Torristas and Molinistas

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Eastside Los Angeles generally refers to neighborhoods east of the Los Angeles River that are predominantly Mexican American, including the neighborhoods Boyle Heights, El Sereno, and Lincoln Heights. The area was predominantly Mexican American, but had little elected representation in any legislature.{{cite web |last1=Ogilvie |first1=Jessica P. |title=Where Is LA's Eastside? A Brief History Of Class, Gentrification And Maps |url=https://laist.com/projects/how-to-la/understand/eastside |access-date=October 12, 2020 |website=LA Weekly |date=July 22, 2019 |archive-date= July 25, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190725194546/https://laist.com/projects/how-to-la/understand/eastside/ |url-status=live }} In 1949, a coalition of Black, Jewish and Latino voters elected Mexican-American Ed Roybal to the Los Angeles City Council with support from the Community Service Organization. The district Roybal represented, the 9th district, spanned from the Eastside down to South Los Angeles. After winning an election to become a U.S. Representative, Roybal supported the appointment of Gilbert W. Lindsay, an African-American, to his seat, although he previously requested that there be a special election.{{cite web|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2022/10/20/us/la-city-council-politics-black-hispanic.html|title=In Los Angeles, Politics Are More Complex Than a Racist Recording Indicates|date=October 10, 2022|author=Knoll, Corina; Hubler, Shawn; and Jordan, Miriam|website=The New York Times}}{{sfn|Sanchez|2010|pp=70}}{{sfn|Underwood|1997|pp=423}}

By the 1970s, Mexican Americans had started being elected to the State Legislatures, with Alex P. Garcia being the first from Los Angeles in 1968. Two more Mexican American men from Los Angeles were elected to the California State Assembly: Richard Alatorre to the 48th district in 1972 and Art Torres to the 56th district in 1974. This gave the two men a power base in Eastside and Latino politics in Los Angeles, and they would become co-architects of the Eastside political machine.{{cite web|url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1999-dec-26-op-47623-story.html|title=A Latino Politician Who Could Rewrite the Eastside Playbook|date=December 26, 1999|author=Castro, Tony|website=Los Angeles Times}}{{cite web|url=https://www.latimes.com/california/story/2024-02-27/power-y-glory-latino-politics-family-trees-los-angeles|title=The political trees of Latino Los Angeles|website=Los Angeles Times|author=Arellano, Gustavo|date=February 27, 2024}}

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File:Gloria Molina portrait, 1982.jpg would cause the feud to start.]]

In 1981, the districts of the California State Assembly were reapportioned based on the 1980 United States census, with the 56th State Assembly district being redrawn. In November 1982, Latino candidates held a closed-door meeting to decide who would run for the seats. It was decided that Assemblymember Art Torres would run for the 24th State Senate district against Alex P. Garcia, Richard Polanco would run for the 56th Assembly seat vacated by Torres, and Assemblymember Matthew G. Martínez and former UNESCO ambassador Esteban Torres would run in two congressional districts.{{sfn|Acuña|2020|pp=70}} Gloria Molina, a former aide to Torres, Assembly Speaker Willie Brown, and President Jimmy Carter, approached Torres and Alatorre about running in the 56th Assembly District. Torres encouraged Molina to run for the assembly seat that he occupied.{{Cite news |last=Arellano |first=Gustavo |date=May 14, 2023 |title=Gloria Molina, Chicana who blazed paths across L.A. politics, dies |url=https://www.latimes.com/obituaries/story/2023-05-14/gloria-molina-dead |work=Los Angeles Times}} However, she was told that Polanco was the chosen candidate and that she should not run. Molina decided to run anyway, defeating Polanco in the Democratic primary and winning the seat.{{sfn|Acuña|2020|pp=71}} This victory established her own power base and created a path for other Chicanas to follow, but also created a rift between her and the Eastside politicos.{{sfn|Sonenshein|1993|pp=|p=259}} Supporters of Art Torres and Richard Alatorre, part of the Eastside political machine, called themselves Torristas and were described as favoring "expensive suits, blunt words, fancy dinners, and backroom deals." Supporters of Gloria Molina, known as Molinistas, were characterized as "pragmatic do-gooders" who "believed in people power above caciques."

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| image2 = Howard Finn, 1986.jpg

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Since Roybal's departure, there had been no other Latino members on the Los Angeles City Council. In 1983, Arthur K. Snyder was nearly forced into a runoff by Steve Rodriguez. Despite losing, Rodriguez's challenge highlighted weaknesses in Latino politics, as Torres and Roybal both endorsed Snyder, citing Rodriguez's lack of Democratic Party credentials. Rodriguez later led a recall against Snyder the next year, and although Snyder survived, he resigned in 1985.{{sfn|Acuña|2020|pp=72}} In 1986, Richard Alatorre won the 14th district seat, ending the absence of Latino council members and marking a political shift.{{cite web|url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1985-01-31-me-5064-story.html|title=Alatorre Vs. Snyder: Title Match to Settle Old Scores|author=del Olmo, Frank|website=Los Angeles Times|date=January 31, 1985}}{{sfn|Sanchez|2010|pp=71}}{{sfn|Underwood|1997|pp=424}}

That same year, the Reagan administration sued the city for violating the 14th and 15th Amendments by limiting Latino representation on the City Council. In response, the city, led by Alatorre, proposed adding two Latino seats, but Mayor Tom Bradley vetoed the plan. Another opportunity for a Latino-centric district arose with the death of 1st district councilman Howard Finn, with the district redrawn to encompass the Eastside area.{{sfn|Acuña|2020|pp=73}} Molina ran in a special election to replace him, winning and taking office on February 3, 1987, giving the City Council two Latino council members.{{cite news |last1=Clayton |first1=Janet |title=Molina Wins 4-Way Race for 1st District Council Seat |url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1987-02-04-mn-471-story.html |work=Los Angeles Times |date=February 4, 1987}}{{sfn|Underwood|1997|pp=424}} While on the council, Molina feuded with Alatorre before Molina was elected to the Los Angeles Board of Supervisors in 1991. Alatorre stayed in the City Council until 1999.{{cite web|url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1999-jun-30-mn-51561-story.html|title=A Bittersweet Conclusion to Alatorre Era at City Hall|date=June 30, 1999|website=Los Angeles Times|author=Gold, Maeta; Hong, Peter Y.}} That year, Molina and Alatorre endorsed two separate candidates for the 7th district, with Molina supporting Corinne Sanchez and Alatorre endorsing Alex Padilla.{{cite web|url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1999-feb-20-me-9904-story.html|title=Molina-Alatorre Feud Spills Into Council Race|date=February 20, 1999|website=Los Angeles Times|author=McGreevy, Patrick}}

In 1990, Los Angeles County Supervisor Peter F. Schabarum of the 1st district decided to retire, with a court ruling ordering the districts to be redrawn to create a majority Latino district. The next year, Molina and Torres both decided to run for Los Angeles County Supervisor, with both of them placing in the primary and going into a head-to-head runoff.{{cite web|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1991/01/24/us/2-in-runoff-for-new-hispanic-district.html|title=2 in Runoff for New Hispanic District|website=The New York Times|date=January 24, 1991}}{{cite web|url=https://www.upi.com/Archives/1991/02/18/Historic-race-for-Hispanic-LA-supervisor/9251666853200/|title=Historic race for Hispanic L.A. supervisor|author=Rojas, Aurelio|date=February 18, 1991|website=United Press International}}{{cite news |last1=Simon |first1=Richard |title= Molina Says She'll Run as Latino Unity Falters : Supervisors: Councilman Alatorre says he might oppose fellow council member. Stage is set for a lively battle in redrawn 1st District. |url= https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1990-11-13-mn-4549-story.html |work=Los Angeles Times |date=November 13, 1990}} Although Torres was endorsed by Tom Bradley, Molina defeated Torres, making her the first woman and first Latina supervisor elected to the board.{{cite web|url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1990-12-19-me-6216-story.html|title=Mayor Bradley Snubs Molina, Backs Torres in Supervisor Race|website=Los Angeles Times|date=December 19, 1990|author=Simon, Richard; Tobar, Hector}}{{cite web|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1991/02/21/us/woman-in-the-news-gloria-molina-hispanic-trailblazer.html|title=Woman In the News: Gloria Molina; Hispanic Trailblazer|website=The New York Times|date=February 21, 1991|author=Mydans, Seth}}{{cite web |last1=Castro |first1=Tony |title= Eastside Story |url= https://www.laweekly.com/eastside-story-3 |access-date=October 12, 2020 |website=LA Weekly |date=March 11, 1998}}

In 1992, state assemblymember Xavier Becerra ran for Roybal's seat in the 25th congressional district following Roybal's retirement. Endorsed by Molina, Becerra defeated Los Angeles Board of Education member Leticia Quezada, who was supported by Torres. Observers saw this as another proxy war in the ongoing feud between the Torristas and Molinistas.{{cite web|url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1992-06-18-ti-1077-story.html|title=Latinos Make Political Gains : Becerra Seen as Rising Star After His Primary Victory|date=June 18, 1992|website=Los Angeles Times|author=Arnold, Michael S.}} The next year, Antonio Villaraigosa, a representative on the Metro Board of Directors appointed by Molina, won an assembly seat in the 45th district.{{sfn|Acuña|2020|pp=170}} In June 1994, Molina endorsed state assemblymember Burt M. Margolin against Art Torres in their race for Insurance Commissioner. The ensuing campaign was described by the Los Angeles Times as mudslinging, with article author George Ramos stating, "Politics may be politics, but these folks need to grow up."{{cite web|url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1994-06-06-me-970-story.html|title=This Family Feud Wastes Valuable Political Passion|date=June 6, 1994|author=Ramos, George|website=Los Angeles Times}}

In the 2001 race for Mayor of Los Angeles, the internecine nature of the feud became evident as Becerra and Villaraigosa, both products of the rival factions, competed to advance in the primary.{{Cite web |last=Haefele |first=Mark |date=May 30, 2001 |title=The New Alignment |website=LA Weekly |url=http://www.laweekly.com/news/the-new-alignment-2133429|archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20180109065649/https://www.laweekly.com/news/the-new-alignment-2133429|archive-date=January 9, 2018}} During the race, a phone advertisement supporting Becerra featured a woman posing as Gloria Molina and criticized Villaraigosa's record on crime. Although Becerra denied involvement, Molina expressed that she felt "personally abused and personally hurt" by the ad.{{cite web|url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2001-may-24-me-1989-story.html|title=Phone Ad Blamed on Staff of Becerra|date=May 24, 2001|website=Los Angeles Times|author=Krikorian, Greg; Riccardi, Nicholas}} Many Latino politicians, including Lucille Roybal-Allard, Nick Pacheco, and Alex Padilla, aligned themselves against Villaraigosa during his first run.{{Cite web |last=Greene |first=Robert |date=January 16, 2003 |title=The Silenced Warrior |website=LA Weekly |url=http://www.laweekly.com/news/the-silenced-warrior-2135829|archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20180108204159/https://www.laweekly.com/news/the-silenced-warrior-2135829|archive-date=January 8, 2018}} In the 2005 mayoral race, Villaraigosa secured the endorsement of Alatorre, which helped him gain broader support within the Latino community.

The rivalry eventually faded as new figures emerged in the Eastside political scene, such as Rocky Delgadillo, who became Los Angeles City Attorney in 2001, and José Huizar, who succeeded Antonio Villaraigosa on the City Council. According to the Los Angeles Times, the last prominent figures from that era were Supervisor Hilda Solis and Xavier Becerra, who later became the U.S. Secretary of Health and Human Services. In 2024, the feud resurfaced amidst various scandals involving the Los Angeles City Council. This included the arrest of Huizar in 2020 and an audio leak that implicated councilmembers Gil Cedillo of the 1st district and Kevin de León of the 14th district.{{cite web|url=https://www.latimes.com/california/story/2024-02-27/eastside-political-power-squabbling-again|title=Column: The Eastside, cradle of Latino politics, is squabbling once again|author=Arellano, Gustavo|website=Los Angeles Times|date=February 27, 2024}}

• Politics of Los Angeles County
• Brown Berets
• Chicano Moratorium
• History of Mexican Americans in Los Angeles

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;Works cited

• {{cite book| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=sb--DQAAQBAJ | title = Anything But Mexican: Chicanos in Contemporary Los Angeles | first = Rodolfo F. | last = Acuña | publisher = Verso Books | date = April 14, 2020| isbn = 9781786633804 }}
• {{cite book|url=https://doi.org/10.2307/41172507|title=Southern California Quarterly|chapter=Edward R. Roybal and the Politics of Multiracialism|year=2010|last=Sanchez|first=George J.|volume=92|number=1|publisher=Historical Society of Southern California|pages=51–73|doi=10.2307/41172507 |jstor=41172507 }}
• {{cite book |author=Sonenshein |first=Raphael J. |year=1993 |isbn=978-0-691-18802-7 |title=Politics in Black and White: Race and Power in Los Angeles |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctv39x5ms |publisher=Princeton University Press|jstor=j.ctv39x5ms }}
• {{cite book |url=https://doi.org/10.2307/3640203 |title=Pacific Historical Review |publisher=University of California Press |year=1997 |number=3 |volume=66 |chapter=Pioneering Minority Representation: Edward Roybal and the Los Angeles City Council, 1949-1962 |pages=399–425 |last=Underwood |first=Katherine|doi=10.2307/3640203 |jstor=3640203 }}

Category:Hispanic and Latino American society

Category:Political history of California

Category:History of Los Angeles

Category:Feuds in the United States

Category:Eastside Los Angeles