Topi, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa
{{More citations needed|date=September 2010}}
{{Infobox settlement
| official_name =
| name = Topi
| native_name_lang = ur
| settlement_type = Town
| image_skyline =
| imagesize = 240px
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| image_map =
| mapsize = 150 px
| map_alt =
| map_caption =
| coordinates = {{Coord|34|4|10|N|72|37|24|E|type:city_region:PK|display=inline,title}}
| pushpin_map = Khyber Pakhtunkhwa#Pakistan
| pushpin_label_position =
| pushpin_map_alt = A map of Pakistan
| pushpin_mapsize =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location of Topi in Pakistan
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = Pakistan
| subdivision_type1 = Province
| subdivision_name1 = Khyber Pakhtunkhwa
| subdivision_type2 = District
| subdivision_name2 = Swabi
| subdivision_type3 = Tehsil
| subdivision_name3 = Topi
| population_total =
| population_as_of =
| population_est = 74,867
| pop_est_as_of = 2023
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_m = 335
| elevation_ft = 1102
| elevation_m_min =
| elevation_m_max =
| population_density_km2 =
| leader_title =
| leader_name =
| leader_title1 =
| leader_name1 =
| blank_name_sec1 =
| blank_info_sec1 =
| blank_name_sec2 = Number of Union councils
| blank_info_sec2 = 2
| area_code_type = Telephone Dialing Code
| postal_code = 23460
| postal_code_type = Post Code
| timezone1 = PST
| utc_offset1 = +5
| website =
| footnotes =
}}
Topi ({{langx|ps|ټوپۍ}}) is a town in the eastern part of the Swabi District of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province of Pakistan. The administrative division of Topi unfolds into two Union councils: Topi East and Topi West. Notably, the Tarbela Dam, largest earth-filled dam in the world,{{Cite web |title=Pakistan Paedia |url=http://www.pakistanpaedia.com/mega/tarbela_dam.html}} is located only {{convert|9|km|mi}} east of Topi.
Geography
Topi is located in the eastern part of the Swabi District.
It is also situated to the west of the Tarbela Dam, the world's largest earth filled dam.
=Tarbela Dam=
Tarbela Dam is the largest hydroelectric generation project in Pakistan producing 3,495 megawatts of electricity accounting for 40 percent of the Water and Power Development Authority's total power output as of 1980. It is at located at a narrow spot in the Indus River valley, named after the town of Tarbela. Tarbela Dam is located partially in the Swabi district (Topi) and partially in the Haripur district of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan.
file:Tarbela.jpg was formed as a reservoir behind a dam]]
The main dam wall, built of earth and rock fill, stretches {{convert|2743|m|ft}} from the island to river right, standing {{convert|148|m|ft}} high. A pair of concrete auxiliary dams spans the river from the island to river left. The dam's two spillways are on the auxiliary dams rather than the main dam. The main spillway has a discharge capacity of {{convert|18406|m3/s|cuft/s}} and the auxiliary spillway, {{convert|24070|m3/s|cuft/s}}. Annually, over 70% of water discharged at Tarbela passes over the spillways and is not used for hydropower generation.{{cite web|title=Project Appraisal Document on a Proposed Loan in the Amount of Us$400 Million and Report No: 60963-pk Proposed Credit in the Amount of 283.7 Million Sdrs (Us$440 Million Equivalent) to the Islamic Republic of Pakistan for the Tarbela Fourth Extension Hydropower Project (T4HP)|url=http://www-wds.worldbank.org/external/default/WDSContentServer/WDSP/IB/2012/03/22/000350881_20120322105254/Rendered/PDF/609630PAD0corrigendum0R20120003602.pdf |date=February 23, 2012 |publisher=World Bank|accessdate=23 March 2016|quote="Annually, over 70 percent of the water is spilled over the spillway instead of generating hydropower." |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160402213437/http://www-wds.worldbank.org/external/default/WDSContentServer/WDSP/IB/2012/03/22/000350881_20120322105254/Rendered/PDF/609630PAD0corrigendum0R20120003602.pdf |archive-date= Apr 2, 2016 }}
Five large tunnels were constructed as part of Tarbela Dam's outlet works. Hydroelectricity is generated from turbines in tunnel 1 through 3, while tunnels 4 and 5 were designed for irrigation use. Both tunnels are to be converted to hydropower tunnels to increase Tarbela's electricity-generating capacity. These tunnels were originally used to divert the Indus River while the dam was being constructed.
MA hydroelectric power plant on the right side of the main dam houses 14 generators fed with water from outlet tunnels 1, 2, and 3. There are four 175 MW generators on tunnel 1, six 175 MW generators on tunnel 2, and four 432 MW generators on tunnel 3, for a total generating capacity of 3,478 MW.
Tarbela Reservoir is {{convert|80.5|km|mi}} long, with a surface area of {{convert|250|km2|sqmi}}. The reservoir initially stored {{convert|11600000|acre.ft|km3|lk=in}} of water, with a live storage of {{convert|9700000|acre.ft|km3|lk=in}}, though this figure has been reduced over the subsequent 35 years of operation to {{convert|6800000|acre.ft|km3|lk=in}} due to silting. The Maximum Elevation of the reservoir is {{convert|1550|ft|m|abbr=off|sp=us}} above MSL and Minimum Operating Elevation is {{convert|1392|ft|m|abbr=off|sp=us}} above MSL. The catchment area upriver of the Tarbela Dam is spread over {{convert|168000|km2|sqmi}} of land largely supplemented by snow and glacier melt from the southern slopes of the Himalayas. There are two main Indus River tributaries upstream of the Tarbela Dam. These are the Shyok River, joining near Skardu, and the Siran River near Tarbela.
=Ghazi-Barotha Hydropower Project=
The Ghazi-Barotha Hydropower Project is a 1,450 MW run-of-the-river hydropower connected to the Indus River near Topi. Construction of the project that began in 1995 consists of 5 generators each with a maximum power generation capacity of 290MW. Inauguration of the plant on 19 August 2003 by the then president General Pervez Musharraf also saw the commissioning of the first 2 of the 5 generators i.e. Unit 1 and Unit 2. The last generator was commissioned on 6 April 2004 and the project was completed by that December. It cost US$2.1 billion with funding from Pakistan's Water and Power Development Authority (WAPDA), the World Bank, Asian Development Bank, Japan Bank for International Cooperation, Kreditanstalt für Wiederaufbau, European Investment Bank and Islamic Development Bank.{{cite web|title=Ghazi Barotha Hydropower Project|url=http://www.wapda.gov.pk/htmls/ghazibarotha.html|publisher=Water and Power Development Authority |date=May 31, 2013 |accessdate=27 January 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130730112536/http://wapda.gov.pk/htmls/ghazibarotha.html|archive-date=30 July 2013|url-status=dead}}
About 1,600 cubic meter per second of water is diverted from the Indus River near the town of Ghazi, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, about 7 km downstream of Tarbela Dam (3,478 MW). It then runs through a 100 metre wide and 9 metre deep open power channel which is entirely concrete along its 52 km length down to the village of Barotha where the power complex is located. In the reach from Ghazi to Barotha, the Indus River inclines by 76 meters over a distance of 63 km. After passing through the powerhouse, the water is returned to the Indus. In addition to these main works, transmission lines stretch 225 km.
Demographics
| class="wikitable"
!Census |
| 1972
| style="text-align:right" |14,914 |
| 1998
| style="text-align:right" |30,458 |
| 2017
| style="text-align:right" |53,026 |
| 2023
| style="text-align:right" |74,867 |
Education sector
The town of Topi is home of the Ghulam Ishaq Khan Institute of Engineering Sciences and Technology (GIKI), named after Ghulam Ishaq Khan, a former President of Pakistan who had served at Topi during his illustrious career as a civil servant.{{cite web |url=http://www.giki.edu.pk/ |title=Home |website=giki.edu.pk}}
Notable people
- Sahibzada Abdul Qayyum Khan, a Pashtun educationist and politician, was born in Topi
- Bayazid Pir Roshan, the sixteenth century revolutionary Pashtun leader, died in Topi
Notes
References
{{Reflist|refs=
|title = Tarbela Dam and related aspects of the Indus River Basin, Pakistan
|url = http://www.dams.org/docs/kbase/studies/cspkmain.pdf
|author = Asianics Agro-Dev. International (Pvt) Ltd.
|year = 2000
|publisher = World Commission on Dams
|location = Cape Town
|accessdate = 2010-10-28
|url-status = dead
|archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20100613114429/http://dams.org/docs/kbase/studies/cspkmain.pdf
|archivedate = 2010-06-13
}}
|url = http://earth.jsc.nasa.gov/EarthObservatory/Tarbela_Dam,_Pakistan.htm
|title = Tarbela Dam, Pakistan
|work = Earth Observatory
|publisher = National Aeronautics and Space Administration
|author = Earth Sciences Web Team
|accessdate = 2010-10-28
|url-status = dead
|archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20100715214717/http://earth.jsc.nasa.gov/EarthObservatory/Tarbela_Dam,_Pakistan.htm
|archivedate = 2010-07-15
}}
| url = http://www.fallingrain.com/world/PK/03/Topi.html
| title = Maps, Weather, Videos, and Airports for Topi, Pakistan
| work = Directory of Cities and Towns in North-West Frontier Province, Pakistan
| publisher = Falling Rain Genomics
| date = 1996–2010
| accessdate = 2010-10-28
}}
|url = http://www.nrb.gov.pk/lg_election/union.asp?district=63&dn=Swabi
|title = Tehsils & Unions in the District of Swabi
|work = National Reconstruction Bureau
|publisher = Government of Pakistan
|url-status = dead
|archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20120209043517/http://www.nrb.gov.pk/lg_election/union.asp?district=63&dn=Swabi
|archivedate = February 9, 2012
}}
| url = http://www.wolframalpha.com/input/?i=topi%2c+pakistan
| title = Topi, Pakistan
| work = WolframAlpha
| publisher = Wolfram Research
| accessdate = 2010-10-28
}}
| url = http://about.onepakistan.com/national/city-dialing-codes.php#T
| title = Pakistan City Dialing Codes (Telephone/Mobile)
| work = OnePakistan
| publisher = OnePakistan.com
| year = 2010
| accessdate = 2010-10-28
}}
}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Topi, Nwfp}}