Traditional lighting equipment of Japan#Tōrō
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File:Japanese Lantern Makers.jpg]]
The traditional lighting equipment of Japan includes the {{nihongo||行灯|andon}}, the {{nihongo||雪洞|bonbori}}, the {{nihongo||提灯|chōchin}}, and the {{nihongo||灯篭|tōrō}}.
{{transliteration|ja|Andon}}
{{See also|Andon (manufacturing)}}
The {{transliteration|ja|andon}} is a lamp consisting of paper stretched over a frame of bamboo, wood or metal. The paper protected the flame from the wind. Burning oil in a stone, metal, or ceramic holder, with a wick of cotton or pith, provided the light. They were usually open on the top and bottom, with one side that could be lifted to provide access.{{cite book | first=Edward S. | last=Morse | title=Japanese Homes and their Surroundings | publisher=Charles E. Tuttle Company | isbn=0-8048-0998-4 | author-link= Edward S. Morse |date=1885|url=https://www.gutenberg.org/files/52868/52868-h/52868-h.html|page=221-222}} Rapeseed oil was popular. Candles were also used, but their higher price made them less popular. A lower-priced alternative was sardine oil.
The {{transliteration|ja|andon}} became popular in the Edo period (1603–1867). Early on, the {{transliteration|ja|andon}} was handheld; it could also be placed on a stand or hung on a wall.{{cite book|first=Koji|last=Yagi|title=A Japanese Touch for Your Home|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YCK8c3E7LK4C&dq=Andon+Koji+Yagi&pg=PA71|date=1992|publisher=Kodansha International|page=71|isbn=9784770016621 }} The {{transliteration|ja|okiandon}} was most common indoors. Many had a vertical box shape with an inner stand for the light. Some had a drawer on the bottom to facilitate refilling and lighting. A handle on top made it portable. A variety was the {{transliteration|ja|Enshū andon}}. One explanation attributes it to Kobori Enshu, who lived in the late Azuchi-Momoyama period and early Edo period. Tubular in shape, it had an opening instead of a drawer.{{cite book|first=Alex|last=Kerr|title=Another Kyoto|date=5 July 2018 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ml5PDwAAQBAJ&dq=%22Ensh%C5%AB+andon%22&pg=PT56|publisher=Penguin Books|isbn=9780141988344 }} Another variety was the {{transliteration|ja|Ariake andon}}, a bedside lamp. The {{transliteration|ja|kakeandon}} under the eaves of a shop, often bearing the name of the merchant, was a common sight in the towns.
The expression {{transliteration|ja|hiru andon}}, or "daytime lamp," meant someone or something that seemed to serve no purpose.{{cite book|first=Boyé Lafayette|last=De Mente|author-link=Boyé Lafayette De Mente|title=Japan's Cultural Code Words|publisher=Tuttle Publishing|page=96-97}} In dramatizations of the story of the forty-seven ronin, Oishi Yoshio is often given this description.
File:Andon LCCN2008660135.jpg|{{transliteration|ja|Ukiyo-e}} print showing an {{transliteration|ja|andon}} being carried indoors
File:行燈（あんどん）8163423.jpg|An {{transliteration|ja|andon}} standing outdoors with one side open
File:Mishimajuku-jikuchiandon 2013.jpg|{{transliteration|ja|Andons}} hung in Mishima, Shizuoka
File:京都・東山花灯路清水坂行灯.jpg|Example of a cylindrical {{transliteration|ja|andon}} at the {{transliteration|ja|Hanatouro}} Festival in Arashiyama, Kyoto
File:SekienAoando.jpg|The {{transliteration|ja|Aoandon}} {{lit|blue {{transliteration|ja|andon}}}} of Japanese folklore.
{{transliteration|ja|Bonbori}}
The {{nihongo||{{ruby|雪洞|ぼんぼり}}|bonbori}} is a kind of Japanese paper lamp used in the open during festivals. It normally has an hexagonal profile and a rather wide, open top.Iwanami Kōjien (広辞苑) Japanese dictionary, 6th Edition (2008), DVD version It can either hang from a wire or stand on a pole. Famous is the {{nihongo|Bonbori Festival|ぼんぼり祭り|Bonbori Matsuri}}, held annually at Tsurugaoka Hachiman-gū in Kamakura, Kanagawa. Artists paint on the about 400 {{transliteration|ja|bonbori}} erected for the occasion on the shrine's grounds.{{cite web|title=Bonbori Matsuri|url=http://www.buddhist-artwork.com/bonbori-festival/html/bonbori.html|accessdate=8 August 2010}}
File:Bonbori001.jpg|{{transliteration|ja|Bonbori}} lining the {{transliteration|ja|Sandō}} at a Bonbori Festival
File:Youkoukan07s4592.jpg|{{nihongo||養浩館庭園|Yōkōkan Teien}} in Fukui
File:Aki-no-nanakusa 01.JPG|{{nihongo||観月会|Kangetsu-kai}} at Ise Jingū
File:Yasukuni Mitama Night.JPG|{{nihongo||懸雪洞|Kake-bonbori}} at the {{transliteration|ja|Mitama Matsuri}} festival at Yasukuni Jinja
{{transliteration|ja|Chōchin}}
{{redirect|Chōchin|the 1987 film|Chōchin (film)}}
A relative of the Chinese paper lantern, the {{transliteration|ja|chōchin}} has a frame of split bamboo wound in a spiral. Paper or silk protect the flame from wind. The spiral structure permits it to be collapsed into the basket at the bottom.{{cite book| title=Japan and Things Japanese | publisher= Routledge |last=Joya |first=Mock | year=2017 | page=8, 36-37}} The {{transliteration|ja|chōchin}} is used outdoors, either carried or hung outside the house. In present-day Japan, plastic {{transliteration|ja|chōchin}} with electric bulbs are produced as novelties, souvenirs, and for {{transliteration|ja|matsuri}} and events.{{cite web|title=What are Chochin lanterns|publisher=Japan Talk|url=https://www.japan-talk.com/jt/new/chochin}} The earliest record of a {{transliteration|ja|chōchin}} dates to 1085, and one appears in a 1536 illustration.
The {{transliteration|ja|akachōchin}}, or red lantern, marks an {{transliteration|ja|izakaya}}.{{cite book |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=3ZUdBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA20 | title=Drinking Japan: A Guide to Japan's Best Drinks and Drinking Establishments | publisher=Tuttle Publishing |last=Bunting |first=Chris | year=2014 | page=20 | isbn=978-1-4629-0627-7}} In Japanese folklore, the {{transliteration|ja|chochin}} appears as a {{transliteration|ja|yōkai}}, the {{transliteration|ja|chōchin-obake}}.{{cite book| title=Asian horror encyclopedia: Asian horror culture in literature, manga and folklore | publisher=Writers Club Press. |last=Bush |first=Lawrence | year=2001 | page=109}}
Gifu is known for its Gifu lanterns, a kind of {{transliteration|ja|chōchin}} made from {{transliteration|ja|mino washi}}.[http://www.jnto.go.jp/eng/arrange/attractions/facilities/traditional_handicrafts/83dn3a000000el8f.html Gifu Paper Lanterns]. Japan National Tourist Organization. Accessed April 30, 2008.
File:Minatogawai-Jinja Massha Kusumoto-Inari-Jinja3.JPG|{{transliteration|ja|Chōchin}} at Minatogawa Shrine in Kōbe
File:野崎八幡神社 - panoramio (3).jpg|White {{transliteration|ja|chōchin}} decorated with {{transliteration|ja|tomoe}}
File:Senso-ji Kaminarimon Laterne.jpg|Oversized {{transliteration|ja|chōchin}} at the Kaminarimon in Sensō-ji
File:Cyochin2.jpg|{{transliteration|ja|Akachōchin}} lantern outside an {{transliteration|ja|izakaya}}
File:Kuniyoshi Utagawa, Japan, Woman with fan.jpg|{{transliteration|ja|Ukiyo-e}} print by Utagawa Kuniyoshi showing a {{transliteration|ja|chōchin}} decorated with a landscape
File:Yatadera-temple Kyoto.JPG|Yata-dera (矢田寺) Temple in Kyōto
File:Gifu cyouchin0000000001.JPG|{{transliteration|ja|Gifu chōchin}}
File:Isshiki Manabinoyakata museum ac (1).jpg|Massive {{transliteration|ja|chōchin}} at Isshiki Manabi no Yakata museum
{{transliteration|ja|Tōrō}}
Originally used in the broad sense to mean any lantern, the term {{transliteration|ja|tōrō}} came to refer to a lamp of stone, bronze, iron, wood, or another heavy material. These illuminate the grounds of Buddhist temples, Shinto shrines, Japanese gardens, and other places that include tradition in their decor.{{cite web|title=tourou 灯籠|url=https://www.aisf.or.jp/~jaanus/deta/t/tourou.htm|accessdate=18 June 2022}} The earlier use of oil and candles has in the modern day been replaced by electric bulbs.
= Bronze {{transliteration|ja|tōrō}} =
File:Chi Lin Nunnery 10, Mar 06.JPG|Bronze and stone lanterns in Chi Lin Nunnery, Hongkong
File:Horyu-ji43s3200.jpg|Bronze lantern at Hōryū-ji
File:NaraTodaijiL0202.jpg|8th century bronze lantern at Tōdai-ji (National Treasure)
File:Latarnia w Miyajima.JPG|Bronze lantern at Itsukushima Shrine
= Stone {{transliteration|ja|tōrō}} =
{{Main|Stone lantern}}
File:北投不動明王石窟石燈籠.jpg|Stone lantern in Taiwan
File:Wuzhen old town.JPG|Water lantern in Zhejiang Province
File:Kasuga-taisha30bs4592.jpg|{{transliteration|ja|Tachi-dōrō}} of the {{transliteration|ja|kasuga-dōrō}} type
File:IMG 2660.jpg|Three legged {{transliteration|ja|yukimi-dōrō}}. One leg rests on ground, two in water.
= Wooden {{transliteration|ja|tōrō}} =
File:Kuroki-toro (Reiwa Daijokyu).JPG|Wooden {{transliteration|ja|tōrō}} ({{nihongo2|黒木灯籠}})
File:Fukutokuinari shrine 福徳稲荷神社 - panoramio.jpg|Wooden {{transliteration|ja|tōrō}} placed between stone {{transliteration|ja|tōrō}} at Fukutokuinari shrine
See also
- Physalis alkekengi, the lantern plant
- Water lantern
- Gandō
References
{{reflist}}
External links
- Japanese Gardening, [http://www.japanesegardening.org/lanterns Lanterns]. Accessed on February 2, 2010
{{Shinto shrine}}