Toby Green

{{Infobox writer

| name = Toby Green, FBA

| image = Toby_Green.jpg

| caption =

| birth_name = Toby Green

| birth_place = London, UK

| nationality = British

| occupation = Historian, Professor, author

| education = {{nowrap|University of Birmingham (Ph.D. in African Studies)}}

| spouse =

| children =

| website = {{URL|http://www.toby-green.com/}}

| subject =

}}

{{about||the scholarly publisher|Toby Green (publisher)|the Australian rules footballer|Toby Greene}}

Toby Green {{Post-nominals|country=GBR|FBA}} is a British historian of inequality. He is also a Professor of Precolonial and Lusophone African History and Culture at King's College, London. He obtained his Doctor of Philosophy in African studies at the University of Birmingham. He is Chair of the Fontes Historiae Africanae (Sources of African History) Committee of the British Academy,[https://www.fonteshistoriaeafricanae.co.uk/ Fontes Historiae Africanae] and has extensively published about African early modern history and colonial African slavery, mainly focused on the Atlantic slave trade in West Africa. His work on the history of African and global inequalities has been translated into more than ten languages.

Green was elected a Fellow of the British Academy in 2024.{{Cite web |date=2024-07-18 |title=The British Academy welcomes 86 new Fellows in 2024 |url=https://www.thebritishacademy.ac.uk/news/the-british-academy-welcomes-86-new-fellows-in-2024/ |access-date=2024-07-26 |website=The British Academy}}

African economic history

Toby Green's book, A Fistful of Shells: West Africa from the Rise of the Slave Trade to the Age of Revolution, won the 2019 Nayef Al-Rodhan Prize for Global Cultural Understanding.{{Cite web|url=https://www.booksandpublishing.com.au/articles/2019/10/31/141849/a-fistful-of-shells-wins-2019-nayef-al-rodhan-prize/|title='A Fistful of Shells' wins 2019 Nayef Al-Rodhan Prize|last=|first=|date=2019-10-31|website=Books+Publishing|language=en-AU|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=2019-11-08}} The book was also awarded the 2020 Jerry Bentley Prize in World History of the American Historical Association and was the winner of the 2020 Historical Writers’ Association Non-Fiction Crown Award. A Fistful of Shells was a finalist for the 2019 LA Times Book prize, and it was also shortlisted for the 2019 Cundill History Prize{{Cite web|url=https://cundillprize.com/news/jurors-hail-works-that-seek-to-illuminate-contemporary-dilemmas-on-2019-cundill-history-prize-shortlist-announced-in-new-york-1 |title=Jurors hail works that "seek to illuminate… |date=January 2024 }} and the 2020 Wolfson History Prize.{{Cite web|title=Shortlist announced for £40k Wolfson History Prize|url=https://www.booksandpublishing.com.au/articles/2020/04/30/149804/shortlist-announced-for-40k-wolfson-history-prize/|last=|first=|date=2020-04-30|website=Books+Publishing|language=en-AU|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=2020-05-05}} The book was widely reviewed and highly praised in newspapers, magazines, and academic journals. One reviewer emphasized how Green "dismantles the racist myth of west African “backwardness”. He shows that the inequalities that made the European “scramble for Africa” possible grew out of a catastrophe, the path to which began in the 15th century."

{{Cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2019/mar/08/fistful-of-shells-west-africa-rise-of-slave-trade-toby-green-review |title=A Fistful of Shells by Toby Green review – the west African slave trade|website=The Guardian |date=9 March 2019}}

West Africa and the Transatlantic slave trade

Toby Green's The Rise of the Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade in Western Africa, 1300–1589 is one of the rare books to explore the history of the rise of the Atlantic slave trade in its very early years in West Africa. Covering the region between the River Senegal and Sierra Leone, from the fourteenth century to the sixteenth century, and drawing on a very rich set of written and oral sources in several languages, Green argues that pre-existing European and African social and cultural patterns shaped the development of the transatlantic slave trade.

Toby Green has many other publications on the economic history of global Africa, slavery, the Atlantic slave trade, and the cultural and economic links between the Americas and Africa.{{cite web|url=https://www.kcl.ac.uk/people/toby-green|title=King's College London - Dr Toby Green|website=www.kcl.ac.uk|date=17 January 2025 |accessdate=17 May 2025}}

Spanish Inquisition

Green has also written on the Spanish Inquisition.{{cite news|author=Pindar, Ian|date=25 August 2007|newspaper=The Guardian|title=Review of The Inquisition: The Reign of Fear by Toby Green|url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2007/aug/25/featuresreviews.guardianreview5}}

In Inquisition: The Reign of Fear, he addresses the Spanish Inquisition mainly through Hispano-American sources. He notes that the great unchecked power given to inquisitors meant that they were "widely seen as above the law", and sometimes had motives for imprisoning, while sometimes executing alleged offenders other than to punish religious nonconformity, mainly in Ibero-America.{{cite book|last1=Green|first1=Toby|title=Inquisition : the Reign of Fear|date=2007|publisher=Thomas Dunne Books|location=New York|isbn=978-0-312-53724-1|pages=[https://archive.org/details/inquisitionreign00gree/page/4 4–5]|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/inquisitionreign00gree/page/4}}Archivo General de las Indias, Seville, Santa Fe 228, Expediente 63Archivo General de las Indias, Seville, Santa Fe 228, Expediente 81A, n.33 Green disagrees with the notion of a Black Legend of the Spanish Inquisition and often quotes sixteenth-century sources, regarding the institution's abuse of power in Latin America, and his work often cited regarding this subject.

Work on the COVID-19 pandemic

Toby Green was one of the very few academic historians to have worked extensively on the COVID-19 pandemic, addressing the impacts of the measures taken to contain the pandemic through the lens of inequality. Green wrote two editions of a book The Covid Consensus {{Cite web|url=https://www.hurstpublishers.com/book/the-covid-consensus/ |title=The Covid Consensus | Hurst Publishers }} as well as various newspaper articles on how measures such as the lockdowns harmed the poor populations, especially in the Global South. He also broadcast a series of podcast interviews with academics from Africa and Latin America for Collateral Global.{{Cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9oamsSMBFFI&t=1365s | title=Toby Green and Elsa Ofélia Sequeira Rodrigues | website=YouTube | date=27 January 2022 }} Green's main concern was the impact of Covid-19 lockdowns on impoverished people around the world, especially in Africa. His work was widely discussed in the Guardian,{{Cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/business/2023/feb/12/price-britain-paid-lockdown-colossal-alternative-recession-austerity-stagnation |title=The price Britain paid for lockdown was colossal. Was there an alternative? |newspaper=The Guardian |date=12 February 2023 |last1=Elliott |first1=Larry }} Al-Ahram,{{Cite web|url=https://french.ahram.org.eg/NewsContentP/4/36243/Opinion/La-d;cennie-du-virus.aspx|title=La décennie du virus|newspaper=Al-Ahram Hebdo |date=15 February 2022}} El Pais,{{Cite web|url=https://elpais.com/opinion/2021-08-16/consensos-cuestionables.html |title=Consensos cuestionables |date=16 August 2021 }} and Le Monde.{{Cite news|url=https://www.lemonde.fr/idees/article/2021/06/10/le-covid-19-n-est-pas-sur-le-plan-sanitaire-le-principal-probleme-de-l-afrique_6083541_3232.html |title=" le Covid-19 n'est pas, sur le plan sanitaire, le principal problème de l'Afrique " |newspaper=Le Monde.fr |date=10 June 2021 }} By 2023, when a growing number of papers in academic journals and mainstream media outlets eventually started recognizing the negative impacts of lockdowns in the Global South and among the poor populations, the working class, and schoolchildren in the Global North, Green's contribution to these debates has proved even more crucial. {{Cite journal|url=https://www.nature.com/articles/s41562-022-01513-5 |title=Unintended consequences of lockdowns, COVID-19 and the Shadow Pandemic in India|journal=Nature Human Behaviour |date=19 January 2023|doi=10.1038/s41562-022-01513-5 |last1=Ravindran |first1=Saravana |last2=Shah |first2=Manisha |volume=7 |issue=3 |pages=323–331 }} {{Cite journal|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2025/mar/23/ten-lockdown-lessons-to-learn-for-next-time# |title=Ten lockdown lessons to learn for next time|journal=The Guardian|date=23 March 2025}}

Publications

=Major single-authored books=

The Heretic of Cacheu: Struggles over Life in a Seventeenth-Century West African Port (Penguin, Allen Lane, and University of Chicago Press, 2025) {{ISBN|978-1802061598|}}
The Covid Consensus: The Global Assault on Democracy and the Poor. A Critique from the Left, co-authored with Thomas Fazi (Hurst, 2023) {{ISBN|978-1787388413|}}
The Covid Consensus: The New Politics of Global Inequality (Hurst, 2021) {{ISBN|978-1787385221|}}
A Fistful of Shells: West Africa from the Rise of the Slave Trade to the Age of Revolution (Penguin, Allen Lane, University of Chicago Press, 2019) {{ISBN|9780226644578|}}
The Rise of the Transatlantic Slave Trade in Western Africa (Cambridge University Press, 2012) {{ISBN| 978-1107634718}}
The Inquisition: The Reign of Fear (Macmillan, 2007) {{ISBN|978-0330443357}}
Thomas More's Magician: A Novel Account of Utopia in Mexico (Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 2004) {{ISBN| 0753819783}}
Meeting the Invisible Man: Secrets and Magic in West Africa (Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 2001) {{ISBN|978-0297646150}}
Saddled with Darwin: A Journey through South America on Horseback (Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 1999) {{ISBN|0571248284}}

=Edited and co-edited books=

African Voices from the Inquisition, Vol. 1: The Trial of Crispina Peres of Cacheu, Guinea-Bissau (1646-1668), co-edited by Toby Green, Philip Havik, and Filipa Ribeiro da Silva. Oxford University Press, 2021. {{ISBN|978-0197266762}}
Landscapes, Sources, and Intellectual Projects of the West African Past, co-edited by Toby Green and Benedetta Rossi. Brill, 2018. {{ISBN|978-90-04-34883-7}}
Guinea-Bissau: Micro-State to Narco State, co-edited by Toby Green and Patrick Chabal. London: Hurst, 2016. {{ISBN|978-1849045216}}
Brokers of Change: Atlantic Commerce and Cultures in Precolonial Western Africa (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2012). {{ISBN|978-0197265208}}

=Selected articles=

"Africa and Capitalism: Repairing a History of Omission." Capitalism 3, 2 (2022): 301-332.
"Covid-19: Medicine and Colonialism, Past and Present." Journal of Extreme Anthropology 6, no. 2 (2022): E33-E46.
"From ‘commodity currencies’ to Covid loans: Africa and global inequality, past and present." Journal of the British Academy (2022): 39-54.
"The Historical Lecture: Past, Present and Future." Transactions of the Royal Historical Society 1 (2022): 45-67.
"Baculamento or Encomienda?: Legal Pluralisms and the Contestation of Power in Pan-Atlantic World of the Sixteenth and Seventeenth Centuries," Journal of Global Slavery 2, no. 3 (2017): 310-336.
“Africa and the Price Revolution: Currency Imports and Socioeconomic Change in West And West-Central Africa During the 17th Century,” Journal of African History 57, no. 1 (2016), 1-24.
“Beyond an Imperial Atlantic: Trajectories of Africans From Upper Guinea and West-Central Africa in the Early Atlantic World", Past and Present 230 (2016), 91-122.
"Memories of Violence: Slavery, The Slave Trade, and Forced Labour in Greater Senegambia in the Past and the Present." Mande Studies 16-17 (2015): 169-186.
"Silent Trade." History in Africa: An Annual Journal of Method 40, no. s1 (2013):. s3-s6.
“Building Slavery in the Atlantic World: Atlantic Connections and the Changing Institution of Slavery in Cabo Verde, 15th-16th Centuries”, Slavery and Abolition 32/2, 2011, 227-45: