Toxicoscordion fontanum
{{short description|Species of plant}}
{{Speciesbox
|name = Small-flower death camas
|genus = Toxicoscordion
|species = fontanum
|authority = (Eastw.) Zomlefer & Judd
|synonyms = *Zigadenus fontanus Eastw.
- Zygadenus fontanus Eastw., alternate spelling
- Zigadenus micranthus var. fontanus (Eastw.) O.S. Walsh ex McNeal
|synonyms_ref = [http://www.tropicos.org/Name/50218507 Tropicos][http://www.theplantlist.org/tpl1.1/record/kew-289517 The Plant List]
}}
Toxicoscordion fontanum, common name small-flower death camas, is a rare plant species known only from serpentine marshes in California. It is found primarily in the Coast Ranges from Mendocino County to San Luis Obispo County, with an additional report of an isolated population in the Sierra Nevada foothills in Kern County east of Bakersfield.[http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=1&taxon_id=242102098 Flora of North America v 26 p 85.][http://www.calflora.org/cgi-bin/species_query.cgi?where-calrecnum=11102 Calflora taxon report, Toxicoscordion fontanum (Eastw.) Zomlefer & Judd, marsh zigadenus ]
Toxicoscordion fontanum is a bulb-forming perennial herb. Bulbs are egg-shaped, up to 40 mm (1.6 inches) long, not clumped together. Inflorescences are paniculate, sometimes with as many as 100 flowers. Tepals are cream-colored, up to 12 mm (0.5 inches) long; filaments shorter than the tepals.[https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/642883#page/305/mode/1up Zomlefer, Wendy B., & Judd, Walter Stephen. 2002. Resurrection of segregates of the polyphyletic genus Zigadenus s.l. (Liliales: Melanthisaceae) and resulting new combinations. Novon 12(2):299-308.][https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/13171071#page/56/mode/1up Eastwood, Alice. 1937. Zygadenus fontanus: a new species from Mt. Tamalpais. Leaflets of Western Botany 2(3): 41–42].[https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/13789123#page/50/mode/1up McNeal, Dale W. 1992. New taxa and new combinations in western North American Liliaceae. Phytologia 73(4): 307-311]Munz, P. A. & D. D. Keck. 1959. California Flora 1–1681. University of California Press, Berkeley.
Toxicity
As with many other species formerly included in Zigadenus, this species is highly toxic and potentially lethal to humans and to livestock.{{cite journal | url=http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0196064495703365 | doi=10.1016/S0196-0644(95)70336-5 | pmid=7832360 | date=1995 | last1=Heilpern | first1=K. L. | title=Zigadenus poisoning | journal=Annals of Emergency Medicine | volume=25 | issue=2 | pages=259–262 | url-access=subscription }} Some people have eaten it confusing it with wild onion, Allium spp. Zigadenus, despite Toxicoscordion not having the characteristic onion scent associated with Allium spp.[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TD6hAih_pnw Death Camas and Wild Onion][http://www.elzorrocolorado.com/pacahealth/html/deathacamas.html El Zorro Colorado, Death Camas]
Ecology
It is not unusual to find species that specialize in growing on serpentine soil. There are scattered pocket of this soil in various parts of California, Oregon, and elsewhere. Metamorphic rocks such as serpentinite are formed well below the earth's surface then carried upward by geologic activity. Soils made from such rocks tend to be low in nutrients such as nitrogen, potassium and phosphorus but high in nickel and chromium. Such conditions are toxic to most plants, but some species such as T. fontanum have evolved with adaptations allowing them to tolerate serpentine soils.Alexander, E. B.; Coleman, R. G.; Keeler-Wolf, T.; Harrison, S. (2007). Serpentine Geoecology of Western North America: Geology, Soils, and Vegetation. New York: Oxford University Press. {{ISBN|0-19-516508-X}}.