Tolkien and race#Multiculturalism

Scholars and commentators have said that Tolkien held outmoded views on race, as seen in the Middle-earth stories, based on his depictions of the relationship between evil and race (the main races being Elf, Dwarf, Hobbit, Man, and Orc).{{sfn|Yatt|2002}}{{sfn|Bhatia|2003}}{{sfn|Straubhaar|2004|p=113}} Robert Stuart says that Tolkien was a "racialist" since he writes of races with different attributes, and then proceeds to analyse Tolkien's use of black and white (including his antipathy to racism and apartheid from his mother's experience in South Africa),{{sfn|Stuart|2022|p=87}} the nature of Orcs, the racial connections in his language, antisemitism, and the apparent hierarchy of races and lords within them.{{sfn|Stuart|2022|pp=19–45}} Stuart concludes that "Tolkien's legendarium is suffused with racialist imagery and, at times, imbued with racist values".{{sfn|Stuart|2022|p=339}}

The folklorist and Tolkien scholar Dimitra Fimi examines Tolkien's use of and attitudes to race in her 2009 book Tolkien, Race and Cultural History. She notes that scholars including Anderson Rearick, David Perry, and Patrick Curry have criticised or defended Tolkien on "racial charges". In response, she says that Tolkien wrote mostly "when race was still a valid scientific term", while scholars still held "ideas of the nature of Man and his place in the world". In her view, it is therefore "very problematic to pursue such questions [of racism] in Tolkien's work, since they could only be treated within the framework of modern perspectives on racism and racial discrimination".{{sfn|Fimi|2010|loc=chapter 9 "A Hierarchical World", pp. 157–159 "Tolkien and the charge of racism"}}

Tolkien's descriptions of certain characters and races have been criticised as racist by writers including Andrew O'Hehir and Jenny Turner—especially his descriptions of Orcs and their purported similarity to 20th century stereotypes of Asians. In a private letter, Tolkien describes orcs as:

{{blockquote|squat, broad, flat-nosed, sallow-skinned, with wide mouths and slant eyes: in fact degraded and repulsive versions of the (to Europeans) least lovely Mongol-types.}}

Writing for Salon.com, the journalist Andrew O'Hehir says of Tolkien's orcs: "They are dark-skinned and slant-eyed, and although they possess reason, speech, social organization and, as Shippey mentions, a sort of moral sensibility, they are inherently evil." O'Hehir concludes that while Tolkien's own description of Orcs is a revealing representation of the "Other", it is "also the product of his background and era" and that Tolkien was not consciously "a racist or an anti-Semite"; he mentions Tolkien's letters to this effect. The literary critic Jenny Turner, writing in the London Review of Books, repeats O'Hehir's statement that Orcs are "by design and intention a northern European's paranoid caricature of the races he has dimly heard about", but adds similar caveats, saying: "Tolkien does not appear to have been half as crackers on these topics [of race and race purity] as many others were. He sublimated the anxieties, perhaps, in his books."{{harvnb|Turner|2001}}{{harvnb|O'Hehir|2001}}

Patrick Curry, Christine Chism and others say that race-focused critiques of Tolkien and his Middle-earth writings often omit relevant textual evidence,{{harvnb|Curry|2004|pp=30–33}}{{harvnb|Chism|2013a|pp=555–556}}{{harvnb|Chism|2013b}} cite imagery from adaptations such as Peter Jackson's films rather than the work itself, ignore the absence of evidence of racist attitudes or events in the author's personal life, and claim that seeing racism in his writing is itself a marginal view.

Walter Scheps writes that Tolkien's accountability "does not extend beyond" his creation: "we cannot expect it to conform to important human values".{{sfn|Scheps|1975|p=44}} Scheps adds that since Tolkien is the only source of data on Orcs and other races, "we need no longer be bothered by the fact that Tolkien's evil creatures are black (orcs), speak ungrammatical, lower class English (trolls)", and so on.{{sfn|Scheps|1975|p=44}} Scheps specifically denies that Middle-earth is amoral – he quotes Patricia Meyer Spacks as saying "amorality is not really possible in Tolkien's scheme"{{sfn|Scheps|1975|p=44}}{{sfn|Spacks|1968|p=93}} – but states that the work's morality "is nevertheless radically different from our own".{{sfn|Scheps|1975|p=44}}

{{further|Eugenics}}

File:Francis_Galton_1850s.jpg's views on eugenics.{{sfn|Rogers|Underwood|2000|pp=121–132}}{{sfn|Mills|2022}} ]]

The scholars of English literature William N. Rogers II and Michael R. Underwood note that a widespread element of late 19th century Western culture was fear of moral decline and degeneration; this led to eugenics.{{sfn|Rogers|Underwood|2000|pp=121–132}} In The Two Towers, the Ent Treebeard says:{{harvnb|Tolkien|1954}}, book 3, ch. 4, "Treebeard"

{{blockquote|It is a mark of evil things that came in the Great Darkness that they cannot abide the Sun; but Saruman's Orcs can endure it, even if they hate it. I wonder what he has done? Are they Men he has ruined, or has he blended the races of Orcs and Men? That would be a black evil!}}

The literature scholar Robin Anne Reid, writing in the Journal of Tolkien Research, says that modern studies of the many influences on Tolkien's orcs include a focus on the scientific racism of the 19th century and the 20th-century challenges to that concept.{{sfn|Reid|2021}} Similarly, the Australian scholar Helen Young, who studies the links between white supremacism and medievalism, describes Tolkien as a bridge between the scientific racism of the 19th century and racism in modern fantasy.{{sfn|Perry|2021}}

The philosopher Charles W. Mills comments that in his Middle-earth writings, Tolkien effectively reprises the racist myth of 19th-century European thinking by men such as the British advocate of eugenics, Francis Galton. Mills notes that there was a fear that intermixing of what were then called races would lead to "internal diminution and degeneration" of the supposedly superior white Europeans.{{sfn|Mills|2022}} Stuart concurs, examining Tolkien's alternative proposals for the origins of Orcs, whether "Animals, Automatons, or Twisted Elves", and finding signs of a racist attitude there.{{sfn|Stuart|2022|pp=138–142}}

{{anchor|Multiculturalism}}

{{further|Middle-earth peoples}}

The Germanic studies scholar Sandra Ballif Straubhaar says there is sometimes evidence in Tolkien's writing of "a kind of racism perhaps not unremarkable in a mid-twentieth century Western man", but that this is often overstated and must be balanced against the "polycultured, polylingual world" that is "absolutely central" to Middle-earth as well as Tolkien's own "appalled objection" to those seeking to use his work to uphold racist ideas in the real world.{{sfn|Straubhaar|2004|pp=101–117}} She writes that Tolkien made a "concerted effort" to change the Western European paradigm that speakers of supposedly superior languages were "ethnically superior".{{sfn|Straubhaar|2004|pp=101–117}}

Responding to David Tjeder's suggestion that Gollum's negative description of a dark-skinned men from Harad was "stereotypical and reflective of colonial attitudes",{{sfn|Tjeder|2001}} Straubhaar compares Gollum's description—with its "arbitrary and stereotypical assumptions about the 'Other'"—with Sam Gamgee's more humane response to the sight of a dead Harad warrior:{{sfn|Straubhaar|2004|p=113}}

{{blockquote|Not nice; very cruel wicked Men they look. Almost as bad as Orcs, and much bigger."|Gollum on the Men of Harad{{harvnb|Tolkien|1954}}. The Two Towers, book 4, ch. 3 "The Black Gate is Closed"{{sfn|Straubhaar|2004|p=113}} }}

{{blockquote|He was glad that he could not see the dead face. He wondered what the man's name was and where he came from; and if he was really evil of heart, or what lies or threats had led him on the long march from his home.|Sam Gamgee, on the dead Harad warrior{{harvnb|Tolkien|1954}}. The Two Towers, book 4, ch. 4 "Of Herbs and Stewed Rabbit"{{sfn|Straubhaar|2004|p=113}} }}

Gollum's perspective is absurd, Straubhaar says, and cannot be taken as an authority on Tolkien's opinion; Straubhaar finds Gamgee's response "harder to find fault with".{{sfn|Straubhaar|2004|p=113}} Fimi says that, in the same scene, Tolkien is "far from demonising the enemy or dehumanising the 'other'".{{sfn|Fimi|2018}}

{{further|Dwarves in Middle-earth}}

Tolkien scholars have debated the relationship of Dwarves to Jews.{{sfn|Reinders|2024|p=98}} Tolkien stated that he thought of his Dwarves as reminiscent of "the Jews",{{harvnb|Carpenter|2023|loc=#176 to Naomi Mitchison, 8 December 1955}} and that the Dwarves' words were "constructed to be Semitic".{{sfn|Gerrolt|1971}} Zak Cramer documents in Mallorn the evidence for Jewish influence in Tolkien's Middle-earth writings. He comments that words like "Adunaic" and "Rohirrim", and the structure of the Dwarvish language Khuzdul are all evidently "Hebraic".{{sfn|Cramer|2006}} Some commentators draw parallels between the Dwarves as a diasporic people yearning for an ancestral homeland and Zionism.{{sfn|Reinders|2024|p=98}}

Tolkien's portrayal of Dwarves raises the question, examined by Rebecca Brackmann in Mythlore, of whether there was an element of antisemitism, however deeply buried, in Tolkien's account of the Dwarves, inherited from English attitudes of his time. Brackmann notes that Tolkien attempted to work through the issue in his Middle-earth writings.{{sfn|Brackmann|2010}} Stuart notes Tolkien's phrase about the Jews, "that gifted people", and discusses the evidence for and against his having antisemitic views.{{sfn|Stuart|2022|pp=236–251}}

{{further|Tolkien's moral dilemma}}

File:Die Leiter des Auf- und Abstiegs.jpg writes that Middle-earth assumes a fixed hierarchy of types of being, like the medieval great chain of being.{{sfn|Fimi|2018}} (Ramon Llull's Ladder of Ascent and Descent of the Mind, 1305, pictured)]]

Anderson Rearick III writes that in Middle-earth, darkness and black are linked with evil Orcs and the Dark Lord Sauron, and that the Orcs are essentially expendable, a view with which Tom Shippey concurs.{{sfn|Shippey|2005|p=265}} Rearick lists multiple arguments that imply that Tolkien was not racist, citing Steuard Jensen's observation that there are "light skinned characters who did evil things",{{efn|Rearick was citing {{cite web |last=Jensen |first=Steuard |url=http://tolkien.slimy.com/faq/External.html#Racist |title=Meta-FAQ: 7. Was Tolkien racist? Were his works? |date=1999 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120630140954/http://tolkien.slimy.com/faq/External.html |archive-date=30 June 2012 |url-status=live}} }} including Boromir, Denethor, Gollum, Saruman, and Grima Wormtongue. He notes that the link between darkness and evil is made many times in the Bible, with phrases such as "the shadow of death" or "you are all children of light". The irredeemable Orcs, he notes, are traceable to Old English vocabularies where Latin Orcus (Pluto, ruler of the underworld, or death) is glossed as "orc, giant, or the devil of Hell". Rearick ends by stating that racism is a philosophy of power, whereas The Lord of the Rings embodies the Christian renunciation of power; he explains that Frodo gives up everything to fulfil his quest, just as Christ did. In his view, "nothing could be more contrary to the assumptions of racism than a Hobbit as a hero".

Fimi, author of an academic study of Tolkien and race,{{sfn|Fimi|2010|p=1}} notes the years of heated popular and scholarly debate on whether Tolkien was racist, and concludes that the answer is both yes and no.{{sfn|Fimi|2012}}{{sfn|Fimi|2018}} She writes that Middle-earth is hierarchical like the medieval great chain of being, with God at the top, above (in turn) Elves, Men, and at the bottom monsters such as Orcs. In her view, this makes sense in terms of theology, and indeed in a mythology like The Silmarillion, whereas a novel like The Lord of the Rings demanded rounded characters rather than symbols of good or evil.{{sfn|Fimi|2018}}

Fimi writes that Tolkien "agonised" over the origins of Orcs. Summarizing his explanations, she states that if they were corrupted Elves or Men, that would fit the view that Morgoth could corrupt but not create; that Elves and Men had free will, and if they did evil, could perhaps be redeemed. She writes that the earlier author George MacDonald had created a race of evil goblins, something that she finds an equally uncomfortable "product of 19th-century anxieties about race and evolutionary degeneration". She comments, however, that a novel is written within a tradition; Tolkien's orcs fit into the tradition of MacDonald's goblins and ultimately of the monsters in Beowulf. She concludes, "I believe Tolkien's racial prejudices are implicit in Middle-Earth, but his values – friendship, fellowship, altruism, courage, among many others – are explicit, which makes for a complex, more interesting world", and that complexities of this kind get people of each generation to read The Lord of the Rings, and to interpret it afresh.{{sfn|Fimi|2018}}

{{further|Orc#Alleged racism |Tolkien's moral dilemma |Orc (slang)}}

In a private letter, Tolkien describes orcs as:

{{blockquote|squat, broad, flat-nosed, sallow-skinned, with wide mouths and slant eyes: in fact degraded and repulsive versions of the (to Europeans) least lovely Mongol-types."{{harvnb|Carpenter|2023|loc=#210 to Forrest J. Ackerman, June 1958 }}}}

Fimi describes Tolkien's mentions of "swarthy complexions" and slanted eyes as "straight out of Victorian anthropology, which links mental qualities and physique".{{sfn|Fimi|2018}}

A variety of commentators have noted that orcs are somewhat like caricatures of non-Europeans. The editor and critic Andrew O'Hehir describes orcs as "a subhuman race bred by Morgoth and Sauron (although not created by them) that is morally irredeemable and deserves only death. They are dark-skinned and slant-eyed, and although they possess reason, speech, social organisation and, as Shippey mentions, a sort of moral sensibility, they are inherently evil." O'Hehir notes Tolkien's description of them, saying it could scarcely be more revealing as a representation of the "Other". He adds that this is "the product of his background and era, like most of our inescapable prejudices. At the level of conscious intention, he was not a racist or an anti-Semite", and mentions his letters to this effect.{{harvnb|O'Hehir|2001}} In a letter to his son, Christopher, who was serving in the Royal Air Force in the Second World War, Tolkien wrote of orcs as appearing on both sides of the conflict:

{{blockquote|Yes, I think the orcs as real a creation as anything in 'realistic' fiction ... only in real life they are on both sides, of course. For 'romance' has grown out of 'allegory', and its wars are still derived from the 'inner war' of allegory in which good is on one side and various modes of badness on the other. In real (exterior) life men are on both sides: which means a motley alliance of orcs, beasts, demons, plain naturally honest men, and angels.{{harvnb|Carpenter|2023|loc=#71 to Christopher Tolkien, 25 May 1944 }}}}

The literary critic Jenny Turner, writing in the London Review of Books, endorses O'Hehir's comment that orcs are "by design and intention a northern European's paranoid caricature of the races he has dimly heard about".{{sfn|Turner|2001}} The journalist Ed Power, in The Daily Telegraph, compares Orcs to the stormtroopers in Star Wars, as both are "a metaphorical embodiment" of evil. According to Power, Tolkien's mythology for England required characters to be either good or evil.{{sfn|Power|2018}}

{{#tag:imagemap|

File:Tolkien's Moral Geography of Middle-Earth.svg{{!}}thumb{{!}}upright={{{upright|1.5}}}{{!}}right{{!}}{{{caption|Imagemap with clickable links of Tolkien's moral geography of Middle-earth, according to John Magoun{{harvnb|Magoun|2006|pp=622–623}} }}}

rect 100 100 250 250 The Shire

rect 500 50 850 150 Tolkien's moral geography

rect 150 350 450 550 Gondor

rect 650 350 850 550 Mordor

rect 550 550 750 650 Harad

rect 10 10 900 675 commons:File:Tolkien's Moral Geography of Middle-Earth.svg

}}

{{further|Harad}}

John Magoun, writing in The J. R. R. Tolkien Encyclopedia, says that Middle-earth has a "fully expressed moral geography". The peoples of Middle-earth vary from the hobbits of The Shire in the Northwest, evil "Easterlings" in the East, and "imperial sophistication and decadence" in the South. Magoun explains that Gondor is both virtuous, being West, and has problems, being South; Mordor in the Southeast is hellish, while Harad in the extreme South "regresses into hot savagery". The medievalist and Tolkien scholar Marjorie Burns too has noted Tolkien's "superiority of North over South, West over East".{{sfn|Burns|1990|pp=49–59}}

Tolkien denied a North-South bias in a 1967 letter to his interviewers Charlotte and Denis Plimmer:

{{blockquote|Auden has asserted that for me 'the North is a sacred direction'. That is not true. The North-west of Europe, where I (and most of my ancestors) have lived, has my affection, as a man's home should. I love its atmosphere, and know more of its histories and languages than I do of other parts; but it is not 'sacred', nor does it exhaust my affections. I do have, for instance, a particular fondness for the Latin language, and among its descendants for Spanish. That is untrue for my story, a mere reading of the synopses should show. The North was the seat of the fortresses of the Devil [ie. Morgoth].{{harvnb|Carpenter|2023|loc=#294 to Charlotte and Denis Plimmer, 8 February 1967 }}}}

Tolkien agreed that there was a West vs East moral divide, but stated that it developed naturally over the course of the fictional history and denied that it applied to the modern world:

{{blockquote|The goodness of the West and the badness of the East has no modern reference. The concept came about through the necessities of narrative.{{harvnb|Scull|Hammond|2006|p=640}} }}

Scholars such as Fimi note that Tolkien was in some ways clearly anti-racist, as he actively opposed "racialist" theories, spoke out against Nazism,{{sfn|Fimi|2018}} called Hitler a "ruddy little ignoramus",{{sfn|Power|2018}}{{harvnb|Carpenter|2023|loc=#45 to Michael Tolkien, 9 June 1941 }} and opposed anti-German propaganda in wartime. As already mentioned, scholars including Curry and Chism state that textual evidence indicates Tolkien's non-racism.

Fimi writes that Tolkien refused to declare that he had an "Aryan" origin so as to be published in Nazi Germany.{{sfn|Fimi|2018}} In 1938, the publishers of the German translation of The Hobbit, {{ill|Rütten & Loening|de}} of Potsdam, wrote to Tolkien asking if he was of pure {{lang|de|arisch}} ("Aryan") descent. He asked his English publisher, Stanley Unwin if he should

{{blockquote|suffer this impertinence because of the possession of a German name, or do their lunatic laws require a certificate of '{{lang|de|arisch}}' origin from all persons of all countries?{{harvnb|Carpenter|2023|loc=#29 to Stanley Unwin, #30 to Rütten & Loening, both 25 July 1938 }}}}

He drafted two letters to Rütten & Loening; only one survives, and his biographer Humphrey Carpenter presumes that Unwin sent the other to Rütten & Loening. The surviving draft says

{{blockquote|I regret that I am not clear as to what you intend by {{lang|de|arisch}}. I am not of Aryan extraction: that is Indo-Iranian... But if I am to understand that you are enquiring whether I am of Jewish origin, I can only reply that I regret that I appear to have no ancestors of that gifted people.}}

In Newsweek, David Brennan commented that the draft "demonstrates the author's opinion on the Nazi state—and its misunderstanding of the word 'Aryan'—in no uncertain terms."{{sfn|Brennan|2018}} Ed Jefferson, in The New Statesman, agreed, writing that the letter made it plain "that he was appalled by the Nazis".{{sfn|Jefferson|2018}}{{efn|A German edition of The Hobbit, translated by Walter Scherf, was published by Georg Bitter Verlag, Recklinghausen, in 1957.{{harvnb|Tolkien|1957}}}}

Rearick states that Tolkien expressed an anti-racist position during the Second World War.{{harvnb|Rearick|2004|pp=866–867}} Rearick writes that Tolkien reacted with anger to the excesses of anti-German propaganda during World War II. In a 1944 letter to his son Christopher, Tolkien wrote:

{{blockquote|...it is distressing to see the [British] press grovelling in the gutter as low as Goebbels in his prime, shrieking that any German commander who holds out in a desperate situation (when, too, the military needs of his side clearly benefit) is a drunkard, and a besotted fanatic. ... There was a solemn article in the local [Oxford] paper seriously advocating systematic exterminating of the entire German nation as the only proper course after military victory: because, if you please, they are rattlesnakes, and don't know the difference between good and evil! (What of the writer?) The Germans have just as much right to declare the Poles and Jews exterminable vermin, subhuman, as we have to select the Germans: in other words, no right, whatever they have done.{{harvnb|Carpenter|2023|loc=#81 to Christopher Tolkien, 23–25 September 1944 }}}}

Carpenter writes in his biography that Tolkien found the war distressing "almost as much for idological as for personal reasons", citing Tolkien's 1941 statement in praise of what he saw as the German "virtues ... of obedience and patriotism", and lamenting Hitler's "ruining ... that noble northern spirit ... which I have ever loved, and tried to present in its true light".{{sfn|Carpenter|1978|p=197}} The scholar of English literature Robert Tally concurs, writing that the letter showed that "Tolkien's anger was palpable", although that in no way negated the hierarchy of races and their "intramural subdivisions or ethnicities" within Tolkien's legendarium.{{sfn|Tally|2020}}

Commentators including the scholar of English literature Julie Pridmore have noted Tolkien's opposition to South African racism; she describes his views as "advanced in terms of the acceptance of different cultures and ethnicities".{{sfn|Pridmore|2021}} During the Second World War, Tolkien's son Christopher, training in South Africa, expressed concern about the treatment of black people at the hands of whites, and his father replied:

{{blockquote|As for what you say or hint of 'local' conditions: I knew of them. I don't think they have much changed (even for the worse). I used to hear them discussed by my mother; and have ever since taken a special interest in that part of the world. The treatment of colour nearly always horrifies anyone going out from Britain & not only in South Africa. Unfort[unately] not many retain that generous sentiment for long.{{harvnb|Carpenter|2023|loc=#61 to Christopher Tolkien, 19 April 1944 }}}}

Stephen Wigmore wrote in The Spectator that Tolkien explicitly rejected the South African policy of apartheid, racial segregation, in his 1959 speech on retiring as a professor at the University of Oxford.{{sfn|Wigmore|2022}} Jefferson in The New Statesman similarly wrote that Tolkien "strongly disapproved of apartheid".{{sfn|Jefferson|2018}}

Discussions of race in Middle-earth have continued as filmmakers have sought to depict orcs and other races. The journalist David Ibata writes that the orcs in Peter Jackson's Tolkien films look much like "the worst depictions of the Japanese drawn by American and British illustrators during World War II."{{harvnb|Ibata|2003}} The science fiction author N. K. Jemisin writes that "Orcs are fruit of the poison vine that is human fear of 'the Other'."{{sfn|Fimi|2018}} Tally calls the orcs a demonised enemy, despite (he writes) Tolkien's objections to the demonisation of the enemy in the two World Wars.{{sfn|Tally|2019}} Reviewing Robert Stuart's 2022 book Tolkien, Race, and Racism in Middle-earth, Tally writes that while the book is valuable and thorough, Stuart's "desire to absolve Tolkien... is understandable, but it is important to recognize and to emphasize the truth lest the threats posed by white supremacists... be too easily dismissed or underestimated."{{sfn|Tally|2022}}

The Lord of the Rings: The Rings of Power, a series about events in the Second Age long before the events in the War of the Ring, screened from September 2022, has attracted "fierce debate"{{sfn|Thielman|2022}} about its handling of race. This is through its casting of "people of color"{{sfn|Thielman|2022}} in roles as Dwarves, Harfoots (precursors of Hobbits) and Elves. The casting has pleased some fans but angered others who feel that the fantasy genre is and must remain white.{{sfn|Thielman|2022}} Many of those hostile to the casting have cited a statement misattributed to Tolkien: "Evil cannot create anything new, it can only spoil and destroy".{{efn|In the chapter "The Tower of Cirith Ungol" in The Return of the King (Book 6, chapter 1), Tolkien has the character Frodo say "The Shadow that bred them can only mock, it cannot make: not real things of its own. I don't think it gave life to the orcs, it only ruined them and twisted them;"{{harvnb|Tolkien|1955}}. The Return of the King, book 6, ch. 1 "The Tower of Cirith Ungol" A statement by a fictional character may be suggestive of the opinion of the author.{{sfn|Houghton|2015}} See also Tolkien's sentience dilemma.}}{{sfn|Thielman|2022}} The cast of the series have spoken out against racism aimed at the actors involved.{{sfn|Duggins|2022}} The fantasy author Neil Gaiman, defending the casting, commented that "Tolkien described the Harfoots as "browner of skin" than the other hobbits. So I think anyone grumbling is either racist or hasn't read their Tolkien."{{sfn|Stewart|2022}} Gaiman had earlier written in a wider context that "White Supremacists don't own Norse Mythology, even if some of them think they do".{{sfn|Thielman|2022}}

Stuart Heritage observed in The Guardian that the hobbit-like harfoots in The Lord of the Rings: The Rings of Power speak in Irish accents, behave as friendly peasants, and are accompanied by Celtic music; and that they resemble the 19th century caricaturist John Leech's "wildly unflattering" depictions of the Irish in Punch magazine.{{sfn|Heritage|2022}}

File:Tokio Kid Say 'Much Waste of Material Make So-o-o-0 Happy! Thank You.jpg|Peter Jackson's film versions of Tolkien's Orcs have been compared to wartime caricatures of the Japanese (here, an American propaganda poster).|alt=Poster showing a fanged caricature of "Tokio kid", a Japanese person pointing a bloody knife at a sign that reads "Much waste of material make so-o-o-o happy! Thank you!"

File:Sara Zwangobani LotR-TRoP Asia Premiere 2022.jpg|The casting of "people of color"{{sfn|Thielman|2022}} in The Lord of the Rings: The Rings of Power, such as of Sara Zwangobani as a harfoot, pleased some fans and angered others.{{sfn|Thielman|2022}}

File:John Leech's cartoon 'Justice to Ireland'.jpg|The harfoots in The Rings of Power speak in Irish accents and have been said to resemble John Leech's Irish peasants, as in his cartoon "Justice to Ireland".{{sfn|Heritage|2022}}

{{notelist}}

{{reflist|group=T|26em}}

{{reflist|26em}}

{{refbegin}}

• {{cite book |last=Carpenter |first=Humphrey |author-link=Humphrey Carpenter |title=J. R. R. Tolkien: A Biography |year=1978 |orig-year=1977 |publisher=Unwin Paperbacks |isbn=978-0-04928-039-7}}
• {{ME-ref|Letters}}
• {{cite web |last=Bhatia |first=Shyam |url=http://www.rediff.com/news/2003/jan/08lord.htm |title=The Lord of the Rings rooted in racism |publisher=Rediff India Abroad |date=8 January 2003 |access-date=4 December 2010 | url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101103144856/http://www.rediff.com/news/2003/jan/08lord.htm |archive-date=3 November 2010 |df=dmy-all}}
• {{cite journal |last=Brackmann |first=Rebecca |title="Dwarves are Not Heroes": Antisemitism and the Dwarves in J.R.R. Tolkien's Writing |journal=Mythlore |date=2010 |volume=28 |issue=3/4 |at=article 7 |url=https://dc.swosu.edu/mythlore/vol28/iss3/7}}
• {{cite news |last=Brennan |first=David |title=The Hobbit: How Tolkien Sunk a German Anti-Semitic Inquiry Into His Race |url=https://www.newsweek.com/hobbit-how-tolkien-sunk-german-anti-semitic-inquiry-his-race-1132744 |work=Newsweek |date=21 September 2018}}
• {{cite journal |last=Burns |first=Marjorie |author-link=Marjorie Burns |title=J. R. R. Tolkien: The British and the Norse in Tension |journal=Pacific Coast Philology |volume=25 |issue=1/2 (November 1990) |date=1990 |pages=49–59 |doi=10.2307/1316804 |jstor=1316804 }}
• {{cite book |last=Chism |first=Christine |chapter=Race and Ethnicity in Tolkien's Works |editor=Drout, Michael |title=J.R.R. Tolkien Encyclopedia |publisher=Routledge |year=2013a |orig-year=2007 |pages=555–556}}
• {{cite book |last=Chism |first=Christine |chapter=Racism, Charges of |editor=Michael Drout |editor-link=Michael D. C. Drout |title=J.R.R. Tolkien Encyclopedia |publisher=Routledge |year=2013b |orig-year=2007}}
• {{cite journal |last=Cramer |first=Zak |title=Jewish influences in Middle-earth |journal=Mallorn |issue=44 |year=2006 |pages=9–16 |url=https://journals.tolkiensociety.org/mallorn/article/download/113/107 |jstor=45320162}}
• {{cite book |last=Curry |first=Patrick |author-link=Patrick Curry |title=Defending Middle-earth: Tolkien: Myth and Modernity |year=2004 |publisher=Houghton Mifflin |pages=30–33 |isbn=0-312-17671-6}}
• {{cite news |last=Duggins |first=Alexi |title=Lord of the Rings stars speak out against racist 'threats, harassment and abuse' |url=https://www.theguardian.com/tv-and-radio/2022/sep/08/lord-of-the-rings-stars-speak-out-against-racist-threats-harassment-and-abuse |access-date=8 September 2022 |newspaper=The Guardian |date=8 September 2022}}
• {{cite book |last=Fimi |first=Dimitra |author-link=Dimitra Fimi |title=Tolkien, Race and Cultural History: From Fairies to Hobbits |title-link=Tolkien, Race and Cultural History |publisher=Palgrave Macmillan |year=2010 |orig-year=2008 |isbn=978-0-230-21951-9 |oclc=222251097}}
• {{cite web |last=Fimi |first=Dimitra |author-link=Dimitra Fimi |title=Was Tolkien really racist? |url=https://theconversation.com/was-tolkien-really-racist-108227 |website=The Conversation |date=2018 |access-date=20 January 2021}}
• {{cite web |last=Fimi |first=Dimitra |author-link=Dimitra Fimi |title=Revisiting Race in Tolkien's Legendarium: Constructing Cultures and Ideologies in an Imaginary World (lecture) |url=http://dimitrafimi.com/2018/12/02/revisiting-race-in-tolkiens-legendarium-constructing-cultures-and-ideologies-in-an-imaginary-world/ |publisher=Dimitra Fimi |access-date=20 January 2021 |date=2012}}
• {{cite web |last=Gerrolt |first=Dennis |url=http://www.geocities.com/misctolkien/tolkienradiointerview1971.ra |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220610012715/http://www.geocities.com/misctolkien/tolkienradiointerview1971.ra |archive-date=10 June 2022 |title=Now Read On... interview |publisher=BBC |year=1971 |access-date=26 July 2020}}
• {{cite news |last=Heritage |first=Stuart |title=The backlash to rule them all? Every controversy about The Rings of Power so far |url=https://www.theguardian.com/tv-and-radio/2022/sep/05/the-backlash-to-rule-them-all-every-controversy-about-the-rings-of-power-so-far |access-date=5 September 2022 |newspaper=The Guardian |date=5 September 2022}}
• {{cite news |last=Houghton |first=Kristen |title=Are Authors Anything Like the Characters They Write? |url=https://www.huffpost.com/entry/are-authors-anything-like-the-characters-they-write_b_7225892 |access-date=14 May 2023 |newspaper=Huffington Post |date=6 May 2015}}
• {{cite news |last=Ibata |first=David |title='Lord' of racism? Critics view trilogy as discriminatory |url=https://www.chicagotribune.com/lifestyles/chi-030112epringsrace-story.html |newspaper=The Chicago Tribune |date=12 January 2003}}
• {{cite news |last=Jefferson |first=Ed |title="Lord of the Rings is racist about orcs" is not an important new front in the Culture War: The battle of the Times editorial pages |url=https://www.newstatesman.com/culture/2018/11/lord-rings-racist-about-orcs-not-important-new-front-culture-war |work=The New Statesman |date=27 November 2018}}

• {{cite encyclopedia |last=Magoun |first=John F. G. |editor-last=Drout |editor-first=Michael D. C. |editor-link=Michael D. C. Drout |title=South, The |encyclopedia=J.R.R. Tolkien Encyclopedia |year=2006 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=1-135-88034-4 |pages=622–623}}
• {{cite journal |last=Mills |first=Charles W. |title=The Wretched of Middle-Earth: An Orkish Manifesto |journal=The Southern Journal of Philosophy |volume=60 |issue=S1 |date=2022 |doi=10.1111/sjp.12477 |pages=105–135}}
• {{cite web |last=O'Hehir |first=Andrew |title=A curiously very great book |url=https://www.salon.com/2000/08/16/lord_rings/ |work=Salon.com |access-date=3 March 2020 |date=6 June 2001}}
• {{cite web |last=Perry |first=David M. |title=How Can We Untangle White Supremacy From Medieval Studies? |url=https://psmag.com/education/untangling-white-supremacy-from-medieval-studies |website=Pacific Standard |date=2021 |access-date=10 October 2021}}
• {{cite news |last1=Power |first1=Ed |title=JRR Tolkien's orcs are no more racist than George Lucas's Stormtroopers |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/books/news/jrr-tolkiens-orcs-no-racist-george-lucass-stormtroopers/ |access-date=20 January 2021 |newspaper=The Daily Telegraph |date=27 November 2018}}
• {{cite journal |last=Pridmore |first=Julie |title=Andy Duncan's "Senator Bilbo": Reflections on J. R. R. Tolkien and Matters of Race |journal=Scrutiny2 |volume=26 |issue=1 |date=2 January 2021 |doi=10.1080/18125441.2022.2044374 |pages=60–75}}
• {{cite journal |last=Rearick |first=Anderson |title=Why is the Only Good Orc a Dead Orc? The Dark Face of Racism Examined in Tolkien's World |journal=Modern Fiction Studies |date=2004 |volume=50 |issue=4 |pages=866–867 |doi=10.1353/mfs.2005.0008 |s2cid=162647975 |jstor=26286382}}
• {{cite journal |last=Reid |first=Robin Anne |author-link=Robin Anne Reid |title=Making or Creating Orcs: How Thorinsmut's Free Orcs AU Writes Back to Tolkien |journal=Journal of Tolkien Research |date=11 February 2021 |volume=11 |issue=2 |at=article 3 |url=https://scholar.valpo.edu/journaloftolkienresearch/vol11/iss2/3 }}
• {{cite book |last=Reinders |first=Eric |title=Reading Tolkien in Chinese: Religion, Fantasy, and Translation |date=2024 |publisher=Bloomsbury Academic |isbn=9781350374645 |series=Perspectives on Fantasy series}}
• {{cite book |last1=Rogers |first1=William N. II |last2=Underwood |first2=Michael R. |editor=Sir George Clark |chapter=Gagool and Gollum: Exemplars of Degeneration in King Solomon's Mines and The Hobbit |title=J.R.R. Tolkien and His Literary Resonances: Views of Middle-earth |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ES0Hs75IVg0C&pg=PA121 |year=2000 |publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group |isbn=978-0-313-30845-1 |pages=121–132}}
• {{cite book |last=Scheps |first=Walter |chapter=The Fairy-tale Morality of The Lord of the Rings |editor=Lobdell, Jared |title=A Tolkien Compass |year=1975 |publisher=Open Court |isbn=0-87548-303-8 |pages=43–56}}
• {{cite book |last1=Scull |first1=Christina |author1-link=Christina Scull |last2=Hammond |first2=Wayne G. |author2-link=Wayne G. Hammond |title=The J.R.R. Tolkien Companion Guide: Chronology|year=2006 |publisher=Houghton Mifflin |isbn=978-0-618-39102-8}}
• {{cite news |last1=Shapiro |first1=Stephen |title=Lord of the Rings labelled racist |newspaper=The Scotsman |url=https://www.scotsman.com/arts-and-culture/film-and-tv/lord-of-the-rings-labelled-racist-1-632928 |date=14 December 2002 |ref=none}}
• {{ME-ref|ROAD}}
• {{cite book |last=Spacks |first=Patricia Meyer |author-link=Patricia Meyer Spacks |chapter=Power and Meaning in The Lord of the Rings |editor-last1=Zimbardo |editor-first1=Rose A. |editor1-link=Rose Zimbardo |editor-last2=Isaacs |editor-first2=Neil D. |title=Tolkien and the Critics |publisher=University of Notre Dame Press |date=1968 |isbn=978-0-268-00279-4}}
• {{cite news |last=Stewart |first=Sara |title='Neil Gaiman Gives Tolkien Lesson to 'Rings of Power' Racists |url=https://www.lamag.com/citythinkblog/neil-gaiman-gives-tolkien-lesson-to-rings-of-power-racists/ |access-date=25 October 2022 |newspaper=Los Angeles Magazine |date=6 September 2022}}
• {{cite book |last=Straubhaar |first=Sandra Ballif |author-link=Sandra Ballif Straubhaar | editor-last=Chance | editor-first=Jane |editor-link=Jane Chance |chapter=Myth, Late Roman History, and Multiculturalism in Tolkien's Middle-Earth |title=Tolkien and the invention of myth: a reader |title-link=Tolkien and the Invention of Myth |publisher=University Press of Kentucky |year=2004 |isbn=978-0-8131-2301-1}}
• {{cite book |last=Stuart |first=Robert |title=Tolkien, Race, and Racism in Middle-earth |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=t0hrEAAAQBAJ |year=2022 |publisher=Palgrave Macmillan |isbn=978-3-030-97475-6 |location=Cham, Switzerland |doi=10.1007/978-3-030-97475-6 |oclc=1312274691 |s2cid=248207455}}
• {{cite journal |last=Tally |first=Robert |author-link=Robert Tally |title=Demonizing the Enemy, Literally: Tolkien, Orcs, and the Sense of the World Wars |journal=Humanities |volume=8 |issue=1 |year=2019 |page=54 |issn=2076-0787 |doi=10.3390/h8010054 |doi-access=free}}
• {{cite web |last=Tally |first=Robert |author-link=Robert Tally |title=Tolkien's Deplorable Cultus: Right-Wing Hobbit Enthusiasts and the Urgency of Marxist Criticism in Fantasy |url=https://spectrejournal.com/tolkiens-deplorable-cultus/ |website=Spectre |date=20 August 2020}}
• {{cite journal |last=Tally |first=Robert T. Jr. |author-link=Robert Tally |title=[Review] Tolkien, Race, and Racism in Middle-earth by Robert Stuart |journal=Mythlore |date=2022 |volume=41 |issue=1 |page=Article 16 |url=https://dc.swosu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=3138&context=mythlore}}
• {{cite news |last=Thielman |first=Sam |title='The history of fantasy is racialized': Lord of the Rings series sparks debate over race |url=https://www.theguardian.com/film/2022/feb/20/lord-of-the-rings-amazon-series-race |access-date=20 February 2022 |newspaper=The Guardian |date=20 February 2022}}
• {{cite news |last=Tjeder |first=David |title=Tolkiens farliga tankar |lang=sv |trans-title=Tolkien's Dangerous Thoughts |date=20 December 2001 |newspaper=Aftonbladet |pages=4–5}}
• {{ME-ref|TT}}
• {{ME-ref|ROTK}}
• {{cite book |last=Tolkien |first=J. R. R. |translator-last=Scherf |translator-first=Walter |title=Der kleine Hobbit |year=1957 |location=Recklinghausen |publisher=Georg Bitter Verlag |oclc=264385679 |language=de |trans-title=The Small Hobbit}}
• {{cite journal |last=Turner |first=Jenny |title=Reasons for Liking Tolkien |journal=London Review of Books |date=15 November 2001 |volume=23 |issue=22 |url=https://www.lrb.co.uk/the-paper/v23/n22/jenny-turner/reasons-for-liking-tolkien}}
• {{cite news |last=Wigmore |first=Stephen |title=The moral inspiration of Tolkien's universe: Accusations of racism fundamentally misunderstand his work |url=https://www.spectator.co.uk/article/the-moral-inspiration-of-tolkien-s-universe/ |work=The Spectator |date=11 September 2022}}
• {{cite news |last=Yatt |first=John |url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2002/dec/02/jrrtolkien.lordoftherings |title=Wraiths and Race |newspaper=The Guardian |date=2 December 2002 |access-date=25 May 2010 | url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130826185122/http://www.theguardian.com/books/2002/dec/02/jrrtolkien.lordoftherings |archive-date=26 August 2013 |df=dmy-all}}

{{refend}}

{{The Lord of the Rings}}

Category:Themes of The Lord of the Rings

Category:Middle-earth themes

Category:Race-related controversies in literature