Traumatic stress

Traumatic stress is a common term for reactive anxiety and depression, although it is not a medical term and is not included in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM). The experience of traumatic stress include subtypes of anxiety, depression and disturbance of conduct along with combinations of these symptoms. This may result from events that are less threatening and distressing than those that lead to post-traumatic stress disorder. The fifth edition of the DSM describes in a section titled "Trauma and Stress-Related Disorders" disinhibited social engagement disorder, reactive attachment disorder, acute stress disorder, adjustment disorder, and post-traumatic stress disorder.{{Cite web|url=http://traumadissociation.com/trauma-stressor|title=Trauma and Stressor-related disorders with DSM-5 & ICD 10 codes | website = TraumaDissociation.com |access-date=2019-09-06}}

Symptoms

Symptoms of traumatic stress can be both physical and emotional. Physical symptoms include trembling, shaking, a pounding heart, rapid breathing, choking feelings, stomach tightening/churning, dizziness/faintness, and cold sweats. Emotional symptoms include racing thoughts and excessive feelings of shock, disbelief, fear, sadness, helplessness, guilt, anger, shame and anxiety.{{Cite web | first1 = Melinda | last1 = Smith | first2 = Lawrence | last2 = Robinson | first3 = Jeanne | last3 = Segal | name-list-style = vanc |url=https://www.helpguide.org/articles/ptsd-trauma/traumatic-stress.htm|title=Traumatic Stress | work = HelpGuide.org |access-date=2019-09-06}} Furthermore, many people revert to certain coping mechanisms.{{Cite book|title=Traumatic stress : the effects of overwhelming experience on mind, body, and society|date=2007|publisher=Guilford Press|others=Van der Kolk, Bessel A., 1943-, McFarlane, Alexander C., Weisæth, Lars.|isbn=9781572304574|edition=Paperback |location=New York|oclc=76273307}} In children, that may include a loss of being able to take care of themselves (no longer able to eat on their own or be toilet trained). In adults, there can be an increase in impulsive behavior and dependence on others (leading to an inability for them to make "thoughtful, autonomous decisions".

Types

= Dis-inhibited social engagement disorder =

{{Further|Disinhibited social engagement disorder}}Dis-inhibited social engagement disorder is a stress-related disorder stemming from neglect during childhood.American Psychiatric Association (2013). Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (Fifth ed.). Arlington, VA: American Psychiatric Publishing. pp. 5–25. {{ISBN|978-0-89042-555-8}}. According to Erikson's work on the stages of psychosocial development, the psycho-social crisis of trust versus mistrust during infancy causes neglect during that period to have permanent effects because a neglected infant does not learn to trust his parent(s). Feelings of mistrust and anxiety may eventually lead to traumatic stress, especially through dis-inhibited social engagement disorder, among others.{{Cite book|title=Essentials of life-span development| last = Santrock | first = John W. | name-list-style = vanc |isbn=9781260054309 |oclc=1048028379 |date = September 2018| publisher = McGraw-Hill Education }} Symptom persistence is necessary for a diagnosis of dis-inhibited social engagement disorder: specific symptoms must be present for at least twelve months.

= Reactive attachment disorder =

{{Further|Reactive attachment disorder}}Reactive attachment disorder is a trauma disorder that arises when a parent does not console an upset child. A repetition of this behavior causes sadness, irritability, and fear, which can then lead to the disorder.{{Cite book|title=DSM-5 Guidebook: The Essential Companion to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders|last=Black|first=Donald| name-list-style = vanc |publisher=American Psychiatric Publishing|year=2014|isbn=9781585624652}} A cluster of symptoms relating to indiscriminate behaviors is regarded as dis-inhibited social engagement disorder rather than reactive attachment disorder; symptoms of reactive attachment disorder must be inhibited. Both dis-inhibited social engagement disorder and reactive attachment disorder are related to severe pathogenic care.{{cite journal | vauthors = Lehmann S, Monette S, Egger H, Breivik K, Young D, Davidson C, Minnis H | title = Development and Examination of the Reactive Attachment Disorder and Disinhibited Social Engagement Disorder Assessment Interview | journal = Assessment | pages = 749–765 | date = September 2018 | volume = 27 | issue = 4 | pmid = 30175603 | doi = 10.1177/1073191118797422 | pmc = 7227130 | doi-access = free }}{{cite journal | vauthors = Lehmann S, Breivik K, Heiervang ER, Havik T, Havik OE | title = Reactive Attachment Disorder and Disinhibited Social Engagement Disorder in School-Aged Foster Children--A Confirmatory Approach to Dimensional Measures | journal = Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology | volume = 44 | issue = 3 | pages = 445–57 | date = April 2016 | pmid = 26126635 | pmc = 4785216 | doi = 10.1007/s10802-015-0045-4 }}

= Acute stress disorder =

{{Further|Acute stress reaction}}Another disorder in this category is acute stress disorder, which is listed in DSM-5 under code 308.3, ICD-10, F43.0. According to the DSM-5 "Acute Stress Disorder is caused by trauma (traumatic stress) and lasts at least 3 days."{{Cite book|url={{google books |plainurl=y |id=lKeTAwAAQBAJ}}|title=DSM-5 Guidebook: The Essential Companion to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition| first1 = Donald W. | last1 = Black | first2 = Jon E. | last2 = Grant | name-list-style = vanc |date=2014-02-01|publisher=American Psychiatric Pub|isbn=9781585624652|language=en}}

= Adjustment disorder =

{{Further|Adjustment disorder}}Another disorder in this category is adjustment disorder DSM-5 code 309, ICD-10, F43-2. "Adjustment disorder is a manipulative reaction to identifiable psycho-social stressor(s) or life change(s) characterized by preoccupation with the stressor and failure to adapt."

= Post-traumatic stress disorder =

{{Further|Post-traumatic stress disorder}}The last disorder listed in the DSM-5 is post-traumatic stress disorder. "Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a psychiatric disorder that can occur in people who have experienced or witnessed a traumatic event such as a natural disaster, a serious accident, a terrorist act, war/combat, rape or other violent personal assault."{{cite web | first = Ranna | last = Parekh | name-list-style = vanc | date = January 2017 |url= https://www.psychiatry.org/patients-families/ptsd/what-is-ptsd |title=What Is PTSD? | publisher = American Psychiatric Association |access-date=2019-09-07 }} Post-traumatic stress disorder is expressed through behavioral manifestations that resemble symptoms of PTSD. The diagnostic standards for PTSD encompass reliving the traumatic experience, avoiding triggers, and persistent hyperarousal.{{Cite journal |last1=Robinson |first1=Lauren K. |last2=Sterling |first2=Laura |last3=Jackson |first3=Joel |last4=Gentry |first4=Eric |last5=Araujo |first5=Fabiana |last6=LaFond |first6=Cynthia |last7=Jacobson |first7=Kristen C. |last8=Lee |first8=Royce |date=January 2022 |title=A Secondary Traumatic Stress Reduction Program in Emergency Room Nurses |journal=SAGE Open Nursing |language=en |volume=8 |pages=237796082210945 |doi=10.1177/23779608221094530 |issn=2377-9608 |pmc=9096200 |pmid=35574270}} Post-traumatic stress disorder can affect people of all ages, including children as young as 2.{{cite book |title=Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder: The Management of PTSD in Adults and Children in Primary and Secondary Care. | series = NICE Clinical Guidelines, No. 26 | author = National Collaborating Centre for Mental Health | chapter = Children and young people with PTSD | publisher = Gaskell | location = Leicester (UK) |url= https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK56490/ |year=2005 }}