Toroidal moment#Ferrotoroidicity in condensed matter physics

In electromagnetism, a toroidal moment is an independent term in the multipole expansion of the electromagnetic field which is distinct from magnetic and electric multipoles. In the electrostatic multipole expansion, all charge and current distributions can be expanded into a complete set of electric and magnetic multipole coefficients. However, additional terms arise in an electrodynamic multipole expansion. The coefficients of these terms are given by the toroidal multipole moments as well as time derivatives of the electric and magnetic multipole moments. While electric dipoles can be understood as separated charges and magnetic dipoles as circular currents, axial (or electric) toroidal dipoles describe toroidal (donut-shaped) charge arrangements whereas a polar (or magnetic) toroidal dipole (also called an anapole) corresponds to the field of a solenoid bent into a torus.

Classical toroidal dipole moment

A complex expression allows the current density J to be written as a sum of electric, magnetic, and toroidal moments using Cartesian{{Citation

| last1 = Radescu

| first1 = E. Jr.

| last2 = Vaman

| first2 = G.

| title = Cartesian multipole expansions and tensorial identities

| journal = Progress in Electromagnetics Research B

| volume = 36

| pages = 89–111

| year = 2012

| doi = 10.2528/PIERB11090702 | doi-access = free

}} or spherical{{Citation

| last1 = Dubovik

| first1 = V. M.

| last2 = Tugushev

| first2 = V. V.

| title = Toroid moments in electrodynamics and solid-state physics

| journal = Physics Reports

| volume = 187

| issue = 4

| pages = 145–202

|date=March 1990

| doi = 10.1016/0370-1573(90)90042-Z | bibcode = 1990PhR...187..145D

}} differential operators. The lowest order toroidal term is the toroidal dipole. Its magnitude along direction i is given by

: $T_i=\frac{1}{10c} \int [r_i(\mathbf{r}\cdot\mathbf{J})-2r^2J_i] \mathrm{d}^3x.$

Since this term arises only in an expansion of the current density to second order, it generally vanishes in a long-wavelength approximation.

However, a recent study comes to the result that the toroidal multipole moments are not a separate multipole family, but rather higher order terms of the electric multipole moments.I. Fernandez-Corbaton et al.: [https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-017-07474-4.pdf On the dynamic toroidal multipoles from localized electric current distributions]. Scientific Reports, 8 August 2017

Quantum toroidal dipole moment

In 1957, Yakov Zel'dovich found that because the weak interaction violates parity symmetry, a spin-{{sfrac|1|2}} Dirac particle must have a toroidal dipole moment, also known as an anapole moment, in addition to the usual electric and magnetic dipoles.Zel’Dovich, I. B. (1958). Electromagnetic interaction with parity violation. Sov. Phys. JETP, 6(6), 1184-1186. The interaction of this term is most easily understood in the non-relativistic limit, where the Hamiltonian is

$\mathcal{H} \propto - d (\mathbf{\sigma} \cdot \mathbf{E}) - \mu(\mathbf{\sigma} \cdot \mathbf{B}) - a(\mathbf{\sigma} \cdot \nabla \times \mathbf{B}) ,$

where {{math|d}}, {{math|μ}}, and {{math|a}} are the electric, magnetic, and anapole moments, respectively, and {{math|σ}} is the vector of Pauli matrices.{{Citation

| last1 = Dubovik

| first1 = V. M.

| last2 = Kuznetsov

| first2 = V. E.

| title = The toroid moment of Majorana neutrino

| journal = Int. J. Mod. Phys. A

| volume = 13

| issue = 30

| pages = 5257–5278

| year = 1998

| arxiv = hep-ph/9606258

| doi = 10.1142/S0217751X98002419 | bibcode = 1998IJMPA..13.5257D

| s2cid = 14925303

}}

The nuclear toroidal moment of cesium was measured in 1997 by Wood et al..{{citation

| last = Wood | first = C. S.

| doi = 10.1126/science.275.5307.1759

| issue = 5307

| journal = Science

| pages = 1759–1763

| title = Measurement of parity nonconservation and an anapole moment in cesium

| volume = 275

| year = 1997| pmid = 9065393

| s2cid = 16320428

}}.

File:Solenoid currents inducing a toroidal magnetic moment.tif

Symmetry properties of dipole moments

All dipole moments are vectors which can be distinguished by their differing symmetries under spatial inversion ({{nowrap|P : r ↦ −r}}) and time reversal ({{nowrap|T : t ↦ −t}}). Either the dipole moment stays invariant under the symmetry transformation ("+1") or it changes its direction ("−1"):

Dipole moment ! style="font-weight:normal" \|P ! style="font-weight:normal" \|T
class="wikitable"
axial toroidal dipole moment	+1	+1
electric dipole moment	−1	+1
magnetic dipole moment	+1	−1
polar toroidal dipole moment	−1	−1

Magnetic toroidal moments in condensed matter physics

In condensed matter magnetic toroidal order can be induced by different mechanisms:{{citation

| last1 = Spaldin | first1 = Nicola A. | author1-link = Nicola Spaldin

| last2 = Fiebig | first2 = Manfred

| last3 = Mostovoy | first3 = Maxim

| doi = 10.1088/0953-8984/20/43/434203

| issue = 43

| journal = Journal of Physics: Condensed Matter

| page = 434203

| title = The toroidal moment in condensed-matter physics and its relation to the magnetoelectric effect

| url = https://www.rug.nl/research/portal/files/6724613/2008JPhysCMSpaldin.pdf

| volume = 20

| year = 2008| bibcode = 2008JPCM...20Q4203S| s2cid = 53455483 }}.

Order of localized spins breaking spatial inversion and time reversal. The resulting toroidal moment is described by a sum of cross products of the spins S_i of the magnetic ions and their positions r_i within the magnetic unit cell:{{citation

| last1 = Ederer | first1 = Claude

| last2 = Spaldin | first2 = Nicola A. | author2-link = Nicola Spaldin

| arxiv = 0706.1974

| doi = 10.1103/physrevb.76.214404

| issue = 21

| pages = 214404

| journal = Physical Review B

| title = Towards a microscopic theory of toroidal moments in bulk periodic crystals

| volume = 76

| year = 2007| bibcode = 2007PhRvB..76u4404E| s2cid = 55003368

}}. T = Σ_i r_i × S_i

Formation of vortices by delocalized magnetic moments.
On-site orbital currents (as found in multiferroic CuO).{{citation

| last1 = Scagnoli | first1 = V.

| last2 = Staub | first2 = U.

| last3 = Bodenthin | first3 = Y.

| last4 = de Souza | first4 = R. A.

| last5 = Garcia-Fernandez | first5 = M.

| last6 = Garganourakis | first6 = M.

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| last8 = Prabhakaran | first8 = D.

| last9 = Lovesey | first9 = S. W.

| doi = 10.1126/science.1201061

| issue = 6030

| journal = Science

| pages = 696–698

| title = Observation of orbital currents in CuO

| volume = 332

| year = 2011 | pmid=21474711| bibcode = 2011Sci...332..696S| s2cid = 206531474

}}.

Orbital loop currents have been proposed in copper oxides superconductors{{citation

| last = Varma | first = C. M.

| arxiv = cond-mat/0507214

| doi = 10.1103/physrevb.73.155113

| issue = 15

| pages = 155113

| journal = Physical Review B

| title = Theory of the pseudogap state of the cuprates

| volume = 73

| year = 2006| bibcode = 2006PhRvB..73o5113V

| s2cid = 119370367

}}. that might be important to understand high-temperature superconductivity. Experimental verification of symmetry-breaking by such orbital currents has been claimed in cuprates through polarized neutron-scattering.{{citation

| last1 = Fauqué | first1 = B.

| last2 = Sidis | first2 = Y.

| last3 = Hinkov | first3 = V.

| last4 = Pailhès | first4 = S.

| last5 = Lin | first5 = C. T.

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| last7 = Bourges | first7 = P.

| arxiv = cond-mat/0509210

| doi = 10.1103/physrevlett.96.197001

| pmid = 16803131

| issue = 19

| pages = 197001

| journal = Phys. Rev. Lett.

| title = Magnetic order in the pseudogap phase of high-T_C superconductors

| volume = 96

| year = 2006 | bibcode=2006PhRvL..96s7001F| s2cid = 17857703

}}.

Magnetic toroidal moment and its relation to the magnetoelectric effect

The presence of a magnetic toroidic dipole moment T in condensed matter is due to the presence of a magnetoelectric effect: Application of a magnetic field H in the plane of a toroidal solenoid leads via the Lorentz force to an accumulation of current loops and thus to an electric polarization perpendicular to both T and H. The resulting polarization has the form {{nowrap|1=P_i = ε_ijkT_jH_k}} (with ε being the Levi-Civita symbol). The resulting magnetoelectric tensor describing the cross-correlated response is thus antisymmetric.

Ferrotoroidicity in condensed matter physics

A phase transition to spontaneous long-range order of microscopic magnetic toroidal moments has been termed ferrotoroidicity.{{Cite journal |last=Gnewuch |first=Stephanie |last2=Rodriguez |first2=Efrain E. |date=2019-03-01 |title=The fourth ferroic order: Current status on ferrotoroidic materials |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0022459618305760 |journal=Journal of Solid State Chemistry |volume=271 |pages=175–190 |doi=10.1016/j.jssc.2018.12.035 |issn=0022-4596|doi-access=free }} It is expected to fill the symmetry schemes of primary ferroics (phase transitions with spontaneous point symmetry breaking) with a space-odd, time-odd macroscopic order parameter. A ferrotoroidic material would exhibit domains which could be switched by an appropriate field, e.g. a magnetic field curl. Both of these hallmark properties of a ferroic state have been demonstrated in an artificial ferrotoroidic model system based on a nanomagnetic array{{citation

| last1 = Lehmann | first1 = Jannis

| last2 = Donnelly | first2 = Claire

| last3 = Derlet | first3 = Peter M.

| last4 = Heyderman | first4 = Laura J.

| last5 = Fiebig | first5 = Manfred

| doi = 10.1038/s41565-018-0321-x

| pages = 141–144

| journal = Nature Nanotechnology

| title = Poling of an artificial magneto-toroidal crystal

| volume = 14

| year = 2019| issue = 2

| pmid = 30531991

| s2cid = 54474479

| hdl = 20.500.11850/310648

| hdl-access = free

}}.

The existence of ferrotoroidicity is still under debate and clear-cut evidence has not been presented yet—mostly due to the difficulty to distinguish ferrotoroidicity from antiferromagnetic order, as both have no net magnetization and the order parameter symmetry is the same.{{citation needed|date=December 2023}}

Anapole dark matter

All CPT self-conjugate particles, in particular the Majorana fermion, are forbidden from having any multipole moments other than toroidal moments.{{Citation

| last1 = Boudjema

| first1 = F.

| last2 = Hamzaoui

| first2 = C.

| last3 = Rahal

| first3 = V.

| last4 = Ren

| first4 = H. C.

| title = Electromagnetic properties of generalized Majorana particles

| journal = Phys. Rev. Lett.

| volume = 62

| issue = 8

| pages = 852–854

| year = 1989

| doi = 10.1103/PhysRevLett.62.852

| pmid=10040354| bibcode = 1989PhRvL..62..852B

}}

At tree level (i.e. without allowing loops in Feynman diagrams) an anapole-only particle interacts only with external currents, not with free-space electromagnetic fields, and the interaction cross-section diminishes as the particle velocity slows. For this reason, heavy Majorana fermions have been suggested as plausible candidates for cold dark matter.{{Citation

| last1 = Ho

| first1 = C. M.

| last2 = Scherrer

| first2 = R. J.

| title = Anapole dark matter

| journal = Phys. Lett. B

| volume = 722

| issue = 8

| pages = 341–346

| year = 2013

| arxiv = 1211.0503

| doi = 10.1016/j.physletb.2013.04.039

| bibcode=2013PhLB..722..341H| s2cid = 15472526

}}{{cite web

|year=2013

|url=http://news.vanderbilt.edu/2013/06/dark-matter/

|title=New, simple theory may explain mysterious dark matter

|publisher=Vanderbilt University

}}

References

Literature

Stefan Nanz: [https://link.springer.com/book/10.1007/978-3-658-12549-3 Toroidal Multipole Moments in Classical Electrodynamics]. Springer 2016. {{ISBN|978-3-658-12548-6}}

Category:Electromagnetism

Category:Moment (physics)