Trichoderma atroviride

This organism has had its DNA sequenced and uploaded to the NCBI database. An abbreviated taxonomic description is as follows: Eukaryota; Fungi; Dikarya; Ascomycota; Pezizomycotina; Sordariomycetes; Hypocreomycetidae; Hypocreales; Hypocreaceae; Trichoderma. The full taxonomic order can be found on the NCBI website.{{Cite journal |last1=Schoch |first1=Conrad L |last2=Ciufo |first2=Stacy |last3=Domrachev |first3=Mikhail |last4=Hotton |first4=Carol L |last5=Kannan |first5=Sivakumar |last6=Khovanskaya |first6=Rogneda |last7=Leipe |first7=Detlef |last8=Mcveigh |first8=Richard |last9=O’Neill |first9=Kathleen |last10=Robbertse |first10=Barbara |last11=Sharma |first11=Shobha |last12=Soussov |first12=Vladimir |last13=Sullivan |first13=John P |last14=Sun |first14=Lu |last15=Turner |first15=Seán |date=2020-01-01 |title=NCBI Taxonomy: a comprehensive update on curation, resources and tools |journal=Database |language=en |volume=2020 |pages=baaa062 |doi=10.1093/database/baaa062 |pmid=32761142 |pmc=7408187 |issn=1758-0463}} The first description of the genus Trichoderma dates back to 1794, but individual species were not specified, and it was not until 1969 that a framework for identifying Trichoderma species was established.{{Cite journal |last1=Schuster |first1=André |last2=Schmoll |first2=Monika |date=2010 |title=Biology and biotechnology of Trichoderma |journal=Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology |language=en |volume=87 |issue=3 |pages=787–799 |doi=10.1007/s00253-010-2632-1 |pmid=20461510 |pmc=2886115 |issn=0175-7598}} Trichoderma atroviride also has several synonyms and older names which can be found in the species box.{{Cite web |title=Species Fungorum - Species synonymy |url=https://www.speciesfungorum.org/Names/SynSpecies.asp?RecordID=445563 |access-date=2023-05-06 |website=www.speciesfungorum.org}}

Images of T. atroviride growing on plates show green fruiting bodies and light-responsive conidiation. In these pictures they can also be seen growing in concentric circle zones on the face of the agar (see species box image).{{Cite journal |last1=Schuster |first1=André |last2=Schmoll |first2=Monika |date=2010-07-01 |title=Biology and biotechnology of Trichoderma |url=https://doi.org/10.1007/s00253-010-2632-1 |journal=Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology |language=en |volume=87 |issue=3 |pages=787–799 |doi=10.1007/s00253-010-2632-1 |issn=1432-0614 |pmc=2886115 |pmid=20461510}} Trichoderma species are ubiquitously described as having long filamentous hyphae and the ability to germinate on many different substrates. When the fungus grows it starts off as white, but then becomes various shades of green. Conidiophores are generally irregular in shape and number of conidia release and are also photosensitive and release when exposed to light.{{Cite web |title=Trichoderma |url=https://www.adelaide.edu.au/mycology/fungal-descriptions-and-antifungal-susceptibility/hyphomycetes-conidial-moulds/trichoderma |access-date=2023-05-05 |website=Mycology {{!}} University of Adelaide |language=en}} Finally, Trichoderma are known for their fast growth rates, and ability to colonize most substrates.

Trichoderma atroviride are fairly ubiquitous organisms, they are found in soils in both tropical and temperate locations around the world.{{Cite journal |last1=Kubicek |first1=Christian P |last2=Herrera-Estrella |first2=Alfredo |last3=Seidl-Seiboth |first3=Verena |last4=Martinez |first4=Diego A |last5=Druzhinina |first5=Irina S |last6=Thon |first6=Michael |last7=Zeilinger |first7=Susanne |last8=Casas-Flores |first8=Sergio |last9=Horwitz |first9=Benjamin A |last10=Mukherjee |first10=Prasun K |last11=Mukherjee |first11=Mala |last12=Kredics |first12=László |last13=Alcaraz |first13=Luis D |last14=Aerts |first14=Andrea |last15=Antal |first15=Zsuzsanna |date=2011 |title=Comparative genome sequence analysis underscores mycoparasitism as the ancestral life style of Trichoderma |journal=Genome Biology |language=en |volume=12 |issue=4 |pages=R40 |doi=10.1186/gb-2011-12-4-r40 |pmid=21501500 |pmc=3218866 |issn=1474-760X |doi-access=free }} This fungus is found on every continent, and is commonly found in Europe, North and South America and Australia (see range map).Trichoderma atroviride P.Karst. in GBIF Secretariat (2022). GBIF Backbone Taxonomy. Checklist dataset {{doi|10.15468/39omei}} accessed via GBIF.org on 2023-05-06. T. atroviride is a mycoparasite saprophyte, meaning it parasitizes other fungi and it obtains its food by absorbing dissolved organic matter.{{Cite journal |last1=Kubicek |first1=Christian P |last2=Herrera-Estrella |first2=Alfredo |last3=Seidl-Seiboth |first3=Verena |last4=Martinez |first4=Diego A |last5=Druzhinina |first5=Irina S |last6=Thon |first6=Michael |last7=Zeilinger |first7=Susanne |last8=Casas-Flores |first8=Sergio |last9=Horwitz |first9=Benjamin A |last10=Mukherjee |first10=Prasun K |last11=Mukherjee |first11=Mala |last12=Kredics |first12=László |last13=Alcaraz |first13=Luis D |last14=Aerts |first14=Andrea |last15=Antal |first15=Zsuzsanna |date=2011 |title=Comparative genome sequence analysis underscores mycoparasitism as the ancestral life style of Trichoderma |journal=Genome Biology |volume=12 |issue=4 |pages=R40 |doi=10.1186/gb-2011-12-4-r40 |pmid=21501500 |pmc=3218866 |issn=1474-760X |doi-access=free }} T. atroviride are found in many substrates including decaying wood, and fungal fruiting bodies,{{Cite journal |last1=Henríquez-Urrutia |first1=Marlene |last2=Spanner |first2=Rebecca |last3=Olivares-Yánez |first3=Consuelo |last4=Seguel-Avello |first4=Aldo |last5=Pérez-Lara |first5=Rodrigo |last6=Guillén-Alonso |first6=Hector |last7=Winkler |first7=Robert |last8=Herrera-Estrella |first8=Alfredo |last9=Canessa |first9=Paulo |last10=Larrondo |first10=Luis F |date=2022-08-11 |title=Circadian oscillations in Trichoderma atroviride and the role of core clock components in secondary metabolism, development, and mycoparasitism against the phytopathogen Botrytis cinerea |journal=eLife |language=en |volume=11 |pages=e71358 |doi=10.7554/eLife.71358 |pmid=35950750 |s2cid=251493975 |issn=2050-084X|pmc=9427114 |doi-access=free }} and are known to be able to use a wide range of substrates for carbon and nitrogen sources. Finally, T. atroviride has a wide temperature survival range from -1 to 35°C. {{Cite web |title=Home - Trichoderma atroviride SC1 v1.0 |url=https://mycocosm.jgi.doe.gov/TriatSC1_1/TriatSC1_1.home.html |access-date=2023-05-06 |website=mycocosm.jgi.doe.gov}}

Trichoderma atroviride has many uses that make them relevant to humans. They are used as natural biocontrol agents for both insects and other fungi,{{Cite journal |last=Poveda |first=Jorge |date=2021 |title=Trichoderma as biocontrol agent against pests: New uses for a mycoparasite |url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S1049964421001043 |journal=Biological Control |language=en |volume=159 |pages=104634 |doi=10.1016/j.biocontrol.2021.104634|s2cid=235522351 |hdl=2454/41807 |hdl-access=free }} they can take up heavy metal pollutants,{{Cite journal |last1=López Errasquı́n |first1=E |last2=Vázquez |first2=C |date=2003 |title=Tolerance and uptake of heavy metals by Trichoderma atroviride isolated from sludge |url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S004565350200485X |journal=Chemosphere |language=en |volume=50 |issue=1 |pages=137–143 |doi=10.1016/S0045-6535(02)00485-X|pmid=12656239 |bibcode=2003Chmsp..50..137L }} and they are used as model organisms to better understand the genetic control of light dependent mechanisms.{{Cite book |last=Rokas |first=Antonis |title=Editor's evaluation: Circadian oscillations in Trichoderma atroviride and the role of core clock components in secondary metabolism, development, and mycoparasitism against the phytopathogen Botrytis cinerea |date=2021-07-14 |doi=10.7554/elife.71358.sa0 |doi-access=free }}

Insects and pathogenic fungi are significant threats to agriculture around the world.{{Cite book |date=1985-01-01 |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.17226/13 |doi=10.17226/13 |title=New Directions for Biosciences Research in Agriculture |pmid=25032394 |isbn=978-0-309-07850-4 }} Unfortunately, synthetic pesticides and fungicides can be bad for the environment and are often not very effective long term due to evolution.{{Cite journal |last1=Davies |first1=Catheryn R. |last2=Wohlgemuth |first2=Franziska |last3=Young |first3=Taran |last4=Violet |first4=Joseph |last5=Dickinson |first5=Matthew |last6=Sanders |first6=Jan-Willem |last7=Vallieres |first7=Cindy |last8=Avery |first8=Simon V. |date=2021 |title=Evolving challenges and strategies for fungal control in the food supply chain |journal=Fungal Biology Reviews |language=en |volume=36 |pages=15–26 |doi=10.1016/j.fbr.2021.01.003|pmid=34084209 |pmc=8127832 }} T. atroviride is a mycoparasite, and thus an effective organism to help deal with fungal plant pathogens. Specifically, T. atroviride can compete for nutrients and produce fungi cell wall degrading enzymes to kill its host fungus. Furthermore, researchers have been experimenting with T. atroviride genome to get it to express even more aggressive fungicide agents.{{Cite journal |last1=Brunner |first1=Kurt |last2=Zeilinger |first2=Susanne |last3=Ciliento |first3=Rosalia |last4=Woo |first4=Sheridian L. |last5=Lorito |first5=Matteo |last6=Kubicek |first6=Christian P. |last7=Mach |first7=Robert L. |date=2005 |title=Improvement of the Fungal Biocontrol Agent Trichoderma atroviride To Enhance both Antagonism and Induction of Plant Systemic Disease Resistance |journal=Applied and Environmental Microbiology |language=en |volume=71 |issue=7 |pages=3959–3965 |doi=10.1128/AEM.71.7.3959-3965.2005 |pmid=16000810 |pmc=1168994 |bibcode=2005ApEnM..71.3959B |issn=0099-2240}} Additionally, T. atroviride are currently being explored as a method to defend crops against insects due to their ability to produce natural insecticides which they protect themselves with, so they are not eaten.

Pollutants due to industry are a huge environmental problem that is very expensive to remedy. Recently, it has been found that T. atroviride has the capacity to take up some of these heavy metals. This has been observed in vitro in a wastewater treatment plant, and in research setting on a petri plate. This type of bioremediation could be instrumental to solving heavy metal pollution crises.

Understanding biological circadian clocks has always been important to learn about how organisms respond to stimuli. A good model organism for this research is one that has a clear relationship to an abiotic stimulus that's easy to replicate and has an easily manipulable genome. T. atroviride fills both of those requirements, as it releases spores in response to light, and has a conserved genome that can be edited with known genetic tools. This has allowed T. atroviride to be an instrumental model organism in research that aims to understand how organisms respond to stimuli.

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atroviride

Category:Fungi described in 1892

Category:Fungus species