Tom Molineaux

According to some of the chroniclers of 19th-century boxing, Molineaux was born into slavery in the State of Virginia, USA in 1784. The most detailed account claims that he was born on a plantation and that he took his surname from the owners' name. An earlier writer just states that he came from the United States of America.{{cite book|last1=Egan|first1=Pierce|title=Boxiana|volume=1|publisher=George Virtue|date=1830|location=London|pages=360–423|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9YYoAAAAYAAJ&q=molineaux}} In one account he boxed with other slaves to entertain plantation owners and was granted his freedom and $500 after winning a fight on which the son of the plantation owner had staked $100,000. Another source claims he was in the service of the one-time American ambassador to London, William Pinkney. One of his biographers points out that while some of these accounts may be based on truth, they cannot be substantiated and may have been romanticised to some extent.{{cite book |last1=Kevin |first1=Smith |title=Black Genesis: The History of the Black Prizefighter 1760-1870 |date=2003 |publisher=iUniverse |isbn=9780595288847 |pages=27–60}} After obtaining his freedom, Molineaux was reported to have moved to New York, where he was said to have been involved in "several battles" and had claimed the title "Champion of America". He subsequently emigrated to England where he expected to be able to earn money as a prize fighter.{{Cite web |title=Tom Molineaux |url=http://www.ibhof.com/pages/about/inductees/pioneer/molineaux.html |access-date=2025-02-18 |website=www.ibhof.com}}

File:Cribb vs Molineaux 1811.jpg.]]

Molineaux found his way to London in 1809 where he made contact with Bill Richmond, another ex-slave-turned-boxer who ran the pub the Horse and Dolphin in Leicester Square, London.{{cite book|last1=Henning|first1=Fred W.J.|title=Fights for the Championship: the men and their times|date=1902|publisher=Licensed victuallers' gazette|location=London|pages=[https://archive.org/details/fightsforchampio02hennuoft/page/16 16]–45|url=https://archive.org/details/fightsforchampio02hennuoft|access-date=5 April 2018}}

Molineaux's first fight in England occurred at Tothill Fields, Westminster, on July 24, 1810. According to one report, the match was preceded by bull baiting.{{cite book |title=Pancratia, Or, A History of Pugilism |date=1812 |publisher=W. Oxberry |location=London |pages=341–371 |url=https://archive.org/details/pancratiaorahis00unkngoog?q=captain+barclay+boxing |access-date=22 June 2018}} Molineaux won the fight, beating Jack Burrows of Bristol in front of a small crowd in 65 minutes. Bill Richmond seconded Molineaux for the fight{{cite book|last1=Miles|first1=Henry Downes|title=Pugilistica Volume 1|date=1906|publisher=J. Grant|location=Edinburgh|pages=[https://archive.org/details/pugilisticahisto01mileuoft/page/278 278]–288|url=https://archive.org/details/pugilisticahisto01mileuoft|access-date=12 April 2018}} and Tom Cribb seconded Burrows.{{Cite web |title=Tom Molineaux |url=http://www.ibhof.com/pages/about/inductees/pioneer/molineaux.html |access-date=2025-02-18 |website=www.ibhof.com}}

Molineaux's second fight in England was against Tom Blake, whose nickname was "Tom Tough". The fight took place at Epple Bay near Margate on August 21, 1810, the American ending up victorious after eight rounds when Molineaux knocked out Blake. In this fight, the American was reported to have shown "great improvement in the science of pugilism".

File:Tom Molyneux c1815 VA23Oct10.jpg, c. 1815]]

On December 3, 1810, having been trained by Bill Richmond, Molineaux fought Tom Cribb at Shenington Hollow in OxfordshireMary Lobel, with Alan Crossley: {{Cite book |series=A History of the County of Oxford|title= Bloxham Hundred|volume= 9|year=1969 |publisher=Victoria County History|pages=205}}; pages 139-150 (Parishes: Shenington). And it can be [http://www.british-history.ac.uk/vch/oxon/vol9 viewed on] the BHO website for the English title. According to the journalist and sportswriter Pierce Egan, who was present, Molineaux stood at five foot eight and a quarter inches tall and, for this fight, weighed "fourteen stone two" ({{convert|198|lb|kg}}). Egan wrote that few people, including Cribb, expected the fight to last very long; there was betting that Cribb would win in the first ten rounds. Molineaux proved a powerful and intelligent fighter, and the two heavily battered each other. There was a disturbance in the 19th round as Molineaux and Cribb were locked in a wrestler's hold (legal under the rules of the time) so that neither could hit the other nor escape. The referee stood by, uncertain whether he should break the two apart, and the dissatisfied crowd pushed into the ring. In the confusion, Molineaux hurt his left hand; Egan could not tell if it had been broken. There was a dispute over whether Cribb had returned to the line before the allowed 30 seconds had passed. If he had not, Molineaux would have won, but the referee could not tell in the confusion and the fight went on. After the 34th round, Molineaux said he could not continue, but his second persuaded him to return to the ring, where he was defeated in the 35th round.

Two days after the fight, Richmond took Molineaux to the Stock Exchange in London, where the boxer received an ovation and was presented with 45 guineas.

On May 21, 1811, Molineaux took on William Rimmer, a 22-year-old fighter from Lancashire.{{cite book|title=Famous Fights, Past and Present|date=1901|location=London|volume=2|pages=226–233|url=https://archive.org/stream/famousfights1#page/226/mode/2up|access-date=18 April 2018}} The bout took place at Moulsey Hurst and Molineaux won after 21 rounds.

A return fight with Tom Cribb took place on September 28, 1811, at Thistleton Gap in Rutland and was watched by 15,000 people. Egan, who was present, said that both fighters "weighed less by more than a stone", which means Molineaux weighed at most {{convert|185|lb|kg}} for this fight. As preparation for the bout, Cribb had undertaken extensive training under the guidance of Captain Barclay. Molineaux, though still hitting Cribb with great power, was out-fought; Cribb broke his jaw and finally knocked him out in the 11th round. After the fight Richmond and Molineaux parted.

Molineaux fought four subsequent bouts, winning three and losing one.{{cite book|last1=Thormanby|title=Boxers and their Battles|date=1900|publisher=R.A. Everett & Co.|location=London|pages=[https://archive.org/details/boxerstheirbattl00thor/page/39 39]–58|url=https://archive.org/details/boxerstheirbattl00thor|access-date=28 March 2018}} On April 2 1813, Molineaux fought Jack Carter at Remington, Gloucestershire, the American winning after 25 rounds.{{cite book|last1=Egan|first1=Pierce|title=Boxiana|volume=1|publisher=George Virtue|date=1830|location=London|pages=457–466|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9YYoAAAAYAAJ&q=molineaux}} After the fight, Molineaux went on tour, where he sparred in exhibition bouts. In 1813, he fought Abraham Denton at Derby, his opponent being described as a "country pugilist" with the stature of a giant. Molineaux won the contest. The tour took him to Scotland, and on May 27, 1814, he took on a boxer named William Fuller at Bishopstorff, Paisley, Ayrshire.{{cite book|title=Famous Fights, Past and Present|date=1901|location=London|volume=1|page=5|url=https://archive.org/stream/famousfights1#page/n5/mode/2up|access-date=25 April 2018}} After four rounds of fighting the match was interrupted when the "sheriff of Renfrewshire, attended by constables, entered the ring, and put a stop to it". A rematch was staged at Auchineux, 12 miles from Glasgow on May 31, 1814. 2 rounds were fought there, lasting 68 minutes, Molineaux being awarded the contest. On March 11, 1815, Molineaux fought and lost to George Cooper at Corset Hill, Lanarkshire.

Molineaux also entered Cornish wrestling tournaments in England when touring in the early 1800s.Exeter Annual wrestling match, Staffordshire Advertiser, 8 August 1812, p4.

Molineaux's prizefighting career ended in 1815. However, he continued to show his talents in sparring exhibitions. After visiting Scotland, he toured Ireland, where in 1817, he was reportedly in the northern part of the island. He suffered from tuberculosis.{{cite web |url=https://face2faceafrica.com/article/the-sad-end-of-tom-molineaux-the-1700s-bare-knuckles-slave-fighter-who-was-americas-first-boxing-star |title=The sad end of Tom Molineaux, the 1700s bare-knuckles slave fighter who was America's first boxing star |first=Etsey |last=Atisu |website=Face2Face Africa |date=September 9, 2019 |access-date=December 18, 2019}} After a stint in a debtors' prison he became increasingly dependent on alcohol.

He died penniless in the bandroom of the 77th Regiment in Galway, Ireland, on 4 August 1818."Molyneux, the pugilist, died at Galway, Ireland, on the 4th inst., in a room occupied by the band of the 77th regiment, where he had been maintained the last two months, and very humanely attended by three people of his colour": The Times (London, England), August 18, 1818, p. 3. He was 34 years old.

In 2018, Galway City Museum held an exhibition on the life of Molineaux to mark the 200th anniversary of his death.{{cite web|url=https://www.galwaycitymuseum.ie/new-photographic-exhibition-opens-galway-city-museum-2-2-2/|title=New photographic exhibition opens Galway City Museum|website=Galway City Museum|access-date=December 19, 2019|archive-date=December 19, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191219203358/https://www.galwaycitymuseum.ie/new-photographic-exhibition-opens-galway-city-museum-2-2-2/|url-status=dead}} Also in 2018 a plaque was erected in Galway at the site of his death.{{cite web|url=https://www.pressreader.com/uk/boxing-news/20180809/281672550767577|title=Old Master Remembered|magazine=Boxing News|date=9 August 2018}}

In 2019, Katie Taylor unveiled a headstone over his previously unmarked grave in St James' graveyard in Galway.{{cite web|url=https://www.rte.ie/news/connacht/2019/1218/1101931-tom-molineaux-headstone/|title=Galway event honours African-American heavyweight boxer Tom Molineaux|first=Teresa|last= Mannion|website=rte.ie|date=18 December 2019}}

{{s-start}}

|-

| align="center" colspan=8|5 wins, 3 losses, 1 draw

|-

| align="center" style="border-style: none none solid solid; background: #e3e3e3"|Result

| align="center" style="border-style: none none solid solid; background: #e3e3e3"|Opponent

| align="center" style="border-style: none none solid solid; background: #e3e3e3"|Date

| align="center" style="border-style: none none solid solid; background: #e3e3e3"|Location

| align="center" style="border-style: none none solid solid; background: #e3e3e3"|Duration

|-

| {{yes2}}Win

| Jack Burrows

| July 24, 1810

| Tothill Fields, Westminster

| 65 minutes

|-

| {{yes2}}Win

| Tom Blake

| August 21, 1810

| Epple Bay near Margate

| 8 rounds

|-

| {{no2}}Loss

| Tom Cribb

| December 18, 1810

| Copthorne Gap, Surrey

| 35 rounds

|-

| {{yes2}}Win

| William Rimmer

| May 21, 1811

| Moulsey Hurst

| 21 rounds

|-

| {{no2}}Loss

| Tom Cribb

| September 28, 1811

| Thistleton Gap

| 11 rounds

|-

| {{yes2}}Win

| Jack Carter

| April 2, 1813

| Remington, Gloucestershire

| 25 rounds

|-

| style="background: #dae2f1"|Draw

| William Fuller

| May 27, 1814

| Bishopstorff, Paisley

| 4 rounds

|-

| {{yes2}}Win

| William Fuller

| May 31, 1814

| Auchineux

| 2 rounds

|-

| {{no2}}Loss

| George Cooper

| March 11, 1815

| Corset Hill, Lanarkshire

| 14 rounds

{{s-end}}

• Molineaux is a direct ancestor of American hip-hop artist LL Cool J. The rapper, named James Todd Smith, found out the information when he had his genealogy traced on a television show titled Finding Your Roots.{{cite web |title=LL Cool J {{!}} New Found Relatives |url=https://www.pbs.org/weta/finding-your-roots/watch/extras/family-reunions-ll-cool-j |publisher=PBS |access-date=4 July 2021}}
• A hand-coloured etching of Molineaux by Robert Dighton is held in the National Portrait Gallery in London.[http://www.npg.org.uk/live/search/portrait.asp?LinkID=mp05587&rNo=1&role=sit A hand-coloured etching of Molineaux]
• A fictionalized account of Molineaux's boxing career is the basis of Black Ajax by George MacDonald Fraser.
• In 2003, Molineaux was featured in the television documentary Georgian Underworld: Bare Knuckle Boxer.[https://www.imdb.com/title/tt2314321/?ref%20=tt%20ep%20nx Georgian Underworld: Bare Knuckle Boxer] at IMDb.{{unreliable source|certain=y|reason=WP:RS/P|date=February 2024}}[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XYR0L2lZSyg "Bare Knuckle Boxer"] on YouTube.{{sps|certain=y|date=February 2024}}
• Thomas Molineaux is featured in the short animation The Prize Fighter,[https://www.imdb.com/title/tt1663201/ "The Prize Fighter (2010)"] at IMDb.{{unreliable source|certain=y|reason=WP:RS/P|date=February 2024}} directed by Jason Young.
• Tom Molyneaux is featured as a ghost in the short story Apparition in the Prize Ring by Robert E. Howard, who was a boxing fan.
• Molineaux's fight with Cribb was turned into a 2014 play called Prize Fighters (based on the book Bristol Boys by Jack Allen) by director Ed Viney{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-bristol-27632884|title=Boxing: When a freed slave fought a sporting star|date=22 June 2014|access-date=22 June 2014|first=Pamela |last=Parkes|work=BBC News}} and was performed in the Tobacco Factory in 2015.
• Molineaux's return fight with Cribb in 1811 at Thistleton Gap is referred to in Regency Buck, a novel by Georgette Heyer.
• Molineaux was inducted into the International Boxing Hall of Fame in 1997.[http://www.ibhof.com/pages/about/inductees/pioneer/molineaux.html "Molineux"]. International Boxing Hall of Fame.
• In 2010, Molineaux was inducted into the Bare Knuckle Boxing Hall of Fame.{{Cite web |url=http://www.bareknuckleboxinghalloffame.com/id10.html |title=Listing on the website |access-date=2017-11-15 |archive-date=2017-04-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170428031805/http://www.bareknuckleboxinghalloffame.com/id10.html |url-status=dead }}
• In 2017, a documentary film {{lang|ga|Ag Trasnú an Atlantaigh Dhuibh}} (Crossing the Black Atlantic), directed by Des Kilbane and Andrew Gallimore, premiered at the Galway Film Fleadh.{{cite web|url=http://www.galwayfilmcentre.ie/2017/10/18/ag-trasnu-an-atlantaigh-dhuibh-crossing-the-black-atlantic-screening-on-tg4/|title=Ag Trasnú an Atlantaigh Dhuibh/Crossing the Black Atlantic screening on TG4|website=galwayfilmcentre.ie|date=18 October 2017}}

• Boxing

{{Reflist|30em}}

• {{Citation |last=Egan |first=Pierce |author-link=Pierce Egan |title=Boxiana; or, Sketches of Ancient and Modern Pugilism, from the Days of the Renowned Broughton and Slack, to the Championship of Cribb: Volume 1 |year=1813 }}
• {{Citation |editor-last=Lobel |editor-first=Mary D. |editor-last2=Crossley |editor-first2=Alan |title=Victoria County History: A History of the County of Oxford: Volume 9 |year=1969 |pages=171–188}}
• {{Citation |last=Fraser |first=George MacDonald |title=Black Ajax |year=1997 |location=London |publisher=HarperCollins |isbn=0-00-225585-5 }}

{{Commons category}}

• [https://www.search.windowsonwarwickshire.org.uk/Details.aspx?&ResourceID=9531&PageIndex=1&KeyWord=boxer&SortOrder=2 Pottery figurines of Cribb and Molineux]
• [http://www.ibhof.com/pages/about/inductees/pioneer/molineaux.html Tom Molineaux] at the International Boxing Hall of Fame
• [http://www.vahistorical.org/molineaux.htm Tom Molineaux] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060717123608/http://www.vahistorical.org/molineaux.htm |date=July 17, 2006 }} at the Virginia Historical Society
• [http://www.boxrec.com/media/index.php/Tom_Cribb_vs._Tom_Molineaux_%281st_meeting%29 Account of Tom Cribb vs Tom Molineaux fight] on the BoxRec website
• [http://www.cyberboxingzone.com/boxing/tom-mol.htm Tom Molineaux] at The Cyber Boxing Zone

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Molineaux, Tom}}

Category:1784 births

Category:1818 deaths

Category:18th-century American slaves

Category:19th-century American slaves

Category:19th-century deaths from tuberculosis

Category:19th-century American sportsmen

Category:African-American boxers

Category:Alcohol-related deaths in Ireland

Category:American emigrants to England

Category:American emigrants to Ireland

Category:American male boxers

Category:American people imprisoned abroad

Category:American bare-knuckle boxers

Category:Black British history

Category:Boxers from Virginia

Category:Free Negroes

Category:Heavyweight boxers

Category:People imprisoned for debt

Category:Tuberculosis deaths in Ireland

Category:People enslaved in Virginia