Treaty of Lima (1929)
{{Short description|1929 treaty between Chile and Peru}}
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{{Infobox Treaty
|name = Treaty of Lima
|long_name = Complementary Treaty and Protocol to Resolve the Question of Tacna and Arica
|image = Tacna-Arica Dispute (1883-1929).svg
|image_width = 250px
|caption = Map showing the Tacna-Arica dispute and its solution.
|type = Border treaty
|date_drafted = 3 June 1929
|date_signed = 3 June 1929
|location_signed = Lima, Peru
|date_sealed =
|date_effective = 28 August 1929
|condition_effective =
|signatories =
- {{flagdeco|Chile}} Emiliano Figueroa
- {{flagdeco|Peru|1884}} Pedro José Rada
|parties =
- {{CHL}}
- {{flag|Peru|1884}}
}}
The Tacna–Arica compromise or Treaty of Lima{{efn|Also known as the Rada y Gamio-Figueroa Larraín Treaty{{Cite book|title=Nuevo Compendio de Historia del Perú|last=Tamayo Herrera|first=José|author-link=José Tamayo Herrera|publisher=Editorial Lumen|year=1985|isbn=|page=331}}}} was a series of documents that settled the territorial dispute of both Tacna and Arica provinces of Peru and Chile respectively. According to the Treaty, the Tacna-Arica Territory was divided between both countries; Tacna being awarded to Peru, with Chile retaining sovereignty over Arica. Chile also agreed to pay up to US$6 million (about £1.23 million; equivalent to ${{inflation|US|6|1929}} million in {{Inflation/year|US}}) in compensation to Peru. The treaty was signed on 3 June 1929 in Lima by then-Peruvian Representative Pedro José Rada y Gamio and Chilean Representative Emiliano Figueroa Larrain.
Background
File:Leguía y los delegados plebiscitarios de Tacna y Arica - 1925.jpg
File:Border Peru-Chile acc. 1929 Treaty.jpg
The controversy was a direct aftermath of the War of the Pacific, a confrontation of Chile against Peru and Bolivia. Chile won the war and conquered the Peruvian territories of Tarapacá, Tacna and Arica. The defeated Peruvian government was forced to sign the Treaty of Ancón in 1883.
According to this treaty, Tarapacá was annexed to Chile, and a plebiscite was meant to take place in 1893, 10 years after the signing of the treaty. The plebiscite, however, never took place, as both countries had conflicting points of view and did not reach an agreement.Egaña, Rafael (1900). The Tacna and Arica question. Historical antecedents.--Diplomatic action. Present state of the affair (translated from the Spanish edition by Edwin C. Reed) Barcelona Printing Office, Santiago, Chile, {{OCLC|19301902}} Chile began a campaign known as Chilenization in 1909. Peru followed in 1911 with the recalling of its ambassador and a break of diplomatic relations.{{cn|date=April 2024}}
In 1922, Chile and Peru agreed to arbitrate the dispute with the President of the United States. U.S. President Calvin Coolidge appointed, in 1925, the first U.S. arbitrator, General John J. Pershing; General William Lassiter followed in 1926. Neither negotiator was able to break the deadlock. US Secretary of State Frank B. Kellogg suggested direct negotiations in Washington, D.C. in 1928. It was these negotiations that led to the Treaty of Lima.{{cn|date=April 2024}}
Treaty
The deal that was finally reached allowed Peru to reacquire Tacna while Chile kept Arica. Chile had also to make some concessions such as building a Peruvian-administered wharf in Arica and pay a six million-dollar indemnification, among other provisions. In 1999, Chile and Peru at last agreed to fully implement the Treaty of Lima, providing Peru with access to port facilities in Arica.Dominguez, Jorge et al. (2003) Boundary Disputes in Latin America United States Institute of Peace, Washington, D.C., [http://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?u=1&num=33&seq=3&view=image&size=100&id=mdp.39015052976985 page 33], {{OCLC|53067610}}
Notes
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References
{{Reflist}}
{{commons category|Tratado de Lima (1929)}}
- Coolidge, Calvin (1925) In the matter of the arbitration between the Republic of Chile and the Republic of Peru, with respect to the unfulfilled provisions of the treaty of peace of October 20, 1883, under the Protocol and Supplementary act signed at Washington July 20, 1922. Opinion and award of the arbitrator Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C., {{OCLC|1611324}}
- Dennis, William Jefferson (1931) Tacna and Arica: an account of the Chile-Peru boundary dispute and of the arbitrations by the United States Yale University Press, New Haven, {{OCLC|1613270}}; reprinted in 1967 by Archon Books, Hamden, Connecticut, {{OCLC|485974}}
- Egaña, Rafael (1900) The Tacna and Arica question. Historical antecedents.--Diplomatic action. Present state of the affair (translated from the Spanish edition by Edwin C. Reed) Barcelona Printing Office, Santiago, Chile, {{OCLC|19301902}}
- González Miranda, Sergio (2006) Arica y la triple frontera: integración y conflicto entre Bolivia, Perú y Chile Aríbalo, Iquique, Chile, {{ISBN|978-956-8563-00-4}}, in Spanish
- Jane, Lionel Cecil (1930) "The question of Tacna-Arica ..." Transactions of the Grotius Society 15: pp. 93–119
- Krieg, William L. (1974) Legacy of the War of the Pacific External Research Program, United States Department of State, Washington, D.C., {{OCLC|2533493}}
- Skuban, William E. (2007) Lines in the sand: nationalism and identity on the Peruvian-Chilean frontier University of New Mexico Press, Albuquerque, New Mexico, {{ISBN|978-0-8263-4223-2}}
- Wilson, Joe F. (1979) The United States, Chile and Peru in the Tacna and Arica plebiscite University Press of America, Washington, D.C., {{ISBN|978-0-8191-0685-8}}
- Yepes, Ernesto (1999) Un plebiscito imposible: Tacna y Arica, 1925-1926 Ediciones Análisis, Lima, Peru, {{OCLC|43089352}}, in Spanish
{{War of the Pacific}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Treaty Of Lima}}
Category:Territorial disputes of Peru
Category:Territorial disputes of Chile
Category:History of the foreign relations of Chile