To rob Peter to pay Paul

{{Short description|English idiom}}

{{use mdy dates|date=January 2017}}

File:Saint Joseph's Catholic Church (Central City, Kentucky) - stained glass, St. Peter and St. Paul.jpg depiction of Saints Peter and Paul]]

"To rob Peter to pay Paul",{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IgjAJazrBWwC | title=Wordsworth Dictionary of Phrase and Fable | publisher=Wordsworth Editions | last=Brewer |first=Ebenezer Cobham | authorlink=E. Cobham Brewer | year=2001 | pages=923 | isbn=978-18-402-2310-1}} or other versions that have developed over the centuries such as "to borrow from Peter to pay Paul", and "to unclothe Peter to clothe Paul",{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=J4i3zV4vnBAC | title=Oxford Dictionary of Word Origins | publisher=Oxford University Press | last=Cresswell |first=Julia | year=2010 | pages=370 | isbn=978-01-995-4793-7}}{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=g9ynBrageYIC | title=Oxford Dictionary of English Idioms | publisher=Oxford University Press | last=Ayto |first=John | year=2010 | pages=293 | isbn=978-01-995-4378-6}} are phrases meaning to take from one person or thing to give to another, especially when it results in the elimination of one debt by incurring another.{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=anecAQAAQBAJ | title=Oxford Dictionary of English | publisher=Oxford University Press | last=Stevenson |first=Angus | year=2010 | pages=1536 | isbn=978-01-995-7112-3}} There are many other variants and similar phrases in numerous languages.{{cite book | url=https://archive.org/details/antiquityprover00marvgoog | title=The Antiquity of Proverbs: Fifty Familiar Proverbs and Folk Sayings with Annotations and Lists of Connected Forms, Found in All Parts of the World | publisher=G. P. Putnam's Sons | last=Marvin |first=Dwight Edwards | year=1922 | pages=[https://archive.org/details/antiquityprover00marvgoog/page/n309 287]–289}} "Maneuvering the Apostles", which has the same meaning, was derived from this expression.{{cite book | url=https://archive.org/details/slangitsanalogue01farmuoft | title=Slang and Its Analogues | last=Farmer |first=John Stephen | authorlink=John Stephen Farmer | year=1890 | pages=[https://archive.org/details/slangitsanalogue01farmuoft/page/61 61]}}{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=U-NxCgAAQBAJ | title=Dictionary of Crime: Criminal Justice, Criminology, and Law Enforcement | publisher=Rowman & Littlefield | last=Nash |first=Jay Robert | year=1992 | pages=230 | isbn=978-15-907-7531-8}} In patchwork, "Rob Peter to pay Paul" is an alternative name for the Drunkard's Path patchwork block.{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=L-0wGUIoecEC | title=65 Drunkard's Path Quilt Designs | publisher=Courier | last=Cory |first=Pepper | year=1998 | pages=8 | isbn=978-04-864-0046-4}}

The phrase dates back to at least 1380. It may have originated in Middle English as a collocation of common names{{snd}}similar to, for example, Tom, Dick, and Harry{{snd}}with the religious connotations accruing later,{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VigsBojU2c4C | title=An Etymological Dictionary of Modern English | publisher=Courier | last=Weekley |first=Ernest | year=2012 | pages=1077–1078 | isbn=978-04-861-2286-1}} or alternatively as a reference to Saint Peter and Saint Paul (who are often depicted jointly in Christian art and regarded similarly in theology). One reason for the frequent use of the two names in expressions is the alliteration they form. The aforementioned Peter and Paul were apostles of Christ; both were martyred in ancient Rome and have the same feast day (i.e. the Feast of Saints Peter and Paul on June{{nbsp}}29). Today, the feast occurs with minimal notice, but it was widely celebrated within England in the Middle Ages. Many churches there were dedicated to the pair. All of that, combined with the medieval English people being almost universally Christian, made it quite common to hear these names together.{{cite web | url=http://www.phrases.org.uk/meanings/rob-peter-to-pay-paul.html | title=The meaning and origin of the expression: Rob Peter to pay Paul | work=The Phrase Finder | accessdate=January 18, 2017 | last=Martin |first=Gary}}{{cite web |title=rob Peter to pay Paul meaning |url=https://www.theidioms.com/rob-peter-to-pay-paul/ |website=The Idioms Dictionary |access-date=25 February 2022}}

Despite these origins, English folklore has it that the phrase alludes to an event in 1550 England in which the abbey church of Saint Peter, Westminster was deemed a cathedral by letters patent; but ten years later it was absorbed into the diocese of London when the diocese of Westminster was dissolved, and a few years after that many of its assets were expropriated for repairs to Saint Paul's Cathedral.{{cite book | url=https://archive.org/details/dictionaryidiom00dixogoog | title=Dictionary of Idiomatic English Phrases | publisher=T. Nelson and Sons | last=Dixon |first=James Main | authorlink=James Main Dixon | year=1891 | pages=272}}

"Robbing selected Peter to pay for collective Paul" is Rudyard Kipling's adaptation of the phrase, used to criticize the concepts of income redistribution and collectivism.{{cite book | title=The British Political Tradition |volume=1: The Rise of Collectivism | publisher=Routledge | last=Greenleaf |first=W. H. | year=2003 | page=216 | isbn=0-415-30300-1}} Kipling included the expression in his poem "Gods of the Copybook Headings", and argued that it should be featured in "catechisms" of the Conservative Central Organization; the lesson of the phrase in his version, and of the poem in general, was that "only out of the savings of the thrifty can be made the wage-fund to set other men on the way to be prosperous."{{cite book | title=The Letters of Rudyard Kipling |volume=6: 1931–36 | publisher=University of Iowa Press | last1=Kipling |first1=Rudyard | authorlink1=Rudyard Kipling | last2=Pinney |first2=Thomas | year=2004 | page=55 | isbn=0-87745-899-5}}