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Toqui

{{Use American English|date = March 2019}}

{{Short description|Mapuche leader in times of war}}

{{Use mdy dates|date = March 2019}}

File:Lautaro (de Pedro Subercaseaux).jpg, painting by Pedro Subercaseaux.]]

Toqui (or Toki) (Mapudungun for axe or axe-bearer) is a title conferred by the Mapuche (an indigenous Chilean and Argentinian{{Cite web|title="Argentina se fundó sobre un genocidio contra los mapuches" {{!}} DW {{!}} 22.08.2017|url=https://www.dw.com/es/argentina-se-fund%C3%B3-sobre-un-genocidio-contra-los-mapuches/a-40196973|last=Welle (www.dw.com)|first=Deutsche|website=DW.COM|language=es-ES|access-date=2020-05-28}} people) on those chosen as leaders during times of war. The toqui is chosen in an assembly or parliament (coyag) of the chieftains (loncos) of various clans (Rehues) or confederation of clans (Aillarehues), allied during the war at hand. The toqui commanded strict obedience of all the warriors and their loncos during the war, would organize them into units and appoint leaders over them. This command would continue until the toqui was killed, abdicated (Cayancaru), was deposed in another parliament (as in the case of Lincoyan, for poor leadership), or upon completion of the war for which he was chosen.

Some of the more famous Toqui in the Arauco War with the Spanish introduced tactical innovations. For example, Lautaro introduced infantry tactics to defeat horsemen. Lemucaguin was the first Toqui to use firearms and artillery in battle. Nongoniel was the first Toqui to use cavalry with the Mapuche army. Cadeguala was the first to successfully use Mapuche cavalry to defeat Spanish cavalry in battle. Anganamón was the first to mount his infantry to keep up with his fast-moving cavalry. Lientur pioneered the tactic of numerous and rapid malóns into Spanish territory.

The greatest of the Toqui was the older Paillamachu, who developed the strategy, patiently organized and trained his forces and then with his two younger Vice Toqui, Pelantaro and Millacolquin, carried out the Great Revolt of 1598–1604 which finally expelled the Spanish from Araucania.

List of Mapuche Toquis

File:Standard of the Toqui.svg

The following Mapuche leaders were at some time named as toquis:José Ignacio Víctor Eyzaguirre, [https://books.google.com/books?id=C8C2FNNWaBEC Historia eclesiastica: Politica y literaria de Chile, Vol. 1, IMPRENTA DEL COMERCIO, VALPARAISO, June 1850. List of Toquis, pg. 162–163, 498–500.]

  • MalloqueteJerónimo de Vivar, Crónica y relación copiosa y verdadera de los reinos de Chile, Capítulo LXVI 1546 †
  • Ainavillo,Vivar, Crónica..., Cap. XCV,XCVII AynabilloPedro Mariño de Lobera, Crónica del Reino de Chile., Cap. XXXI or Aillavilú 1550 †
  • Lincoyan 1551–1553
  • Caupolicán 1553–1558 ††
  • Lautaro Vice Toqui 1553–1557 †
  • TurcupichunDiego de Rosales, [https://books.google.com/books?id=Sm4eAAAAMAAJ Historia general de el Reino de Chile, Flandes Indiano, Tomo II], CAPÍTULO XXI 1557–1558 ††
  • LemucaguinRosales, Historia general ..., Tomo II, CAPÍTULO XXI or Caupolicán the youngerJuan Ignacio Molina, The Geographical, Natural, and Civil History of Chili, Vol II, Book III, Chap. VIII 1558 †
  • Illangulién,Alonso de Góngora Marmolejo, Historia de Todas las Cosas que han Acaecido en el Reino de Chile y de los que lo han gobernado (1536–1575), Capítulo XLVI Quiromanite,Lobera, CRÓNICA DEL REINO DE CHILE, Libro Segundo, Capítulo XXII QueupulienRosales, "Historia General del Reino de Chile", Flandes Indiano, Tomo II, Cap. XXX or AntiguenuMolina, The Geographical, Natural, and Civil History of Chili, Volume II, Book IV, Chap. 1 1559–1564 †
  • MillalelmoGóngora Marmolejo, Historia..., Capítulo XLV, Cap. XXXVI or MillarelmoRosales, Historia general de el Reyno de Chile, Flandes Indiano, Tomo II or AntuneculMolina, The Geographical, Natural, and Civil History of Chili, pg. 207–208 1562–1570
  • LobleGóngora Marmolejo, Historia..., Capítulo XLV or Lig-lemuVicente Carvallo y Goyeneche, [https://books.google.com/books?id=6VQDAAAAMAAJ Descripcion histórico-jeográfica del Reino de Chile, TOMO I; Coleccion de historiadores de Chile, Tomo VIII, IMPRENTA DE LA LIBRERÍA DEL MERCURIO de A. y M. Echeverria, Morando Núm. 38., Santiago,1878], Tomo I Cap. LI or LillemuMolina, The Geographical, Natural, and Civil History of Chili, pg. 211 Vice Toqui 1563–1565
  • Paillataru 1564–1574
  • Llanganabal 1569
  • PaineñamcuAccording to Rosales, Historia..., Tomo II, Capítulo LI, pg. 221. or Paynenancu,Carvallo,Descripcion Histórico... originally Alonso DiazLobera calls him Diego Díaz, Crónica..., Libro tercero, Parte tercera, Capítulo XXXII; Rosales and Carvallo call him Alonso Diaz 1574–1584 ††
  • Cayancaru or CayeucuraDiego de Rosales, Historia..., Tomo II, Capítulo LI 1584
  • Nongoniel or MangolienRosales, Historia ... , Tomo II, CAPÍTULO LII 1585 †
  • Cadeguala or CadigualaLobera, Crónica ..., Cap. XXXV 1585–1586 †
  • Guanoalca or HuenualcaClaudio Gay, [https://books.google.com/books?id=YvAcAiOvTmUC&pg=PA541 Historia fisica y politica de Chile Tomo II, Capitulo XIII] 1586–1590
  • Quintuguenu 1591 †
  • Paillaeco 1592 †
  • Paillamachu 1592–1603
  • Pelantaro Vice Toqui
  • Millacolquin Vice Toqui
  • Huenecura or HuenencuraGay, Historia ... , Tomo II, Cap. XXXII. 1604–1610
  • Aillavilu, Aillavilú II,José Ignacio Víctor Eyzaguirre, Historia eclesiastica: Politica y literaria de Chile, Impr. del Comercio, Valpraiso, 1850. pg. 498. Aillavilu SegundoGomez De Vidaurre, [https://books.google.com/books?id=TnECAAAAYAAJ Coleccíon de historiadores de Chile y documentos relativos a la historia nacional, Tomo 15, HISTORIA GEOGRÁFICA, NATURAL Y CIVIL DEL REINO DE CHILE, TOMO II CON UNA INTRODUCCIÓN BIOGRÁFICA Y NOTAS POR J. T. MEDINA, IMPRENTA ERCILLA, SANTIAGO DE CHILE, 1889] 1610–1612
  • Anganamón,Rosales, Historia general ..., Tomo II AncanamonFrancisco Núñez de Pineda y Bascuñán, El Cautiverio Feliz; Molina, The Geographical, Natural, and Civil History of Chili or AncanamunCarvallo, Descripcion histórico..., TOMO I; Coleccion de historiadores de Chile, Tomo VIII, IMPRENTA DE LA LIBRERÍA DEL MERCURIO de A. y M. Echeverria, Morando Núm. 38., Santiago,1878 1612–1613
  • Loncothegua 1613–1620
  • Lientur 1621–1625
  • Levipillan Vice ToquiMolina, The Geographical, Natural, and Civil History of Chili, p.234
  • Butapichón or ButapichúnFrancisco Núñez de Pineda y Bascuñán, [http://www.cervantesvirtual.com/servlet/SirveObras/90661618666960502009680/p0000001.htm El Cautiverio Feliz] 1625–1631
  • Quepuantú or Quempuante 1631–1632 †
  • Butapichón or Butapichún 1632–1634
  • Huenucalquin 1634–1635 †
  • Curanteo 1635 †
  • Curimilla 1635–1639 †
  • Lincopinchon 1640–1641
  • Clentaru 1655
  • Mestizo Alejo or Ñancú 1656–1661 @
  • Misqui 1661–1663 †
  • Colicheuque 1663 †
  • Udalevi 1664–1665 †
  • Calbuñancü vice toqui 1664–1665 †Gay, Historia fisica y politica de Chile, Tomo III, CAPITULO XXVII
  • Ayllicuriche or HuaillacurichePedro de Cordoba y Figueroa, [https://books.google.com/books?id=PFADAAAAMAAJ HISTORIA DE CHILE (1492–1717)] 1672–1673 †
  • Millalpal[https://books.google.com/books?id=PFADAAAAMAAJ Pedro de Cordoba y Figueroa , HISTORIA DE CHILE 1492–1717, Coleccion de historiadores de Chile Libro 7 Cap. 14][http://www.historia.uchile.cl/CDA/fh_sub_article/0,1395,SCID%253D5835%2526ISID%253D404%2526GRPR%253D4255%2526PRT%253D4263%2526JNID%253D12,00.html Vicente Carvallo Goyeneche, Descripcion Histórico Geografía del Reino de Chile, Tomo II, Primera parte, Capítulo LXIV] or Millapán 1692–1694
  • Vilumilla 1722–1726
  • Curiñancu 1766–1774
  • Lebian Vice ToquiClaudio Gay, Historia fisica y politica de Chile, Toma IV, Primera parte, Capítulo XVIII, En casa del autor, 1848, p. 223

† Killed in battle or †† executed for rebellion or @ assassinated.

References

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Sources

  • [https://books.google.com/books?id=FhcTAAAAYAAJ Juan Ignatius Molina, The Geographical, Natural, and Civil History of Chili, Vol II., Longman, Hurst, Rees, and Orme, London, 1809]
  • [https://books.google.com/books?id=C8C2FNNWaBEC José Ignacio Víctor Eyzaguirre, Historia eclesiastica: Politica y literaria de Chile, IMPRENTA DEL COMERCIO, VALPARAISO, June 1830] List of Toquis, pg. 162–163, 498–500.

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Category:Mapuche

Category:Military history of Chile

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Category:Titles of national or ethnic leadership

Category:Mapuche words and phrases