Selim I becomes Custodian of the Two Holy Mosques.{{sfn|Britannica|1910}}
- 1630 - Flood.{{sfn|Agoston|2009}}
- 1631 - Kaaba rebuilt.{{citation |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20080929195244/http://archnet.org/library/places/one-place.jsp?place_id=1892 |title=Saudi Arabia: Mecca |publisher=ArchNet |url-status=dead |url= http://archnet.org/library/places/one-place.jsp?place_id=1892 |archive-date= 2008-09-29 }}
- 1802/1803 - Mecca "captured by the Sa'udi-Wahhabi army."{{cite book|publisher=Europa Publications |title= Political Chronology of the Middle East|year= 2003|isbn=978-1-135-35673-6 |chapter=Saudi Arabia |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=eCSOT0_JAnwC |page=197+ }}
- 1812/1813 - Wahhabis ousted by Egyptian forces.{{sfn|Agoston|2009}}
- 1840 - Ottomans in power again.{{sfn|Agoston|2009}}
- 1855 - The Hejaz rebellion takes place in Hejaz against the Ottoman Empire, and results in riots in both Mecca and Jeddah.Badem, C. (2010). The Ottoman Crimean War (1853-1856). Tyskland: Brill. p357
- 1878 - Population estimated by Assistant-Surgeon ʽAbd el-Razzāq at 50,000 to 60,000.{{sfn|Britannica|1910}}
- 1880 - 21 March: Sharif assassinated.{{sfn|Haydn|1910}}
- 1885 - Population: 45,000 (estimate).{{cite book |title=Statesman's Year-Book |year=1890 |location=London |publisher= Macmillan and Co.|chapter= Turkey |title-link=Statesman's Year-Book |hdl=2027/nyp.33433081590527?urlappend=%3Bseq=1030 }}
- 1886 - Printing press in use (approximate date).{{sfn|Bosworth|2007}}
20th century
- 1908 / 1325-1326 H
- September: Hejaz Railway (Damascus-Mecca) begins operating.{{sfn|Haydn|1910}}
- Hussein bin Ali becomes sharif.{{sfn|Sardar|2014}}
- Al-Hijaz government newspaper begins publication.{{sfn|Bosworth|2007}}
- 1912 - Madrasat al-Falah established.{{sfn|Bosworth|2007}}
- 1916 / 1334-1335 H
- June–July: Battle of Mecca (1916).{{sfn|Hollister|1996}}
- Hashimite al-Qibla government newspaper begins publication.{{sfn|Bosworth|2007}}
- 1921 - Population: 80,000 (approximate estimate).{{cite book |title=Statesman's Year-Book |year=1921 |location=London |publisher= Macmillan and Co.|chapter= Arabia: Kingdom of Hejaz |title-link=Statesman's Year-Book |hdl=2027/njp.32101072368440?urlappend=%3Bseq=1402 }}
- 1924 / 1342-1343 H
- Battle of Mecca (1924).{{sfn|Bosworth|2007}}
- 12 December: Umm al-Qura government newspaper begins publication.{{sfn|Bosworth|2007}}
- Population: 60,000 (approximate estimate).{{citation |work=New York Times |date= 2 November 1924 |title=Again Holy Mecca Resounds to Arms; City of the Prophet Yields for Second Time in a Century to the Wahabis |url=http://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1924/11/02/104055211.html?pageNumber=116 }}
- Ali of Hejaz becomes sharif.
- 1925 - City becomes part of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.{{sfn|Hollister|1996}}
- 1926 - Al Adl cemetery and al-Mahad al-Ilmi Suudi (school){{sfn|Bosworth|2007}} established.
- 1929 - Amanat al-Asima (municipality) established.{{sfn|Bosworth|2007}}
- 1931 / 1349-1350 H - Public library founded (approximate date).{{sfn|Bosworth|2007}}
- 1932 - Dar al-Hadith (school) established.{{sfn|Bosworth|2007}}
- 1930s - Aziziyya, Faysaliyya, Khayriyya, and Suudiyya schools established (approximate date).{{sfn|Bosworth|2007}}
- 1938 - Maktabat al-Haram (library) active.{{sfn|Bosworth|2007}}
- 1941 - Flood{{Cite web|url=https://tribune.com.pk/story/887887/bahraini-who-performed-tawaf-around-kaaba-during-1941-floods-dies/|title=Bahraini who performed Tawaf around Kaaba during 1941 floods dies|last=Tribune.com.pk|date=2015-05-17|website=The Express Tribune|language=en|access-date=2020-03-11}}{{Cite web|url=https://greatkaaba.blogspot.com/2019/12/kaaba-flood.html|title=Kaaba Flood|last=flood 2017|first=Tags : kaaba flood kaaba flood 1940 kaaba flood 1941 kaaba|website=Great Kaaba|language=id|access-date=2020-03-11}}
- 1945 - Al-Wehda Club (sport club) formed.
- 1949 / 1368-1369 H - Kulliyyat al-Sharia (college) established.{{sfn|Bosworth|2007}}
- 1951 - College of Education established.{{sfn|Bosworth|2007}}
- 1958 - Al Nadwa (newspaper) newspaper begins publication.
- 1960 - Police academy established.{{sfn|Bosworth|2007}}
- 1962
- Slavery abolished.{{sfn|Bosworth|2007}}
- Population: 158,908.{{cite book |chapter-url= https://unstats.un.org/unsd/demographic/products/dyb/1960_round.htm |title=Demographic Yearbook 1965 |year=1966 |publisher=Statistical Office of the United Nations |location=New York |chapter=Population of capital cities and cities of 100,000 and more inhabitants |pages=140–161 }}
- 1964 / 1383-1384 H
- Malcolm X visits city.{{sfn|Sardar|2014}}
- Masjid al-Haram expanded.{{sfn|Sardar|2014}}
- 1966 - Mahad al-Nur (school) established.{{sfn|Bosworth|2007}}
- 1969 - Flood.{{Cite news|url=https://content.library.arizona.edu/digital/collection/p16127coll6/id/24152|title=Heavy flooding engulfs Grand Mosque in Mecca|date=11 February 1969|work=Kabul Times}}
- 1972 - Hajj televised.{{cite book|author2= Joe F. Khalil |author1=Marwan M. Kraidy|title=Arab Television Industries|year= 2009|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan|isbn=978-1-84457-576-3 |page=153+ |chapter=Chronology |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=6WsdBQAAQBAJ }}
- 1973 - "Master Plan for the Holy City of Mecca" launched.{{sfn|Sardar|2014}}
- 1974 - Population: 366,801.{{cite book |chapter-url= https://unstats.un.org/unsd/demographic/products/dyb/1980_round.htm |title=1985 Demographic Yearbook |year=1987 |author=United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Statistical Office |location=New York |chapter=Population of capital cities and cities of 100,000 and more inhabitants |pages=247–289 |quote=Makkah }}
- 1975 - Fire in Mina.{{sfn|Sardar|2014}}
- 1979 - 20 November-4 December: Grand Mosque seizure.{{cite news |url= https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-14703523 |author=BBC News |title= Saudi Arabia Profile: Timeline |work=BBC News |date=28 August 2011 |access-date= 30 April 2015 }}
- 1981 - Umm al-Qura University established.{{sfn|Bosworth|2007}}
- 1986 - King Abdul Aziz Stadium opens.
- 1987 - 31 July: 1987 Mecca incident.
- 1992 - Population: 965,697.{{cite book|title=Europa World Year Book |year=2004|publisher=Europa Publications |isbn=978-1-85743-255-8 |chapter= Saudi Arabia |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=gP_-8rXzQs8C |page=3662+ }}
- 1997 - 16 April: Mecca fire of 1997.
21st century
- 2005 - April: 2005 Islamic Solidarity Games held in city.
- 2006 / 1426-1427 H
- 5 January: 2006 Mecca hostel collapse.
- 12 January: 2006 Hajj stampede.
- December: Abraj al Bait Mall in business.{{citation |work=New York Times |date=8 March 2007 |title= Price of Progress: Transforming Islam's Holiest Site |url= https://www.nytimes.com/2007/03/08/world/middleeast/08mecca.html? }}
- 2007 - Jamaraat Bridge for pedestrians rebuilt.
- 2010
- Al Mashaaer Al Mugaddassah Metro begins operating.
- Makkah Clock Royal Tower Hotel in business.
- 1,534,731.{{citation |chapter=Table 8 - Population of capital cities and cities of 100,000 or more inhabitants |chapter-url=https://unstats.un.org/unsd/demographic-social/products/dyb/dyb_2018/ |title=Demographic Yearbook – 2018 |publisher=United Nations }}
- 2012
- August: Fourth Extraordinary Session of the Islamic Summit Conference held in city.
- Abraj Al Bait built.
- 2013 - Mishaal bin Abdullah Al Saud becomes governor of Mecca Province.
- 2014 / 1435-1436 H - Raffles Makkah Palace hotel and Swissôtel Makkah in business.
- 2015
- 13 July: City visible via Snapchat imagery.{{citation |work=BBC News |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/blogs-trending-33478729 |title=Why do thousands want to show off Mecca on a chat app? |date=11 July 2015 }}{{citation |work=al-Jazeera |url=http://www.aljazeera.com/news/2015/07/snapchat-opens-digital-window-mecca-millions-150714144609540.html |title=Snapchat opens digital window on Mecca to millions |date=14 July 2015 }}
- September: Mecca crane collapse.
See also
- Mecca history
- List of sharifs of Mecca
- Timeline of Muhammad in Mecca
- Timeline of Islamic history
- Timelines of other cities in Saudi Arabia: Jeddah, Medina, Riyadh
References
{{reflist|30em}}
Bibliography
{{Refbegin}}
;Published in 18th-19th centuries
- {{cite book |title=Travels through Arabia |author=Carsten Niebuhr |author-link=Carsten Niebuhr |translator= Robert Heron |translator-link= Robert Heron (writer) |location= Edinburgh |publisher= R. Morison and Son |year= 1792 |chapter= Of the City of Mecca |hdl=2027/mdp.39015004297621?urlappend=%3Bseq=50 |via=HathiTrust
}}
- {{Citation |publisher = Longman, Hurst, Rees, Orme & Brown |date = 1819 |location = London |title = The Cyclopædia |author= Abraham Rees |chapter=Mecca |title-link = Rees's Cyclopædia |hdl = 2027/mdp.39015054498178?urlappend=%3Bseq=87 }}
- {{Citation |publisher = S. Converse |location = New Haven |author1 = Jedidiah Morse |author-link1=Jedidiah Morse |author2=Richard C. Morse |title = A New Universal Gazetteer |date = 1823 |edition= 4th |chapter-url= https://archive.org/stream/newuniversalgaze00morsrich#page/456/mode/2up |chapter=Mecca }}
- {{cite book |title=Travels in Arabia |author=Johann Ludwig Burckhardt |author-link=Johann Ludwig Burckhardt |location=London |publisher= H. Colburn |year= 1829 |chapter = (Mekka) |hdl=2027/mdp.39015010937236?urlappend=%3Bseq=202 }}
- {{Citation |publisher = J.Duncan |location = London |title = Arabia |series=The Modern Traveller |author = Josiah Conder |author-link=Josiah Conder (editor and author) |date = 1830 |volume=4 |chapter-url= https://archive.org/stream/moderntraveller04condiala#page/232/mode/2up |chapter=Mekka }}
- {{Cite book |author= Richard Francis Burton |author-link= Richard Francis Burton |title= Personal Narrative of a Pilgrimage to Al-Madinah & Meccah |url= https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/4657 |series= 2 |volume= 1 |publisher= Tylston and Edwards |year= 1855}}, [https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/4658 v.2]
- {{cite book |title=American Cyclopedia |year=1879 |publisher=D. Appleton & Company |chapter=Mecca
|title-link=New American Cyclopedia |hdl=2027/hvd.hn585p?urlappend=%3Bseq=326 }}
- {{Citation |publisher = B. Quaritch |location = London |author = Edward Balfour |author-link=Edward Balfour |title = Cyclopaedia of India |edition=3rd |date = 1885 |chapter-url= https://archive.org/stream/cyclopaediaofind02balfuoft#page/902/mode/2up |chapter= Mecca
}}
- {{cite book |title=Mekka |author= Christiaan Snouck Hurgronje |author-link= Christiaan Snouck Hurgronje |location=The Hague |url= http://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/001248665 |publisher=Martinus Nijhoff |year= 1888 |language=de
}}
;Published in 20th century
- {{Citation |publisher = W. & R. Chambers |date = 1901 |location = London |title = Chambers's Encyclopaedia |chapter=Mecca
|title-link = Chambers's Encyclopaedia |hdl = 2027/uc2.ark:/13960/t3bz6g65j?urlappend=%3Bseq=117 }}
- {{Cite EB1911|wstitle= Mecca |volume= 17 |last= Smith |first= William Robertson |author-link= William Robertson Smith | pages = 950–955 |date=1910 |ref= {{harvid|Britannica|1910}} |short= 1}}
- {{Citation |publisher = Ward, Lock & Co. |location = London |title = Haydn's Dictionary of Dates |author = Benjamin Vincent |edition = 25th |date = 1910 |chapter=Mecca |via=HathiTrust
|ref= {{harvid|Haydn|1910}}
|title-link = Haydn's Dictionary of Dates |hdl = 2027/loc.ark:/13960/t89g6g776?urlappend=%3Bseq=905 }}
- {{cite book |title=Encyclopædia of Islam |location=Leiden |publisher= E.J. Brill |year=1934 |chapter= Mecca |chapter-url= https://books.google.com/books?id=Va6oSxzojzoC |pages= 438+
|title-link=Encyclopædia of Islam |isbn=9004097910 }}
- {{cite book |title=Rulers of Mecca |author=Gerald de Gaury |author-link=Gerald de Gaury |location=New York |publisher= Roy Publishers |year=1954 |url= http://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/001866142
}} (fulltext)
- {{cite book|author=Philip Khuri Hitti|author-link=Philip Khuri Hitti|title=Capital Cities of Arab Islam |year=1973|publisher=University of Minnesota Press|isbn=978-0-8166-0663-4 |chapter=Mecca |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=9niSNOCIoL8C |page=3+
}}
- {{cite book|author=Francis Edward Peters|author-link=Francis Edward Peters|title=Jerusalem and Mecca: The Typology of the Holy City in the Near East|year=1986|publisher=New York University Press|isbn=978-0-8147-6598-2
}}
- {{cite book|author=Patricia Crone|author-link=Patricia Crone|title=Meccan Trade and the Rise of Islam |year=1987|publisher=Princeton University Press
|title-link=Meccan Trade and the Rise of Islam}}
- Francis Edward Peters. Mecca: A Literary History of the Muslim Holy Land, Princeton University Press, {{ISBN|0-691-03267-X}} (1994)
- {{Cite book |publisher = Routledge |isbn = 1884964036 |title = International Dictionary of Historic Places: Middle East and Africa |date = 1996 |editor=Noelle Watson |location=UK |chapter=Mecca |pages= 483–486 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=R44VRnNCzAYC |author=Pam Hollister
|ref= {{harvid|Hollister|1996}}
}}
- {{Citation |publisher = ETH Zurich |isbn = 3728119725 |location = Zurich |title = Urban Form in the Arab World |author = Stefano Bianca |author-link=Stefano Bianca |date = 2000 |id = 0500282056 |chapter = Case Study 1: The Holy Cities of Islam – The Impact of Mass Transportation and Rapid Urban Change |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tkq3a0bXBa0C
}}
- {{cite book|editor=John Block Friedman|editor2=Kristen Mossler Figg|title=Trade, Travel, and Exploration in the Middle Ages: an Encyclopedia|year= 2000|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-135-59094-9 |chapter=Mecca |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=-OmCfNI_SxAC |page=387+ |author=Marina A. Tolmacheva
|ref= {{harvid|Tolmacheva|2000}}
}}
;Published in 21st century
- {{cite book|editor=Josef W. Meri|editor-link=Josef W. Meri|title=Medieval Islamic Civilization |year=2006 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-0-415-96691-7 |chapter= Mecca
}}
- {{cite book |title=Historic Cities of the Islamic World |editor=C. Edmund Bosworth |editor-link=Clifford Edmund Bosworth |year=2007 |publisher=Koninklijke Brill |location=Leiden |chapter=Mecca |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UB4uSVt3ulUC |pages= 354+
|ref= {{harvid|Bosworth|2007}}
|isbn=978-9004153882 }}
- {{Citation |publisher = ABC-CLIO |location = Santa Barbara, USA |editor1 = Michael R.T. Dumper |editor2=Bruce E. Stanley |title = Cities of the Middle East and North Africa |date = 2008 |chapter= Makkah
}}
- {{cite book|author1=Gabor Agoston |author2= Bruce Alan Masters |title=Encyclopedia of the Ottoman Empire|year= 2009|publisher=Facts on File |isbn=978-1-4381-1025-7 |chapter=Mecca |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=QjzYdCxumFcC |page=354
|ref= {{harvid|Agoston|2009}}
}}
- {{cite book|author= Ziauddin Sardar|author-link= Ziauddin Sardar|title=Mecca: The Sacred City|year= 2014 |publisher=Bloomsbury |isbn=978-1-62040-266-5 |chapter=Chronology |url=https://archive.org/details/meccasacredcity0000sard |url-access= registration|page=365+
|ref= {{harvid|Sardar|2014}}
}}
{{refend}}
External links
{{Commons category|History of Mecca}}
- [http://www.lib.utexas.edu/maps/saudi_arabia.html Map of Mecca], 1946
- {{cite web |url=http://www.sant.ox.ac.uk/mec/mecaphotos-weakley.html |title= H.V. Weakley Photo Gallery: Pilgrimage, Mecca c1912 |via= St Antony's College, Oxford, Middle East Centre Archive }}
- {{cite web |url=http://www.qdl.qa/en/search/site/Mecca |title=(Mecca) |work= Qatar Digital Library |publisher= Qatar National Library }}
- Europeana. [https://www.europeana.eu/portal/search.html?query=what%3Amecca+OR+mekka&rows=96 Items related to Mecca], various dates
- Digital Public Library of America. [http://dp.la/search?utf8=✓&page_size=100&q=mecca+AND+arabia Items related to Mecca], various dates
- {{cite web |url=http://www.fourmilab.ch/documents/calendar/ |title=Calendar Converter |work=Fourmilab |author=John Walker |author-link=John Walker (programmer) }}
{{Mecca}}
{{Saudi Arabia year nav}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2017}}