Tom Bridges

Bridges was born at Park Farm, Eltham, Kent, England, to Major Thomas Walker Bridges and Mary Ann Philippi.{{cite book | author = P. A. Howell | title = Bridges, Sir George Tom Molesworth (1871–1939) | publisher = Australian Dictionary of Biography, National Centre of Biography, Australian National University | url = http://adb.anu.edu.au/biography/bridges-sir-george-tom-molesworth-5353/text9051 | accessdate = 14 April 2013}} He was educated at Newton Abbot College and later at the Royal Military Academy, Woolwich. He was married in London on 14 November 1907, to a widow, Janet Florence Marshall; they had one daughter, Alvilde Bridges. The daughter was given a Norwegian name when her mother discovered that Bridges was having an affair with a Norwegian ballet dancer called Avilde; the name was to be a permanent rebuke to Bridges' adultery.{{Cite book |last=Fenwick |first=Simon |title=The Crichel Boys; Scenes from England's Last Literary Salon |publisher=Constable |year=2021 |isbn=978-1-47213-248-2 |location=Great Britain |pages=123}} In a marriage arranged by their mothers, Avilde was married first to Anthony Chaplin, 3rd Viscount Chaplin, and then to James Lees-Milne.Bloch, Michael (6 August 2013). James Lees-Milne: The Life (Kindle Locations 3174–3175).

After graduating from the Royal Military Academy, Woolwich Bridges joined the Royal Artillery as a second lieutenant on 19 February 1892,{{London Gazette|issue=26265|page=1351|date=8 March 1892}} and soon served in India and Nyasaland (now Malawi). He was promoted to lieutenant on 19 February 1895,{{London Gazette|issue=26604|page=1318|date=5 March 1895}} and was seconded to the Central Africa Regiment from July to November 1899.{{sfn|Davies|1997|p=117}}

In 1899 he transferred to South Africa to serve in the Second Boer War. Attached to the Imperial Light Horse, he took part in the relief of Ladysmith, and received the rank of captain supernumerary to the establishment on 5 April 1900. For a few months in 1901 he was in command of two West Australian Mounted infantry contingents, and was severely wounded.Hart's Army list, 1903{{sfn|Davies|1997|p=117}} He was confirmed as captain in the Royal Artillery on 8 January 1902,{{London Gazette |issue=27441 |page=3751 |date=10 June 1902}} and served in South Africa till the end of the war in June 1902, after which he left Cape Town in the SS Plassy in August, returning to Southampton the following month.{{Cite newspaper The Times |title=The Army in South Africa – Troops returning home |date=26 August 1902 |page=4 |issue=36856}} For his war service, he was mentioned in dispatches (including the final despatch by Lord Kitchener dated 23 June 1902,{{London Gazette |issue=27459 |date=29 July 1902 |pages=4835–4840 }}) and received a brevet promotion as major on 22 August 1902.{{London Gazette |issue=27490|date=31 October 1902 |page=6899}}

Later that year saw him leave United Kingdom for Berbera,{{Cite newspaper The Times |title=The Somaliland Operations |date=31 October 1902 |page=5 |issue=36913}} where he took charge of Guns in a Flying Column serving in Somaliland.{{London Gazette |issue=27505 |date=19 December 1902 |page=8758 }} Promoted from supernumerary captain and brevet major in July 1904,{{London Gazette|issue=27710|page=5696|date=2 September 1904}} in 1908, he became the chief instructor at the Cavalry School at Netheravon. Seeking a more rapid promotion in the army, Bridges transferred to the 4th Queen's Own Hussars in 1909, attaining the substantive rank of major. He was appointed military attaché to the Low Countries and Scandinavia between 1910 and 1914.

File:The Royal Visits on the Western Front, 1914-1918 Q4767.jpg and Major-General Tom Bridges, GOC of the 19th (Western) Division (in centre, facing camera), after inspection of the 8th (Service) Battalion, North Staffordshire Regiment near Beaussart, 1 February 1917.]]

Early in World War I, Bridges was involved in the Battle of Mons, where he suffered a shattered cheekbone and concussion. During the British Army's retreat from Mons, he met two battalions of exhausted British soldiers at Saint Quentin, whose officers planned to surrender to save the town from bombardment. In a celebrated incident on 27 August, the injured Bridges used a tin whistle and toy drum purchased from a toy shop{{cite web | url = http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/printable/32064 | title = Bridges, Sir (George) Tom Molesworth | author = William Philpott | work = Oxford Dictionary of National Biography | publisher = Oxford University Press | accessdate = 14 April 2013 }} to rally the men and led them to rejoin the British Expeditionary Force (BEF), commanded by Field Marshal Sir John French{{sfn|Davies|1997|p=117}} In September he transferred to the 4th Hussars as a lieutenant colonel.{{London Gazette|issue=28920|page=7772|date=29 September 1914|supp=y}} In October, French flew Bridges to the besieged Belgian city of Antwerp to provide intelligence there for the British headquarters. Later that month, he was promoted to temporary colonel and became a general staff officer, grade 1.{{London Gazette|issue=28957|page=8762|date=30 October 1914}}

File:111-SC-9047 - NARA - 55178452 (cropped) (cropped).jpg, the newly appointed Commander-in-Chief (C-in-C) of the American Expeditionary Forces (AEF), pictured here together with Major General Tom Bridges, inspecting a Guard of Honour on Pershing's arrival at Liverpool, June 1917.]]

He was appointed a Companion of the Order of St Michael and St George in late 1915 and given command of the 19th (Western) Division, a Kitchener's Army formation, which was demoralised after severe casualties at the Battle of Loos. In 1916 he was promoted to major general. He set about turning the 19th Division into an efficient fighting unit, purging the senior officers. The division was in reserve on the disastrous first day of the Battle of the Somme, and thus avoided serious casualties. It acquitted itself well in the small subsequent attacks around La Boiselle in July.

In 1917, Bridges, who in January was promoted to substantive major general,{{London Gazette|issue=29886|page=15|date=29 December 1916|supp=y}} was sent on the Balfour Mission, the military liaison to the United States under Arthur Balfour, soon after the American entry into World War I in April 1917, to coordinate the sending of American soldiers to Europe.{{cite web | url = http://www.kcl.ac.uk/lhcma/locreg/BRIDGES.shtml | title = BRIDGES, George Tom Molesworth (1871–1939), Lieutenant General | publisher = Liddell Hart Centre for Military Archives | accessdate = 14 April 2013}} He ran into some difficulty because, like most senior British commanders and politicians, he pushed for the amalgamation or incorporation of Americans into understrength British units to be commanded by British officers. This caused much friction with the senior American commanders, who felt that American troops should be commanded by American officers.

File:Personnel - P600 through P699 (165-WW-423P-679) - DPLA - bf411e03012397764d6566551cc945d2 (cropped) (cropped).jpg, 29 April 1918.]]

Bridges returned in time to lead his division in the Battle of Passchendaele in the second half of 1917. He was severely injured on 20 September at the Battle of the Menin Road Ridge. It occurred after he had left his headquarters (HQ) at Sherpenburg to visit Brigadier-General Thomas Cubitt, commanding the 57th Brigade, whose HQ was in a dugout on Hill 60. While a German artillery barrage was ongoing, Bridges left Cubitt's dugout when a shell exploded nearby, shattering Bridges' right leg, which was amputated later that night at Wulveringham.{{sfn|Davies|1997|p=117}} Not wanting to return to England, the next six weeks were spent at a base hospital at Montreuil, near Bologne.{{sfn|Davies|1997|p=117}}

He recovered quickly, however, and after a three-month stint as head of the trench warfare department of Winston Churchill's Ministry of Munitions, was sent back to the United States, specifically Washington, D.C., to coordinate the dispatch of American reinforcements to the Western Front. The rate of reinforcements was soon increased threefold.{{sfn|Davies|1997|p=118}}

Subsequently, Bridges was appointed to liaison missions to Greece, the Balkans, and Russia (where he was responsible for the evacuation of the British Mission and the remains of the anti-Bolshevik White Army from Novorossiysk in March 1920). His final active service was in Greece, fighting against the Turks in Asia Minor. He was made colonel of the 5th Dragoon Guards in April 1920.{{London Gazette|issue=31887|page=5193|date=4 May 1920|supp=y}}

After the war, he was appointed a Knight Commander of the Order of St Michael and St George (1919) and a Knight Commander of the Order of the Bath (1925). His uncle, the Poet Laureate Robert Bridges, also honoured him with an ode To His Excellency.

File:Tom Bridges.jpg

Bridges was appointed Governor of South Australia in 1922, at the instigation of his friend Winston Churchill. Bridges arrived in Adelaide in December of the same year.

Bridges was a conservative governor, defending capital punishment, supporting the Legislative Council, and denouncing "unemployables". He raped his daughter Avilde, "a trauma which had a lasting effect." Nonetheless, he was also popular with returned servicemen. His speeches were dominated mostly by denouncements of Bolshevism, and promotion of immigration. He was scornful of the Prohibition movement, and created a political storm by addressing a licensed victualler's dinner, entertaining them with G. K. Chesterton drinking songs and other hilarious prohibition stories.

He travelled to the Northern Territory in 1923 by motor-car in a well publicized [https://www.nma.gov.au/exhibitions/a-different-time/expeditions/vice-regal-central-australia-1923 trip].

His younger sister, Philippa Beatrice Bridgers (1876-1930), visited him in Australia, and made a camel-trek through central Australia.{{Cite news |date=1924-10-28 |title=ACROSS AUSTRALIA. |url=https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/57886605 |access-date=2024-10-25 |work=Register}} She wrote about her experiences in A Walkabout in Australia published in 1925.

Bridges became frustrated with the Labor ministries of 1924–27. He was particularly angered by Premier John Gunn's publishing of a secret memorandum of a former premier to the governor. When he was offered a second term as governor in 1927 he refused it, and returned to London that year.

Bridges devoted his retirement to painting and writing. He published several books:

• Alarms and excursions: reminiscences of a soldier (Longmans & Co, London, 1938)
• compiler, Word from England: an anthology of prose and poetry (English Universities Press, London, 1940)
• Friedrich Adam Julius von Bernhardi, Cavalry in war and peace translated from German by Major George Tom Molesworth Bridges (Hugh Rees, London, 1910)

He had also studied at the Slade School of Fine Art, and was an accomplished painter. He held many one-man exhibitions in Adelaide and London where his oils and watercolours were sold.

He died at 12 Dyke Road, Brighton, on 26 November 1939, not long after the outbreak of World War II.

{{reflist}}

• {{cite book|title=Bloody Red Tabs: General Officer Casualties of the Great War 1914–1918|last=Davies|first=Frank|year=1997|publisher=Pen and Sword Books|location=London|isbn=9781783462377}}

{{Commons category|Tom Bridges}}

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Category:1871 births

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Category:5th Dragoon Guards officers

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Category:British Army cavalry generals of World War I

Category:British Army personnel of the Second Boer War

Category:Companions of the Distinguished Service Order

Category:Governors of South Australia

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Category:Knights Commander of the Order of the Bath

Category:People from Eltham

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