Tipas
{{short description|Mountain in Argentina}}
{{About|the volcano|the geologist|Walther Penck}}
{{Infobox mountain
| name = Walther Penck
| other_name = Tipas or Cazadero Grande
| photo = cazadero.jpg
| photo_caption = Cazadero (or Tipas) from the east
| elevation_m = 6670
| elevation_ref ={{Cite web|url=http://www.andes-specialists.com/walther-penck-tipas-cazadero-grande-6670|title=Walther Penck / Tipas / Cazadero Grande|website=Andes Specialists|language=en|access-date=2020-04-12}}
| prominence = {{convert|651|m|ft|0}}
| prominence_ref=
| location = Argentina
| range = Puna de Atacama, Andes
| parent_peak = Ojos del Salado
| map = Argentina |relief=1
| range_coordinates =
| map_size = 230
| map_caption =
| label_position = right
| coordinates = {{coord|27|11|45.96|S|068|33|38.88|W|type:mountain_scale:100000|format=dms|display=inline,title}}
| coordinates_ref =
| topo =
| type = Complex volcano
| age = Holocene
| last_eruption = Unknown
| first_ascent = 14/12/1970 - Sergio Kunstmann, Pedro Rosende (Chile) and Takaya Takeshita (Japan)
| easiest_route = Hike, east side from El Arenal
}}
Cerro Walther Penck (also known as Cerro Cazadero or Cerro Tipas) is a massive complex volcano in the Andes, located in northwestern Argentina, Catamarca Province, Tinogasta Department, at the Puna de Atacama. It is just southwest of Ojos del Salado, the highest volcano in the world. Walther Penck itself is perhaps the third highest active volcano in the world.
Vulcanism
File:View of the main summit from central summit plateau.jpgThe complex covers a surface area of {{convert|25|km2}}, it consists of stratovolcanoes, lava domes, and lava flows. There are reports of fumarolic activity, and de Silva and Francis (1991) considered that the volcano was last active in the Holocene.{{cite journal|last1=Perucca|first1=Laura P.|last2=Moreiras|first2=Stella M.|title=Seismic and Volcanic Hazards in Argentina|journal=Developments in Earth Surface Processes|date=2009|volume=13|pages=267–300|doi=10.1016/S0928-2025(08)10014-1|isbn=9780444531179 }} Crater lakes with a smell of sulfur were reported in 2013.{{cite journal |last1=Scanu |first1=Marcelo |title=Argentine Andes 2012-13 |journal=The Alpine Journal |date=2013 |page=311 |url=https://www.alpinejournal.org.uk/Contents/Contents_2013_files/AJ%202013%20309-312%20Argentina%20Notes.pdf |access-date=23 October 2021}} The Tipas-Cerro Bayo complex was active 2.9-1.2 million years ago with dacites and rhyolites. Magma composition is typical for Andean stratovolcanoes. Tomographic studies of the underlying crust indicate a pattern of seismic attenuation beneath Tipas.{{cite journal|last1=Kay|first1=S. M.|last2=Mpodozis|first2=C.|last3=Gardeweg|first3=M.|author-link2=Constantino Mpodozis |title=Magma sources and tectonic setting of Central Andean andesites (25.5-28 S) related to crustal thickening, forearc subduction erosion and delamination|journal=Geological Society, London, Special Publications|date=7 August 2013|volume=385|issue=1|pages=303–334|doi=10.1144/SP385.11|s2cid=129489335 }}
Elevation
It has an official height of 6658 meters,{{cite web|url=https://www.ign.gob.ar/|title=IGN Argentina|date=14 April 2020|website=IGN Argentina|accessdate=14 April 2020}} however, based on the elevation provided by the available Digital elevation models, SRTM (6663m{{cite web|last1=USGS|first1=EROS Archive |title=USGS EROS Archive - Digital Elevation - SRTM Coverage Maps
|url=https://www.usgs.gov/centers/eros/science/usgs-eros-archive-digital-elevation-srtm-coverage-maps?qt-science_center_objects=4#qt-science_center_objects|accessdate=12 April 2020}}), ASTER (6627m{{Cite web|url=https://ssl.jspacesystems.or.jp/ersdac/GDEM/E/|title=ASTER GDEM Project|website=ssl.jspacesystems.or.jp|access-date=2020-04-14}}), SRTM filled with ASTER (6663m), TanDEM-X(6699m{{cite web|last1=TanDEM-X|first1=TerraSAR-X|title=Copernicus Space Component Data Access|url=https://spacedata.copernicus.eu/web/cscda/missions/tandem-x|accessdate=12 April 2020}}), and also a handheld GPS survey by Maximo Kausch on 04/2013 (6688 meters),{{Cite web|url=http://www.andes-specialists.com/andean-mountains-5000/|title=Andean Mountains - All above 5000m|website=Andes Specialists|language=en|access-date=2020-04-12}} Walther Penck is about 6670 meters above sea level.{{Cite web|url=http://www.andes-specialists.com/walther-penck-tipas-cazadero-grande-6670|title=Walther Penck / Tipas / Cazadero Grande|website=Andes Specialists|language=en|access-date=2020-04-12}}
The height of the nearest key col is 6019 meters. so its prominence is 651 meters. Walther Penck is listed as mountain, based on the Dominance system {{Cite web|url=https://www.8000ers.com/cms/en/dominance-mainmenu-178.html?start=1|title=Dominance - Page 2|website=www.8000ers.com|access-date=2020-04-12}} and its dominance is 9.76%. Its parent peak is Ojos del Salado and the Topographic isolation is 9.8 kilometers.{{Cite web|url=http://www.andes-specialists.com/walther-penck-tipas-cazadero-grande-6670|title=Walther Penck / Tipas / Cazadero Grande|website=Andes Specialists|language=en|access-date=2020-04-12}} This information was obtained during a research by Suzanne Imber in 2014.{{Cite web|url=https://www2.le.ac.uk/offices/press/press-releases/2016/october/academic-and-adventurer-describes-the-incredible-task-of-climbing-and-cataloguing-one-of-the-most-remote-regions-of-the-south-american-andes-mountains|title=Academic and adventurer describes the incredible task of climbing and cataloguing one of the most remote regions of the South American Andes mountains — University of Leicester|last=ap|website=www2.le.ac.uk|language=en|access-date=2020-04-12}}
See also
External links
- [http://www.andes-specialists.com/walther-penck-tipas-cazadero-grande-6670 Elevation information about Walther Penck]
- [https://www.meteoguru.com/en/pro/surface/?latlon=-27.1961,-68.5608 Weather Forecast at Walther Penck]
- [http://www.andes.org.uk/peak-info-6000/cazadero-info.asp Information about Cazadero]
References
{{Reflist}}
- {{cite gvp|name=Tipas|vn=355220|access-date=2021-06-28}}
- {{cite book | last = Biggar | first = John | title = The Andes: A Guide for Climbers and Skiers | edition = 5th | publisher = Andes Publishing (Scotland) | year = 2020 | url=http://www.andes.org.uk/ | isbn = 978-0-9536087-6-8|ref=none }}
{{Catamarca-geo-stub}}
{{Mountains of Argentina}}
Category:Mountains of Argentina
Category:Polygenetic volcanoes
Category:Stratovolcanoes of Argentina
Category:Lava domes of Argentina