Tournai Cathedral
{{Short description|Catholic cathedral in Belgium}}
{{Infobox religious building
| building_name = {{lang|en|Our Lady of Tournai}}
{{lang|fr|Notre-Dame de Tournai}}
{{lang|nl|Onze-Lieve-Vrouw van Doornik}}
| image = Tournai pan.jpg
| image_size = 320px
| alt = Notre-Dame de Tournai, Belgium
| caption = View of the five Romanesque towers of the Cathedral of Tournai (12th century)
| map_type =
| map_size =
| map_caption =
| location = Tournai, Hainaut, Belgium
| geo = {{coord|50|36|23.58|N|3|23|19.89|E|type:landmark_scale:1000_region:BE|display=inline,title}}
| latitude =
| longitude =
| religious_affiliation = Roman Catholic
| district = Diocese of Tournai
| consecration_year =
| status = Cathedral
| functional_status =
| heritage_designation = 1936, 2000
| leadership = Bishop Guy Harpigny
| website = {{URL|http://www.cathedrale-tournai.be }}
| architecture = yes
| architect = Building: unknown {{Cite web|title=Description of the Cathedral of Our Lady of Tournai|url=http://www.kikirpa.be/www2/cgi-bin/wwwopac.exe?DATABASE=obj2&LANGUAGE=0&OPAC_URL=&10059791=ON&LIMIT=200 |access-date=7 July 2011|publisher=Royal Institute for the Study and Conservation of Belgium's Artistic Heritage|work=Picture Library}}
Sacristy: G. Hersecap
Holy Spirit chapel: Simon Vollant
| architecture_type = Church
| architecture_style = Romanesque, Gothic, French Baroque
| general_contractor =
| facade_direction = NW
| groundbreaking =Nave: 1140 and 1171{{harvnb|Bony|1983|p=159}}
Transepts: 1199–1213
Transept vaults: 1243–1255
Gothic choir:1243–1255
Sacristy: 1676
Holy Spirit chapel: 1680{{cite web|title=La chapelle du Saint-Esprit|url=http://www.cathedrale-tournai.be/cathedraletournai/fr/7025-la-chapelle-du-saint-esprit.html|work=Official website|publisher=Diocèse de Tournai|access-date=7 July 2011|author=Cathédrale Notre-Dame de Tournai|language=French}}
| construction_cost =
| specifications =yes
| capacity =
| length ={{convert|134|m}}
| width ={{convert|60|m}}
| width_nave ={{convert|20|m}}
| height_max ={{convert|83|m}}
| dome_quantity =
| dome_height_outer =
| dome_height_inner =
| dome_dia_outer =
| dome_dia_inner =
| spire_quantity = 5 (7 planned)
| spire_height = {{convert|83|m}}
| materials =
|designation1=WHS
|designation1_offname=Notre-Dame Cathedral in Tournai
|designation1_date=2000{{cite web|url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/1009 |title=Notre-Dame Cathedral in Tournai |publisher=Whc.unesco.org |access-date=7 July 2011}}
|designation1_criteria=ii, iv
|designation1_number=[https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/1009 1009]
|designation1_type=Cultural
|designation1_free1name=State Party
|designation1_free1value={{BEL}}
|designation1_free2name=Region
|designation1_free2value=Europe and North America
|designation1_free3name=Session
|designation1_free3value=24th
}}
The Cathedral of Our Lady ({{langx|fr|Notre-Dame de Tournai}}; {{langx|nl|Onze-Lieve-Vrouw van Doornik}}), or Tournai Cathedral, is a Roman Catholic cathedral, see of the Diocese of Tournai in Tournai, Belgium. It has been classified both as a Wallonia major heritage site since 1936{{cite web|title=L'ensemble de la Cathédrale Notre-Dame à l'exception de l'orgue de choeur (partie instrumentale et buffet)|work=Patrimoine Wallon |publisher=Direction de la Protection - Région Wallone|access-date=7 July 2011|language=French|url=http://lampspw.wallonie.be/dgo4/site_thema/index.php?details=57081-PEX-0001-01&thema=pat_exc}} - n° 57081-CLT-0002-01 - 5 February 1936 and as a World Heritage Site since 2000.
History
=Early history=
There was a diocese centered at Tournai from the late 6th century and this structure of local blue-gray stone occupies rising ground near the south bank of the Scheldt, which divides the city of Tournai into two roughly equal parts. Begun in the 12th century on even older foundations, the building combines the work of three design periods with striking effect, the heavy and severe character of the Romanesque nave contrasting remarkably with the transitional work of the transept and the fully developed Gothic of the choir. The transept is the most distinctive part of the building, with its cluster of five bell towers and apsidal (semicircular) ends.
The nave belongs mostly to the first third of the 12th century. Prefiguring the Early Gothic style, it has a second-tier gallery between the ground-floor arcade and the triforium. Pilasters between the round-arched windows in the clerestory help support the 18th-century vaulting that replaced the original ceiling, which was of wood, and flat.
The transept arms, built in about the mid-12th century, have apsidal ends, a feature borrowed in all probability from certain Rhenish churches, and which would appear to have made its influence felt in the north-east of France, as at Noyon and Soissons. The square towers that flank the transept arms reach a height of {{convert|83|m}}. They vary in detail, some of the arcade work with which they are enriched being in the round-arched and some in the pointed style.
Bishop Gautier de Marvis had the earlier Romanesque choir demolished in the 13th century, in order to replace it with a Gothic choir of much grander dimensions, inspired by the likes of Amiens Cathedral. The construction of the new choir began in 1242, and ended in 1255. The rest of the cathedral was supposed to be rebuilt in the same style as the choir, but this was never attempted, the only later additions being the western porch, and a large Gothic chapel which was built alongside one of the side aisles, whose original walls and windows disappeared in the process.
The rood screen is a Renaissance masterpiece by Flemish sculptor Cornelis Floris and dates from 1573.
The glass-stained windows were made by Arnold of Nijmegen and date from 1507.{{Cite web |title=Arnold of Nijmegen |url=https://www.visitstainedglass.uk/artist-page/arnold-of-nijmegen-active-c-1490-c-1536 |access-date=2024-01-03 |website=Visit Stained Glass |language=en}}
=Damage and restoration=
The cathedral was damaged by a severe tornado on the 24 August 1999. Assessment of the damage revealed underlying structural problems and the cathedral has been undergoing extensive repairs and archaeological investigation ever since. The Brunin Tower was stabilised in 2003.
In recognition of Tournai cathedral's cultural value, UNESCO designated the building a World Heritage Site in 2000.
Specifications
| style="width: 75%;vertical-align:top;"
| |
;Towers
;Nave
| | ;Choir
;Transept
|
Bells
Tournai Cathedral has five bells: Marc, Marie-Nicolas, Marie-Étienne, Marie-Gasparine (also known as Marie-Pontoise by Tournaisians) and Catherine. Marie-Gasparine and Marie-Étienne are considered bourdon bells due to their deep notes. Marie-Gasparine is the largest of the five bells, it was cast in 1843 and weighs 9 tons.
Burials
Gallery
File:DoornikLuchtfoto.jpg|Aerial view
File:Tournai nave.jpg|Nave, facing toward choir
File:Dehio_212_Tournay.jpg|Reconstruction showing the original Romanesque choir (front) and two never-built towers (back)
File:Dehio 83 Tournai Floor plan.jpg|Floor plan
File:N-D de Tournai - Rubens JPG1.jpg|The issue of souls in purgatory (Rubens, c. 1635)
File:Rentrée de la grande procession de Tournai à la cathédrale (DSCF8779).jpg|Rose window (Benvignat and Capronier, 19th century) and pipe organ (Ducroquet, 1854)
File:Stained-glass windows in Cathédrale Notre-Dame, Tournai (DSCF8354).jpg|Stained-glass windows
==See also==
References
;Citations
{{reflist}}
;Bibliography
- {{cite web|title=Tournai Cathedral (Belgium)|url=https://whc.unesco.org/archive/advisory_body_evaluation/1009.pdf|work=Evaluation by ICOMOS|type=Report|publisher=UNESCO|year=2000|access-date=7 July 2011}}
- {{cite book|last=Bony|first=Jean|title=French Gothic architecture of the 12th and 13th centuries|year=1983|publisher=University of California Press|location=Berkeley|isbn=978-0-520-05586-5|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=k7ytJ-gXonMC&pg=PA159}}
External links
- {{Commonscat-inline|Cathédrale Notre-Dame (Tournai)}}
- {{Cite web| url=http://www.kikirpa.be/www2/cgi-bin/wwwopac.exe?DATABASE=fotos2&LANGUAGE=2&OPAC_URL=&72650=on| title=Complete catalogue of images of the Cathedral of Our Lady of Tournai|access-date=7 July 2011|publisher=Royal Institute for the Study and Conservation of Belgium's Artistic Heritage|work=Picture Library}}
- {{Cite web| url=http://www.kikirpa.be/www2/cgi-bin/wwwopac.exe?DATABASE=fotos2&LANGUAGE=0©TEXT=©RIGHT=&OPAC_URL=&10059791=on| title=Architectural images of the Cathedral of Our Lady of Tournai|access-date=7 July 2011|publisher=Royal Institute for the Study and Conservation of Belgium's Artistic Heritage|work=Picture Library}}
- [http://www.trabel.com/tournai/tournai-cathedral.htm Tournai: Our Lady's Cathedral] - from Belgium Travel Network
- [https://whc.unesco.org/archive/advisory_body_evaluation/1009.pdf Tournai Cathedral (pdf)] - UNESCO site, contains detailed description and history
- [http://www.tournai.be/en/officiel/index.php?page=138 Cathedral Notre-Dame] - from official site of the city of Tournai
- [https://archives.wallonie.be/ark:/44119/dp645zjr82h9 Ornamental stones from Tournai Cathedral, photographs of 1991] from the Site of the Walloon regional archives (fr).
{{World Heritage Sites in Belgium}}
{{Catholic Church in Belgium}}
{{Authority control}}
Category:Roman Catholic churches completed in 1700
Category:Wallonia's Major Heritage
Category:Roman Catholic cathedrals in Belgium
Category:World Heritage Sites in Belgium
Category:Romanesque architecture in Belgium
Category:Gothic architecture in Belgium