Titan IIIB

Part of the Titan rocket family, the Titan 23B space launch vehicle was a three-stage liquid fueled booster, designed to provide a small-to-medium weight class capability. It was able to lift approximately {{convert|3,000|kg|lb|abbr=on}} into a polar low-Earth circular orbit. The first stage consisted of a ground ignited Aerojet LR-87 liquid propellant rocket, while the second stage consisted of an LR91 liquid propellant rocket. The third stage was an Agena D XLR81-BA-9 liquid propellant rocket.{{citation_needed|date=August 2019}}

Various models of this Titan/Agena D rocket were called, "Titan-3B Agena-D", "Titan 23B", "Titan 24B", "Titan 33B" and "Titan 34B".

The Titan rocket family was established in October 1955, when the Air Force awarded The Martin Company a contract to build an intercontinental ballistic missile (ICBM). It became known as the Titan I, the nation's first two-stage ICBM and first underground silo-based ICBM. More than 140 Titan II ICBMs, once the vanguard of America's strategic deterrent force, were built. Titan IIs also were flown in NASA's Gemini crewed space program in the mid-1960s. The Titan 23B is a derivative of the Titan II vehicle with an Agena D upper stage added.

The Titan IIIB family emerged when the new KH-8 (Gambit Mark 3) photo reconnaissance satellite was being developed as the successor to the KH-7 Gambit Mark 1/2 which began flying in 1963. It was decided to switch to the Titan family over the Atlas used for KH-7 because it had substantially more lift capability and also its conventional two-stage design and hypergolic propellants made for a simpler and more reliable launch vehicle than the quirky Atlas. The KH-8 was double the size of its predecessor but still well below the Titan's lift capability.{{citation_needed|date=August 2019}}

While the KH-8 was the original raison d'être for the Titan IIIB's existence, as well as its primary payload, the booster was also used for Jumpseat SIGINT satellites and military comsats. It also lived up to its promise of greater reliability than the Thor and Atlas, with only a few failures over its run.{{citation_needed|date=August 2019}}

Primary function: Launch vehicle used to lift medium class satellites into space:{{citation_needed|date=August 2019}}

• Builder: The Martin Company
• Launch site: Vandenberg AFB, Calif.
• First stage: Length: {{convert|70|ft|m|abbr=on}}
• Diameter: 10 feet (3.05 m)
• Engine thrust: {{convert|474,000|lbf|kN|abbr=on}} vacuum
• Weight: {{convert|258,000|lb|kg}} Fueled
• Empty weight: {{convert|10,500|lb|kg}}
• Second stage: Length: {{convert|24|ft|m|abbr=on}}
• Diameter: {{convert|10|ft|m|abbr=on}}
• Engine Thrust: {{convert|100,000|lbf|kN|abbr=on}} vacuum
• Weight: {{convert|64,000|lb|kg}} Fueled
• Empty weight: {{convert|6,100|lb|kg}}
• Third stage: Length: {{convert|24.8|ft|m|abbr=on}}
• Diameter: {{convert|5|ft|m|abbr=on}}
• Engine thrust: {{convert|16,000|lbf|kN|abbr=on}} vacuum
• Weight: {{convert|7160|kg|lb|abbr=on}} – fueled
• Empty Weight: {{convert|2300|lb|kg}}
• Guidance: Radio
• Subcontractor: GE
• Payload fairing: Diameter: {{convert|5|ft|m|abbr=on}}
• Length: {{convert|20|to|25|ft|m|abbr=on}}
• Skin and Stringer Construction{{spaced ndash}}Tri-Sector Design
• Subcontractor: Boeing
• Date deployed: July 1966

File:Titan 3B 1966 86.jpgTitan-3B Agena-D used the same core and second stage as the Titan-IIIA, but added an Agena D upper stage. Twenty-two flights took place from SLC-4W at Vandenberg AFB between 1966 and 1969, all launching KH-8 satellites.{{Cite web |title=Titan-3B Agena-D (Titan-IIIB Agena-D) |url=https://space.skyrocket.de/doc_lau_det/titan-3b_agena-d.htm |access-date=2024-09-12 |website=Gunter's Space Page |language=en}}

Configuration:

• First stage: 2 × LR-87-AJ9
• Second stage: LR-91-AJ9
• Third stage: Agena-D

Titan 23B used the basic Titan-IIIA core (with an updated first and second stage engines) with an Agena D upper stage,{{Cite web |title=Titan-3(23)B Agena-D |url=https://space.skyrocket.de/doc_lau_det/titan-323b_agena-d.htm |access-date=2024-09-12 |website=Gunter's Space Page |language=en}} though without the all-inertial guidance system, malfunction detection equipment, and redundant systems required for man-rating the 3A.{{cite magazine|date=8 August 1961|title=Titan 3B Launch|url=http://archive.aviationweek.com/issue/19660808#!&pid=26|magazine=Aviation Week and Space Technology|publisher=McGraw Hill Publishing Company|access-date=27 July 2021|page=29|url-access=subscription}} The Titan 23B was launched from SLC-4W at Vandenberg AFB. Its main payload was the GAMBIT (KH-8 reconnaissance) satellites, in nine flights from 1969 through 1971.{{Cite web |title=Titan 23B |url=http://www.astronautix.com/t/titan23b.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161227225329/http://astronautix.com/t/titan23b.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=December 27, 2016 |access-date=2021-08-27 |website=www.astronautix.com}}

Configuration:

• First stage: 2 × LR-87-AJ11
• Second stage: LR-91-AJ11
• Third stage: Agena-D

File:Titan 24B Agena-D with a KH-8 satellite (USAF).jpg

The Titan 24B differed from the Titan 23B in that the Titan IIIM core with extended propellant tanks was used in place of the original Titan II core.{{Cite web |title=Titan-3(24)B Agena-D |url=https://space.skyrocket.de/doc_lau_det/titan-324b_agena-d.htm |access-date=2024-09-12 |website=Gunter's Space Page |language=en}} The payload remained attached to the Agena stage. Twenty-three flights took place from SLC-4W at Vandenberg AFB between 1971 and 1984, with two failures.

Configuration:

• First stage: 2 × LR-87-AJ11, extended tank
• Second stage: LR-91-AJ11
• Third stage: Agena-D

File:Img256p.jpg

The Titan 33B was a Titan 23B with the entire Agena and payload completely enclosed in a shroud. It flew only three times from SLC-4W at Vandenberg AFB between 1971 and 1973 with one failure, being used to launch Jumpseat satellites.{{Cite web |title=Titan-3(33)B Agena-D |url=https://space.skyrocket.de/doc_lau_det/titan-333b_agena-d.htm |access-date=2024-09-12 |website=Gunter's Space Page |language=en}}

Configuration:

• First stage: 2 × LR-87-AJ11
• Second stage: LR-91-AJ11
• Third stage: Agena-D, larger fairing

File:Titan-3(34)B Agena-D (Jumpseat 6) (USAF).jpg

The Titan 34B was a Titan 24B, modified by the addition of the larger fairing used on the Titan 33B. Eleven flights took place from SLC-4W at Vandenberg AFB between 1975 and 1987.{{Cite web |title=Titan-3(34)B Agena-D |url=https://space.skyrocket.de/doc_lau_det/titan-334b_agena-d.htm |access-date=2024-09-12 |website=Gunter's Space Page |language=en}}

Configuration:

• First stage: 2 × LR-87-AJ11, extended tank
• Second stage: LR-91-AJ11
• Third stage: Agena-D, larger fairing

Titan IIIB rockets suffered four outright failures, and two partial failures. The first failure occurred on 26 April 1967 during the launch of a Gambit 3 satellite when the second stage suffered a sudden thrust decay which left it unable to achieve orbital velocity, sending the Agena and GAMBIT into the Pacific Ocean some 400 miles (644 km) downrange. It was not possible to determine the cause of the malfunction with certainty, but a fuel line obstruction was believed to be the most likely explanation. Martin-Marietta had no answers except to suggest implementing better quality control measures during assembly of the Titan vehicles. The next launch, on 20 June 1967 was a partial failure; due to a problem with the protective skirt on the second stage, a lower-than-planned orbit was achieved.{{cite web|url=http://www.nro.mil/foia/declass/GAMHEX/GAMBIT/2.PDF|title=History of Satellite Reconnaissance Volume 5, Management of NRP|publisher=US National Reconnaissance Office|access-date=19 September 2011|archive-date=2 April 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120402142735/http://www.nro.mil/foia/declass/GAMHEX/GAMBIT/2.PDF|url-status=dead}} On 24 October 1969 OPS 8455 was placed into a higher-than-planned orbit by another 23B due to an engine failing to cut off after completing its planned burn, however the payload was able to correct its own orbit.{{citation|url=http://www.nro.gov/foia/declass/GAMHEX/GAMBIT%20and%20HEXAGON%20Histories/4.PDF|first=Robert|last=Perry|title=A History of Satellite Reconnaissance|volume=IIIA|publisher=US National Reconnaissance Office|pages=291–2|access-date=2012-06-04|archive-date=2012-09-16|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120916130202/http://www.nro.gov/foia/declass/GAMHEX/GAMBIT%20and%20HEXAGON%20Histories/4.PDF|url-status=dead}}

On 16 February 1972, a Titan 33B failed to achieve orbit carrying a Jumpseat satellite.{{cite encyclopedia|url=http://www.astronautix.com/lvs/titan33b.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20031230231208/http://www.astronautix.com/lvs/titan33b.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=December 30, 2003|title=Titan 33B|first=Mark|last=Wade|encyclopedia=Encyclopedia Astronautica|access-date=19 September 2011}} Another failure occurred later the same year, when on 20 May a Titan 24B malfunctioned during the launch of KH-8 #35. The Agena suffered a failure of a pneumatic regulator during ascent and reentered the atmosphere. Although it had been assumed debris would land near South Africa, pieces turned up in faraway Great Britain a few months later. The launch of KH-8 #39 on 26 June 1973 also failed to orbit when the Agena had a fuel valve failure, preventing engine start.{{cite encyclopedia|url=http://www.astronautix.com/lvs/titan24b.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030904155654/http://astronautix.com/lvs/titan24b.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=September 4, 2003|title=Titan 24B|first=Mark|last=Wade|encyclopedia=Encyclopedia Astronautica|access-date=19 September 2011}} A launch of a Jumpseat satellite on 24 April 1981 was a partial failure when the Agena failed to separate.{{citation_needed|date=August 2019}}

• Titan (rocket family)
• KH-8 Gambit 3 reconnaissance satellite.

{{commons category|Titan IIIB}}

• [http://www.fas.org/spp/military/program/launch/titan.htm Titan missiles & variations]

{{Expendable launch systems}}

{{US launch systems}}

{{Titan rockets}}

Category:1973 in spaceflight

Category:Titan (rocket family)

Category:Military equipment introduced in the 1960s