Timothy Garton Ash

{{Infobox academic

| name = Timothy Garton Ash

| honorific_suffix = {{post-nominals|country=GBR|size=100%|CMG|FRSA|FRHistS|FRSL}}

| image = 2019-05-30 Timothy Garton Ash-6011 (cropped).jpg

| caption = Garton Ash in 2019

| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1955|07|12|df=y}}

| birth_place = London, England

| alma_mater = Exeter College, Oxford
St Antony's College, Oxford
Free University of Berlin
University of Berlin

| website = {{URL|timothygartonash.com}}

| occupation = Historian, author

| awards = Charlemagne Prize (2017)

| title = Professor of European Studies

| education = St Edmund's School
Sherborne School

| workplaces = St Antony's College, Oxford
Hoover Institution

| children = 2, including Alec

| discipline = History

| sub_discipline = {{hlist|Contemporary history|Revolutions of 1989|International relations since 1989|History of the European Union}}

}}

Timothy Garton Ash {{post-nominals|country=GBR|size=100%|CMG|FRSA|FRHistS|FRSL}} (born 12 July 1955) is a British historian, author and commentator. He is Professor of European Studies at the University of Oxford. Most of his work has been concerned with the contemporary history of Europe, with a special focus on Central and Eastern Europe.

He has written about the former Communist regimes of that region, their experience with the secret police, the Revolutions of 1989, and the transformation of the former Eastern Bloc states into member states of the European Union. He has also examined the role of Europe in the world and the challenge of combining political freedom and diversity, especially in relation to free speech.

Education

Garton Ash was born to John Garton Ash (1919–2014) and Lorna Judith Freke. His father was educated at Trinity Hall, Cambridge and was involved in finance, as well as being a Royal Artillery officer in the British Army during the Second World War.{{cite news |title=John Garton Ash – obituary |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/obituaries/10971430/John-Garton-Ash-obituary.html |date=16 July 2014 |newspaper=The Telegraph |location=London |access-date=12 January 2017}} Garton Ash was educated at St Edmund's School, Hindhead, Surrey, before going on to Sherborne School, a public school in Dorset in South West England, followed by Exeter College, Oxford, where he studied Modern History.

For postgraduate study he went to St Antony's College, Oxford, and then, in the still divided Berlin, the Free University in West Berlin and the Humboldt University in East Berlin. During his studies in East Berlin, he was under surveillance from the Stasi, which served as the basis for his 1997 book The File.{{cite journal |last=Garton Ash |first=Timothy |author-link=Timothy Garton Ash |title=The Stasi on Our Minds |url=http://www.nybooks.com/articles/archives/2007/may/31/the-stasi-on-our-minds/ |journal=The New York Review of Books |date=31 May 2007 |volume=54 |issue=9 |access-date=17 November 2014}} Garton Ash cut a suspect figure to the Stasi, who regarded him as a "bourgeois-liberal" and potential British spy.{{cite news |last=Glover |first=Michael |title=Memoirs of an inadvertent spy |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/memoirs-of-an-inadvertent-spy-1195468.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220621/https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/memoirs-of-an-inadvertent-spy-1195468.html |archive-date=21 June 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |newspaper=The Independent |date=2 September 1998 |access-date=12 January 2017}}

Although he denies being or having been a British intelligence operative, Garton Ash described himself as a "soldier behind enemy lines" and described the German Democratic Republic as a "very nasty regime indeed".

File:Pavel Žáček, Timothy Garton Ash ja Kristian Gerner.jpg, Timothy Garton Ash and Kristian Gerner (Tallinn, 2012)]]

Life and career

In the 1980s Garton Ash was Foreign Editor of The Spectator and a columnist for The Independent. He became a Fellow at St Antony's College, Oxford, in 1989, a senior fellow at Stanford University's Hoover Institution{{cite web |title=Fellows: Timothy Garton Ash |url=https://www.hoover.org/profiles/timothy-garton-ash |publisher=Hoover Institution |access-date=12 November 2011}} in 2000, and Professor of European Studies at the University of Oxford{{cite web |title=Governing Body Fellows: Professor Timothy Garton Ash |url=http://www.sant.ox.ac.uk/people/gartonash.html |publisher=St. Anthony's College |access-date=12 November 2011}} in 2004. He has written a (formerly weekly) column in The Guardian since 2004 and is a long-time contributor to the New York Review of Books.{{cite magazine |title=Timothy Garton Ash |url=http://www.nybooks.com/contributors/garton-ash-timothy/ |magazine=The New York Review of Books |access-date=12 November 2011}} His column was also translated in the Turkish daily Radikal and in the Spanish daily El País, as well as other newspapers.

In 2005, Garton Ash was listed in Time magazine as one of the 100 most influential people. The article says that "shelves are where most works of history spend their lives. But the kind of history Garton Ash writes is more likely to lie on the desks of the world's decision makers."

Geopolitics

Garton Ash describes himself as a liberal internationalist.{{cite news |last=Garton Ash |first=Timothy |title=Liberal internationalists have to own up: we left too many people behind |url=https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2016/oct/13/liberal-internationalists-populists-globalisation |newspaper=The Guardian |date=13 October 2016 |access-date=12 September 2017}} He is a supporter of what he calls the free world and liberal democracy, represented in his view by the European Union, the United States as a superpower, and Angela Merkel's leadership of Germany. Garton Ash opposed Scottish independence and argued for Britishness, writing in The Guardian: "being British has changed into something worth preserving, especially in a world of migration where peoples are going to become ever more mixed up together. As men and women from different parts of the former British empire have come to live here in ever larger numbers, the post-imperial identity has become, ironically but not accidentally, the most liberal, civic, inclusive one."{{cite news |last=Garton Ash |first=Timothy |title=Independence for Scotland would not be good for England |url=https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2007/may/03/scotland.devolution1 |newspaper=The Guardian |date=3 May 2007 |access-date=12 September 2017}}

Garton Ash first came to prominence during the Cold War as a supporter of free speech and human rights within countries which were part of the Soviet Union and Eastern Bloc, paying particular attention to Poland and Germany. In more recent times he has represented a British liberal pro-EU viewpoint, nervous at the rise of Vladimir Putin, Donald Trump and Brexit. He is strongly opposed to conservative and populist leaders of EU nations, such as Viktor Orbán of Hungary, arguing that Merkel should "freeze him out", evoking "appeasement".{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2017/apr/12/viktor-orban-appeasement-merkel-centre-right-hungary|title=We know the price of appeasement. That's why we must stand up to Viktor Orbán |first=Timothy |last=Garton Ash |date=12 April 2017 |newspaper=The Guardian|access-date=12 September 2017}} Garton Ash was particularly upset about Orbán's move against George Soros' Central European University. Anti-Soviet themes and Poland remain topics of interest for Garton Ash; once a promoter of the anti-Eastern Bloc movement in Poland, he notes with regret the move away from liberalism and globalism towards populism and authoritarianism under socially conservative political and religious leaders such as Jarosław Kaczyński, in a similar manner to his criticisms of Hungary's Orbán.{{cite news |first=Timothy |last=Garton Ash |url=https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2016/jan/07/polish-democracy-destroyed-constitution-media-poland |date=7 January 2016 |title=The pillars of Poland's democracy are being destroyed |newspaper=The Guardian |access-date=12 September 2017}}

In reviewing his book, Homelands: A Personal History of Europe, veteran Newsweek journalist Andrew Nagorski wrote: "It bluntly describes the harsh political repression and monstrous economic failures that characterized the countries behind what was known as the Iron Curtain, while also evocatively capturing the 'abnormal normality' of a system that ruthlessly quashed all hopes for change, yet inspired people to 'make the best' of their seemingly hopeless situation." In that book, Garton Ash describes his meeting with Władysław Bartoszewski and having been "struck not only by the loud, rapid-fire voice of this senior member of the opposition, but also by his confident prediction that the Russian empire would collapse by the end of the century. This was at a time when the Cold War division of Europe appeared to be an unalterable fact of life."{{Cite journal |last=Nagorski |first=Andrew |date=January 2, 2024 |title=Homelands: A Personal History of Europe |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/23739770.2023.2292914 |journal=Israel Journal of Foreign Affairs |volume=17 |issue=3|pages=324–327 |doi=10.1080/23739770.2023.2292914 |url-access=subscription }}

Personal life

Garton Ash and his Polish-born wife Danuta live primarily in Oxford, England, and also near Stanford University in California as part of his work with the Hoover Institution.{{cite news |title=Biography |url=http://www.timothygartonash.com/biography.html |newspaper=timothygartonash.com |access-date=12 November 2011}} They have two sons, Tom Ash, a web developer based in Canada, and Alec Ash, an author and editor focused on China. His elder brother, Christopher, is a Church of England clergyman.{{Cite web|last=Mesa|first=Ivan|date=2020-08-03|title=On My Shelf: Life and Books with Christopher Ash|url=https://www.thegospelcoalition.org/article/on-my-shelf-christopher-ash/|access-date=2021-08-12|website=The Gospel Coalition|language=en-US}}

Bibliography

Und willst du nicht mein Bruder sein ... Die DDR heute (Rowohlt, 1981) {{ISBN|3-499-33015-6}}
The Polish Revolution: Solidarity, 1980–82 (Scribner, 1984) {{ISBN|0-684-18114-2}}
The Uses of Adversity: Essays on the Fate of Central Europe (Random House, 1989) {{ISBN|0-394-57573-3}}
The Magic Lantern: The Revolution of 1989 Witnessed in Warsaw, Budapest, Berlin, and Prague (Random House, 1990) {{ISBN|0-394-58884-3}}
In Europe's Name: Germany and the Divided Continent (Random House, 1993) {{ISBN|0-394-55711-5}}
The File: A Personal History (Random House, 1997) {{ISBN|0-679-45574-4}}
History of the Present: Essays, Sketches, and Dispatches from Europe in the 1990s (Allen Lane, 1999) {{ISBN|0-7139-9323-5}}
Free World: America, Europe, and the Surprising Future of the West (Random House, 2004) {{ISBN|1-4000-6219-5}}
Facts are Subversive: Political Writing from a Decade without a Name (Atlantic Books, 2009) {{ISBN|1-84887-089-2}}
(edited, with Adam Roberts) Civil Resistance and Power Politics: The Experience of Non-violent Action from Gandhi to the Present (Oxford University Press, 2011) {{ISBN|9780199552016}}
Free Speech: Ten Principles for a Connected World (Yale University Press, 2016) {{ISBN|978-0-300-16116-8}}
(edited, with Adam Roberts, Michael J. Willis, and Rory McCarthy) Civil Resistance in the Arab Spring: Triumphs and Disasters (Oxford University Press, 2016) {{ISBN|9780198749028}}
Obrona Liberalizmu (Fundacja Kultura Liberalna, 2022) ISBN 9788366619067
Homelands: A Personal History of Europe (Yale University Press, 2023){{Cite journal |last=Ascherson |first=Neal |date=December 21, 2023 |title=Becoming European |url=https://www.nybooks.com/articles/2023/12/21/becoming-european-homelands-timothy-garton-ash/ |journal=The New York Review of Books |volume=70 |issue=20 |pages=28–32}} {{ISBN|9780300257076}}

Awards and honours

Somerset Maugham Award, for The Polish Revolution: Solidarity (1984)
Prix Européen de l'Essai Charles Veillon (1989)
Premio Napoli, for journalism (1995) {{cite web|url=http://www.premionapoli.it/albo-doro/premio-di-giornalismo/|title=Premio di Giornalismo|work=premionapoli.it}}
Order of Merit from the Czech Republic
Order of Merit from Germany{{cite web|url=http://www.timothygartonash.com/biography.html|title=Timothy Garton Ash :: Biography|work=timothygartonash.com}}
Order of Merit of the Republic of Poland
Honorary doctorate from St Andrews University, Scotland
Hoffmann von Fallersleben Prize for political writing (2002)
Companion of the Order of St Michael and St George (CMG)
Orwell Prize for journalism (2006)
Kullervo Killinen Prize from Finland (2006)
Honorary doctorate from KU Leuven, Belgium{{cite news|title=Eredoctoraten voor Maria Nowak, Timothy Garton Ash en Claudio Magris|url=http://dagkrant.kuleuven.be/?q=node/9016|access-date=12 November 2011|newspaper=Dagkrant Katholieke Universiteit Leuven|date=22 December 2010|language=nl}}
Fellow of the Royal Society of Arts (FRSA)
Charlemagne Prize (2017){{cite web|url=http://en.europeonline-magazine.eu/historian-garton-ash-receives-germanys-charlemagne-prize-2017_510252.html|title=Historian Garton Ash receives Germany's Charlemagne Prize 2017 {{!}} EUROPE ONLINE|last=europeonline-magazine.eu|first=europe online publishing house gmbh -|website=en.europeonline-magazine.eu|access-date=22 January 2017}}
Lionel Gelber Prize for Homelands: A Personal History of Europe (2024){{cite web|url=https://www.newswire.ca/news-releases/2024-lionel-gelber-prize-awarded-to-timothy-garton-ash-for-homelands-a-personal-history-of-europe-896941697.html|title=2024 Lionel Gelber Prize awarded to Timothy Garton Ash for Homelands: A Personal History of Europe|website=newswire.ca|date=March 6, 2024|access-date=April 25, 2024}}
Honorary doctorate at Vytautas Magnus University, Lithuania (2024){{Cite web |date=2024-05-21 |title=British historian Timothy Garton Ash awarded honorary doctorate by Lithuanian university |url=https://www.lrt.lt/en/news-in-english/19/2278632/british-historian-timothy-garton-ash-awarded-honorary-doctorate-by-lithuanian-university |access-date=2024-05-23 |website=lrt.lt |language=en}}

Notes

{{reflist|30em|refs=

{{cite web | title = St. Ed's – OSE | work = saintedmunds.co.uk | access-date = 2016-04-23 | url = http://www.saintedmunds.co.uk/ose/ose.html}}

{{cite magazine | title = Timothy Garton Ash | last = Ferguson | first = Niall |author-link=Niall Ferguson | magazine = Time | date = 18 April 2005 | access-date = 2016-04-23 | url = https://content.time.com/time/specials/packages/article/0,28804,1972656_1972712_1974244,00.html}}

{{cite web | title = timothy garton ash son dakika gelişmeleri ve haberleri Radikal'de! | work = Radikal | access-date = 2016-04-23 | url = http://www.radikal.com.tr/arama/yazar=timothy_garton_ash&siralama=tarihe_gore_azalan/ | language = tr}}

}}

External links

[http://www.timothygartonash.com Official Website]
[http://www.journalisted.com/timothy-garton-ash Articles by Timothy Garton Ash] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080509034311/http://www.journalisted.com/timothy-garton-ash |date=9 May 2008 }} at Journalisted
[https://www.theguardian.com/profile/timothygartonash Column archives] at The Guardian
[https://www.nybooks.com/contributors/garton-ash-timothy/ Contributions] to the New York Review of Books
[https://web.archive.org/web/20110906143701/http://www.sant.ox.ac.uk/esc/dahrendorffreedom.html Dahrendorf Programme for the Study of Freedom]
[http://freespeechdebate.com/ Free Speech Debate]
{{C-SPAN|51329}}
{{Charlie Rose view|1273}}
[https://web.archive.org/web/20110626002251/http://europe.stanford.edu/events/6273 Garton Ash on Facts Are Subversive]
[http://english.aljazeera.net/programmes/general/2010/12/2010122115315511156.html In dialogue with Aung San Suu Kyi]
[http://fsi.stanford.edu/events/velvet_revolution/ Stanford public lecture]