Tom Gaskell

Gaskell attended Cambridge University on a scholarship, studying physics under Ernest Rutherford and, on Rutherford's recommendation, working as a research assistant to Edward Bullard.{{Cite web |date=1973 |title=Michaelis, A. R., 1973 |url=https://archivesearch.lib.cam.ac.uk/repositories/9/archival_objects/823223 |access-date=2023-10-12 |website=ArchiveSearch |id=GBR/0014/BLRD J.93}}{{Cite web |last=Bullard |first=E.C. |author-link=Edward Bullard |last2=Maxwell |first2=A.E. |author-link2=Ann Maxwell |last3=Munk |first3=W.H. |author-link3=Walter Munk |last4=Cox |first4=C.S. |date=1980 |title=Sir Edward Bullard (obituary) |url=https://library.ucsd.edu/scilib/biogr/Bullard-COA.pdf |access-date=October 26, 2023 |website=UCSD Library}} He received a PhD in 1940.{{Cite book |last= |first= |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=j4VdAP43V7cC&dq=Thomas+Frohock+Gaskell&pg=PA68 |title=New Scientist |date=1961-04-13 |publisher=Reed Business Information |language=en}}

During World War II, Gaskell advised the Admiralty Mining Establishment of the Royal Navy on anti-mine counter-measures, alongside Robert Boyd, Francis Crick and other recent science graduates.{{Cite news |last=Cruise |first=A. M. |date=2004-02-11 |title=Sir Robert Boyd |url=https://www.theguardian.com/science/2004/feb/11/obituaries.spaceexploration |access-date=2023-10-08 |work=The Guardian |language=en-GB |issn=0261-3077}}{{Cite journal |date=March 26, 1966 |title=Dr. Maurice N. Hill, FRS (Obituary) |url=https://www.nature.com/articles/2091287a0.pdf |journal=Nature |volume=209 |issue=5030 |pages=1287|doi=10.1038/2091287a0 |last1=Davies |first1=D. }} Journalist Anthony Michaelis has described how, despite an air raid on their facility,

the great brilliance of this remarkable group of young scientists began to tell and they moved rapidly ahead. When one day the Germans laid their latest and to them unbeatable mine, combining acoustic and magnetic trigger mechanisms, the team had forestalled them, and were able immediately to hand sweeping instructions to the crews.

Gaskell had the highly gratifying, but by no means un-dangerous, job of walking the beaches of Normandy and verifying his predictions by making actual measurements of the diameters of mine craters.

From 1946 to 1949, Gaskell was Chief Petroleum Physicist for the Anglo-Iranian Petroleum Company, which succeeded the Anglo-Persian Oil Company and later became British Petroleum.{{Cite book |last=Gaskell |first=Thomas Frohock |title=Under the Deep Oceans: Twentieth Century Voyages of Discovery |publisher=Eyre & Spottiswoode |year=1960 |edition=1st |location=London |pages=back flap, 15 |oclc=4898029}} He was based in Masjed Soleyman.

File:Tom Gaskell aboard HMS Challenger.jpg

Between 1950 and 1952, Gaskell served as Chief Scientist on the worldwide oceanographic expedition of HMS Challenger. His team included oceanographer John Swallow and geophysicist Maurice Hill.{{Cite journal |last1=Mason |first1=Melvyn |last2=White |first2=Robert S. |author-link2=Bob White (geophysicist) |date=2020-03-20 |title=Cambridge radio sonobuoys and the seismic structure of oceanic crust |url=https://royalsocietypublishing.org/doi/10.1098/rsnr.2018.0061 |journal=Notes and Records: The Royal Society Journal of the History of Science |language=en |volume=74 |issue=1 |pages=55, 64 |doi=10.1098/rsnr.2018.0061 |issn=0035-9149 |s2cid=135068145|url-access=subscription }} Their mission was to confirm the theory of continental drift and plate tectonics.

The expedition is renowned for having identified the record-setting depth of what is now called Challenger Deep,{{Cite book |last=Rouch |first=Jules |title=Époque contemporaine, tome IV de Histoire Universelle des Explorations |publisher=Nouvelle Librairie de France |year=1957 |location=Paris |pages=105 |language=fr-FR |trans-title=Contemporary era, volume IV of Universal History of Explorations}}{{Cite book |last=Gaskell |first=Thomas |title=Under the Deep Oceans: Twentieth Century Voyages of Discovery |publisher=Eyre & Spottiswoode |year=1960 |edition=1st |location=London |pages=24 |oclc=4898029}} the deepest point in the oceans. George Stephen Ritchie, captain of HMS Challenger, recalled:

On the way south from Japan to Manus, Dr. Gaskell had said that he wished to carry out one of his seismic experiments in a deep trench in order to find out something of the structure of the sea-floor in such an area. So, as the ship moved into the Marianas Trench between Guam and Ulithi, John Swallow was active with the seismic gear [...] The soundings rapidly increased and soon Swallow was reporting over 5000 fathoms and finally 5663 fathoms.{{Cite book |last=Ritchie |first=G. S. (George Stephen) |url=http://archive.org/details/challengerlifeof00ritc |title=Challenger: the Life of a Survey Ship |date=1958 |publisher=New York, Abelard-Schuman |others=MBLWHOI Library |pages=224 |author-link=George Stephen Ritchie}}

At that point the echo-sounder failed in the unprecedented depth, forcing Gaskell's team to improvise. Gaskell recounted the result:

A heavy iron weight (140 lb.) was lowered over the stern on thin steel piano wire [...] it took from ten past five in the evening until twenty to seven, that is an hour and a half, for the iron weight to fall to the sea-bottom. It was almost dark by the time the weight struck, but great excitement greeted the reading of {{convert|5,944|fathom|m|disp=sqbr}} for the wire paid out.{{Cite book |last=Gaskell |first=Thomas |title=Under the Deep Oceans: Twentieth Century Voyages of Discovery |publisher=Eyre & Spottiswoode |year=1960 |edition=1st |location=London |pages=121 |oclc=4898029}}

Among Challenger's many ports of call, Funafuti atoll features prominently in the associated memoirs. Gaskell recalled projecting a Western film for the inhabitants, who had never seen horses and laughed at the sight of them,{{Cite book |last=Gaskell |first=Thomas |title=Under the Deep Oceans: Twentieth Century Voyages of Discovery |publisher=Eyre & Spottiswoode |year=1960 |edition=1st |location=London |pages=143 |oclc=4898029}} while Ritchie explained that Challenger's arrival harkened back to an earlier scientific expedition to Funafuti, led by William Sollas for the Royal Society in 1896:

An old man remembered the coming of the scientists of the Coral Investigation Committee 50 years before, and he led Dr. Gaskell to the site of the deep borehole, the mouth of the hole being still visible but choked with vegetation.{{Cite book |last=Ritchie |first=G. S. (George Stephen) |url=http://archive.org/details/challengerlifeof00ritc |title=Challenger; the life of a survey ship |date=1958 |publisher=New York, Abelard-Schuman |others=MBLWHOI Library |pages=217 |author-link=George Stephen Ritchie}}

File:Dr. Tom Gaskell 1960 Royal Geog Soc.jpg, London, 1960.]]Gaskell subsequently worked for British Petroleum, as Senior Physicist in the Exploration Department.{{Cite book |last= |first= |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FKmXqu7aXnUC&dq=thomas+frohock+gaskell+fellow+royal+society&pg=PA51 |title=New Scientist |date=1957-09-26 |publisher=Reed Business Information |language=en}} He appeared regularly on radio and television and published and lectured widely.

In 1979, Gaskell warned of "the temperature rise due to the burning of fossil fuels", adding:

[t]he need in climate research is also interdisciplinary, and a start has already been made with extensive meteorological and oceanographical experiments to determine some of the exchanges that occur between sea and air, which clearly affect weather and climate.{{Cite book |last=Gaskell |first=Thomas |title=World Climate: The Weather, The Environment and Man |last2=Morris |first2=Martin |publisher=Thames & Hudson |year=1979 |isbn=978-0500012185 |page=138 |pages=}}  

Gaskell died in 1995. He is commemorated by Gaskell Ridge, an undersea feature in the Indian Ocean.{{Cite web |title=Marine Regions · Gaskell Ridge (Ridge) |url=https://www.marineregions.org/gazetteer.php/gazetteer.php?p=details&id=7319 |access-date=2023-10-03 |website=Marine Regions}}

• 1957: Seismic Results in Relation to the Andesiteline
• 1960: Under the Deep Oceans: Twentieth Century Voyages of Discovery, New York, Norton
• 1961: The Earth Today (with Alan H. Cook), Royal Astronomical Society
• 1964: World Beneath the Oceans
• 1966: North Sea Oil—the Great Gamble (with Bryan Cooper)
• 1967: The Earth's Mantle
• 1968: The History of the Gulf Stream
• 1970: Physics of the Earth
• 1970: Using the oceans
• 1970: Is a New Ice Age Beginning?
• 1972: The Gulf Stream
• 1976: The Adventure of North Sea Oil (with Bryan Cooper)
• 1979: World climate: The weather, the environment, and man (with Martin Morris)
• 2013: Geophysics in the Affairs of Man (with Charles C. Bates and Robert B. Rice)

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Category:Oceanographers

Category:British geophysicists

Category:British oceanographers

Category:1916 births

Category:1995 deaths

Category:British physicists

Category:British climatologists

Category:Marine geophysicists

Category:Trinity College, Cambridge