Trebaruna
Names
Her name also appears as Trebarune, Trebaronna, Trebarone, Trebaronne and Trebaroni.{{Cite journal |last=Tovar |first=Antonio |title=L'inscription du Cabeço das Fráguas et la langue des Lusitaniens |journal=Études Celtiques |volume=11 |issue=2 |date=1966 |page=256 |doi=10.3406/ecelt.1966.2167}}.{{Cite journal |author-link=Blanca María Prósper |last=Prósper |first=Blanca |date=1994 |url=https://addi.ehu.es/handle/10810/35887 |title=El teónimo paleohispano Trebarune |journal=Veleia |volume=11 |place=Vitoria-Gasteiz |page=187 |issn=0213-2095}}.Untermann, Jürgen (2010). "Las divinidades del Cabeço das Fráguas y la gramática de la lengua lusitana". In: [https://www.cei.pt/pdfdocs/edicoes/iberografias_6.pdf Actas de las jornadas Porcom, oilam, taurom. Cabeço das Fráguas: o santuário no seu contexto, celebradas en Guarda (Portugal) el 23 de abril de 2010. Revista Iberografias] 6 (2010): 82. {{ISSN|1646-2858}}.
Spanish historian {{ill|José María Blázquez Martínez|es|José María Blázquez Martínez}} also lists the following name attestations for the deity:Blázquez, José Mª. Arte Y Religión En El Mediterráneo Antiguo. Ediciones Cátedra, 2008. p. 126.
=Etymology=
Her name could be derived from the Celtic *{{not a typo|trebo}} ('home') and *{{not a typo|runa}} ('secret, mystery').{{Cite journal |last=Mees |first=Bernard |title=The etymology of "rune" |journal=Beiträge zur Geschichte der deutschen Sprache und Literatur |volume=136 |issue=4 |date=2014 |page=530 |doi=10.1515/bgsl-2014-0046 |s2cid=161293341 |issn=0005-8076}}. Spanish philologist Antonio Tovar suggested that, like the first part of name Trebopala, this goddess could have been connected to the community.Tovar, Antonio. "L’inscription du Cabeço das Fráguas et la langue des Lusitaniens". In: Etudes Celtiques, vol. 11, fascicule 2, 1966. pp. 256. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3406/ecelt.1966.2167; www.persee.fr/doc/ecelt_0373-1928_1966_num_11_2_2167 Jürgen Untermann states that the names of this deity are found in the dative case, suggesting a nominative form like *Trebaru or *Trebaro.Untermann, Jürgen (2010). "Las divinidades del Cabeço das Fráguas y la gramática de la lengua lusitana". In: [https://www.cei.pt/pdfdocs/edicoes/iberografias_6.pdf Actas de las jornadas Porcom, oilam, taurom. Cabeço das Fráguas: o santuário no seu contexto, celebradas en Guarda (Portugal) el 23 de abril de 2010. Revista Iberografias] 6 (2010): 82-83. {{ISSN|1646-2858}}.
Epigraphic evidence
Tovar listed three inscriptions wherein their name is attested: one from Idanha-a-Velha, a second from Coria and the third from Lardosa.Tovar, Antonio. "L’inscription du Cabeço das Fráguas et la langue des Lusitaniens". In: Etudes Celtiques, vol. 11, fascicule 2, 1966. pp. 255. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3406/ecelt.1966.2167; www.persee.fr/doc/ecelt_0373-1928_1966_num_11_2_2167
Two small altars dedicated to this goddess were found in Portugal, one in Roman-Lusitanian Egitania (current Idanha-a-Velha) and another in Lardosa. The Tavares Proença Regional Museum in Castelo Branco now contains the altar from Lardosa. It was located in an area where the people from a Castro settlement founded a Roman-Lusitanian villa. This altar used to hold a statue of the goddess which has since been lost. Nevertheless, it still preserves this inscription:
{{lang|la|TREBARONNE V(otum) S(Olvit) OCONUS OCONIS f(ilius)}} which translates as: Oconus, son of Oco, has fulfilled the vow to Trebaruna.O Archeologo Português, 1/29, 1933, pp. 165-166.
A name Trebarune (probably in the dative case) also appears on the inscription of Cabeço das Fráguas as a divinity receiving a sacrifice of a sheep.
In an inscription from Fundão in Portugal, a deity Trebarune is invoked by a Toncius Toncetani:Jud, J. "MOTS D'ORIGINE GAULOISE?". In: Romania 47, no. 188 (1921): 495 (footnote nr. 1). Accessed July 29, 2021. http://www.jstor.org/stable/45044435. www.persee.fr/doc/roma_0035-8029_1921_num_47_188_4452
::Ara(m) pos(uit) Toncius Toncetani f(ilius) Icaedit(anus) milis Trebarun(a)e l(ibens) m(erito) v(otum) s(olvit)
José d'Encarnação lists an inscription from the Roman villa of Freiria (Cascais) (found on August 27, 1985), where a Triborunnis is invoked - a possible reference to this deity."Lusitanie". In: L'Année épigraphique 1985 (1988): 133. Accessed July 30, 2021. http://www.jstor.org/stable/25607451. The component Tribo- he interprets as cognate to PIE *treb-.Encarnação, José d'. "[https://www.academia.edu/41616921/O_ex_voto_%C3%A0_divindade_Triborunnis O ex-voto à divindade Triborunnis]". In: Kairós (Boletim do Centro de Estudos de Arqueologia, Artes e Ciências do Património) Nº. 4 - Inverno de 2019. pp. 78-80. http://hdl.handle.net/10316/88700Encarnação, José d' (2019). "[http://hdl.handle.net/10316/88468 Epigrafia romana no concelho de Cascais]". In: Lisboa Romana – Felicitas Iulia Olisipo – Monumentos Epigráficos. p. 131. {{ISBN|978-989-658-608-9}}.
A more recent inscription from Capera is a dedicatory epigraphy by a person named Marcus Fidius to Augusta Trebaruna.{{Cite journal |last=Mora |first=Noelia Cases |title=Inscripción dedicada a Augusta Trebaruna en Capera (Oliva de Plasencia, Cáceres) |url=http://rua.ua.es/dspace/handle/10045/113159
|journal=Boletín del Archivo Epigráfico |issn=2603-9117 |volume=7 |date=2021 |pages=68–75}}.
Possible role
José Leite de Vasconcellos suggested that Trebaruna was a war goddess, since he found a second votive altar by the same person (Toncius Toncetami), dedicated to Roman goddess Victoria.Vasconcellos, José de. "[https://books.google.com/books?id=R3kLAAAAYAAJ&dq=%22trebaruna%22&pg=PA230 Cultos luso-romanos em Idegitania]". In: O Archeologo Português. Vol. 1, N. 9. Setembro de 1895. pp. 225-232.
Based on a possible etymology of her name, it seems she was a protector or protectress of property, home, and families.O Archeologo Português, 1/29, 1933, p. 163. In the same vein, Olivares Pedreños cited positions by d'Arbois de Jubainville and Lambrino that interpret her as a protectress of the group or tribe.Olivares Pedreño, Juan Carlos. [https://books.google.com/books?id=PAHgxlrL6FIC&dq=%22trebaruna%22&pg=PA245 Los dioses de la hispania céltica]. Universitat d´Alacant / Universidad de Alicante, Servicio de Publicaciones: Real Academia de la Historia. 2002. p. 245. {{ISBN|84-95983-00-1}}.
Legacy
Following the announcement in 1895 by José Leite de Vasconcelos of the discovery of Trebaruna as a new theonym, a poem celebrating this was published which likened Trebaruna to the Roman Victoria.[http://hip.lisboa.ucp.pt/ipac20/ipac.jsp?session=123A28W2344T8.186194&profile=bujp&uri=link=3100027~!534444~!3100024~!3100022&aspect=basic_search&menu=search&ri=1&source=~!bujp&term=Trebaruna+%3A+deusa+lusitana+%3A+ode+heroica&index=ALTITLE Trebaruna, deusa Lusitana, ode heroica], José Leite de Vasconcelos, Barcelos : Typographia da Aurora do Cavado (1895) She has recently[http://www.pt.paganfederation.org/pfi.htm O que é a Pagan Federation?] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090325104112/http://www.pt.paganfederation.org/pfi.htm |date=2009-03-25 }} become, among neopagans, a goddess of battles and alliances.[http://www.pt.paganfederation.org/d_terra_2002.htm Pagan Federation Portugal] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080906122917/http://www.pt.paganfederation.org/d_terra_2002.htm |date=2008-09-06 }}
The Portuguese metal-band Moonspell composed a song called "Trebaruna" which is a celebration of the goddess.
See also
References
{{reflist}}
Bibliography
- {{Cite journal |last=Mora |first=Noelia Cases |title=Inscripción dedicada a Augusta Trebaruna en Capera (Oliva de Plasencia, Cáceres) |url=http://rua.ua.es/dspace/handle/10045/113159
|journal=Boletín del Archivo Epigráfico |issn=2603-9117 |volume=7 |date=2021 |pages=68–75}}.
- {{Cite journal |author-link=Blanca María Prósper |last=Prósper |first=Blanca |date=1994 |url=https://addi.ehu.es/handle/10810/35887 |title=El teónimo paleohispano Trebarune |journal=Veleia |volume=11 |place=Vitoria-Gasteiz |pages=187–196 |issn=0213-2095}}.
Further reading
- Encarnação, José d' (2021). "[http://hdl.handle.net/10316/94367 Trebaruna, divindade lusitana intemporal]". In: Materiaes nº. 5. pp. 37–76. {{ISSN|1647-9637}}.
- Lambrino, Scarlat. La déesse celtique Trebaruna. Bulletin des études portugaises, tome XX. [Lisboa]: Bertrand, 1957. 23p (monograph)
External links
{{Spoken Wikipedia|En-Trebaruna-article.oga|date=2018-11-10}}
{{Celtic mythology (ancient)}}