Tommaso Tittoni

Tommaso Tittoni was born in Rome. His father, Vincenzo, a tenant farmer on a large scale at La Manziana, had taken part in the defence of the Roman Republic under Giuseppe Garibaldi in 1849, was exiled by Pius IX, and re-entered Rome in 1870 through the breach of Porta Pia. Tittoni was educated first at Naples, and subsequently at Oxford and Liège.{{cite EB1922 |wstitle=Tittoni, Tommaso |short=x}}

Tittoni became an alderman of Rome, before becoming a deputy in the Chamber of Deputies for Civitavecchia in 1886, aligning himself with the right wing. He resigned his seat in 1897, having been appointed prefect of Perugia. Three years later he went to Naples in a similar capacity, and in 1902 he entered the Senate.[https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1931/02/08/98594370.pdf Tittoni Dies at 75; Italian Statesman], The New York Times, February 8, 1931{{in lang|it}} [http://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/tommaso-tittoni_%28Enciclopedia-Italiana%29/ Tittoni, Tommaso], Francesco Tommasini, Treccani Enciclopedia Italiana (1937)

When Giovanni Giolitti became premier for the second time in 1903, Tittoni became his foreign minister. He aimed at improving relations with Austria-Hungary, and also tried to bring about a reconciliation with France. It was under his auspices that French President Émile Loubet visited Rome.

On the resignation of Giolitti in March 1905, Tittoni became interim premier for a few days and remained in Alessandro Fortis's cabinet as foreign minister. His proposal to reduce the duty on Spanish wines in connection with an Italo-Spanish commercial treaty aroused a storm of indignation among the agricultural classes and caused the fall of the cabinet on 24 December 1905, and although Fortis composed a new administration, Tittoni did not enter it.

A few months later he was appointed ambassador in London (March 1906), but in May, on the fall of Sidney Sonnino's ministry and the return of Giolitti to power, he was again summoned to the Consulta (the Foreign Ministry). He continued the policy of improving relations with Austria-Hungary, which did not contribute to his popularity. After the Bosnian crisis and the annexation of Bosnia-Herzegovina by Austria-Hungary, his imprudently worded speech at Carate created the illusion that Italy was to be compensated, perhaps by the cession of the Trentino, and the disappointment when nothing of the kind materialized greatly weakened his prestige. He remained in office until the fall of Giolitti in December 1909.

As foreign minister, Tittoni prudently advanced Italian claims on Tripolitania, at the time part of the Ottoman Empire, without resorting to outright threats of annexation.Childs, Italo-Turkish Diplomacy and the War Over Libya, 1911–1912, [https://books.google.com/books?id=ZHRxKz0xQJIC&pg=PA8 pp. 8-9] The Tittoni family had interests in the area. In 1907, the Banco di Roma founded a branch in Tripoli and built significant interests in banking, shipping and agriculture. The bank's vice-president was Romolo Tittoni, the brother of Tommaso Tittoni. The bank also financed the important newspaper Corriere d'Italia, which campaigned for the Italo-Turkish War in 1911.Clark, Modern Italy: 1871 to the present, [https://books.google.com/books?id=LFnIj7iyVQYC&pg=PA184 pp. 184-85]Sarti, Italy: a reference guide from the Renaissance to the present, [https://books.google.com/books?id=xhoLorFC1iwC&pg=PA136 p. 136]

On 24 October 1909, Tittoni and the Russian diplomat Aleksandr Izvolsky exchanged diplomatic notes on an informal agreement, known as the Racconigi Bargain, for Russia and Italy to support each other's interests in the Balkans and in the Ottoman Empire, at the Italian city of Racconigi, Tsar Nicholas II of Russia was hosted by King Victor Emmanuel III.Childs, Italo-Turkish Diplomacy and the War Over Libya, 1911–1912, [https://books.google.com/books?id=ZHRxKz0xQJIC&pg=PA8 pp. 8-11] Italy and the Russian Empire concluded another agreement with Austro-Hungarian Empire a few days later disregarding this agreement. In April 1910, he was appointed ambassador in Paris.{{in lang|it}} [http://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/tommaso-tittoni/ Tittóni, Tommaso], Treccani enciclopedie on line Retrieved 8 May 2016.

File:M 124 Kitchener Llyod Paul Mantoux George Bertie of Thame Asquith Beyens de Broqueville Bourgeois Roques Briand Lacaze JOffre de Castelnau Rachitch Yovanovitch Vesnitch Pachitch Isvolski.JPG at a conference of the Allied Powers on 27–28 March 1916 in Paris]]

When World War I broke out, in spite of his Triplicist policy (supporting the Triple Alliance, the Triplice, of Germany, Austria-Hungary and Italy) he openly expressed himself in favour of Italian neutrality, and on Italy's entry into the war he was careful not to compromise himself with Giolitti's attitude. But he was not at his ease in the French capital, and in November 1916 he resigned from the Paris embassy. On the fall of the Orlando Cabinet in June 1919, the new Premier, Francesco Saverio Nitti, chose Tittoni as foreign minister and first delegate at the Paris Peace Conference. Nitti and Tittoni played down Italy's territorial claims, which disappointed interventionist like Gabriele D'Annunzio.Clark, Modern Italy: 1871 to the present, [https://books.google.com/books?id=LFnIj7iyVQYC&pg=PA245 p. 245]

In July 1919, Tittoni and the Prime Minister of Greece, Eleftherios Venizelos, agreed on a secret non-binding agreement, known as the Venizelos–Tittoni agreement about the conflicting territorial claims of the two countries. Greece pledged to support the Italian claims over Vlorë and the establishment of an Italian protectorate over Albania.Burgwyn, Italian foreign policy in the interwar period, [https://books.google.com/books?id=PNHxISN-dmQC&pg=PA15 p. 15] Greece would also secure for Italy a free zone at the port of Smyrna (under Greek administration from May 1919), while Italy pledged to support the Greek territorial claims over Northern Epirus and transfer the Dodecanese to Greece, except for the island of Rhodes, which would remain under Italian rule until such time as Cyprus would be ceded to Greece by Britain.

The severe strain of the work told on his health forced Tittoni to resign in November 1919. He was chosen president of the Italian Senate in December 1919, and soon after was appointed Italian delegate on the Council and Assembly of the League of Nations, but ill-health again forced him to relinquish the latter two appointments. He remained president of the Senate until January 1929.

After the March on Rome, Tittoni supported Mussolini's government and later became the first president of Royal Academy of Italy (28 October 1929 – 16 September 1930), the most important cultural institution of the fascist dictatorship.Sarti, Italy: a reference guide from the Renaissance to the present, [https://books.google.com/books?id=xhoLorFC1iwC&pg=PA340 p. 340] On 8 April 1923, he had received the supreme honour of the knighthood of the Annunziata by King Victor Emmanuel.

He died from a heart attack in Rome on 7 February 1931.

{{Reflist}}

• Burgwyn, H. James (1997), [https://books.google.com/books?id=PNHxISN-dmQC Italian foreign policy in the interwar period: 1918 - 1940], Westport: Praeger, {{ISBN|978-0-275-94877-1}}
• Childs, Timothy W. (1990). [https://books.google.com/books?id=ZHRxKz0xQJIC Italo-Turkish Diplomacy and the War Over Libya, 1911–1912], Leiden: E.J. Brill, {{ISBN|978-9004090255}}
• {{cite EB1922 |wstitle=Tittoni, Tommaso}}
• Clark, Martin (2008). [https://books.google.com/books?id=LFnIj7iyVQYC Modern Italy: 1871 to the present], Harlow: Pearson Education, {{ISBN|1-4058-2352-6}}
• Sarti, Roland (2004). [https://books.google.com/books?id=xhoLorFC1iwC Italy: a reference guide from the Renaissance to the present], New York: Facts on File Inc., {{ISBN|0-81607-474-7}}

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{{Succession box|title=Italian Minister of Foreign Affairs|before=Giulio Prinetti|after=Antonino Paternò Castello|years=1903–1905}}

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{{Succession box|title=Italian Minister of the Interior|before=Giovanni Giolitti|after=Alessandro Fortis|years=1905}}

{{Succession box|title=Italian Minister of Foreign Affairs|before=Francesco Guicciardini|after=Francesco Guicciardini|years=1906–1909}}

{{Succession box|title=Italian Minister of Foreign Affairs|before=Sidney Sonnino|after=Vittorio Scialoja|years=1919}}

{{Succession box|title=President of the Italian Senate|before=Adeodato Bonasi|after=Luigi Federzoni|years=1919–1929}}

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