Trident laser

Image:Alfoil.jpg foil irradiated by the Trident Laser (entering from the right), producing x-rays, hot electrons, and an ion beam, which cannot be seen directly. The plasma from the intense interaction is visible as the two cones jetting out in either direction from the target (center), expand into the vacuum. X-ray produced plasmas on the surrounding surfaces create glowing structures. The green light illuminating the scene is from the second harmonic light (527 nm) produced from the short-pulse beam's fundamental wavelength (1053 nm) at the target/plasma/laser interface a few tens of micrometres in front of the target.]]

The Trident Laser was a high power, sub-petawatt class, solid-state laser facility located at Los Alamos National Laboratory ([http://www.lanl.gov LANL website]), in Los Alamos, New Mexico, originally built in the late 1980s for Inertial confinement fusion (ICF) research by KMS Fusion, founded by Kip Siegel, in Ann Arbor, Michigan, it was later moved to Los Alamos in the early 1990s{{cite journal|last=Moncur|first=N. K.|author2=Johnson, R. P. |author3=Watt, R. G. |author4= Gibson, R. B. |title=Trident: a versatile high-power Nd:glass laser facility for inertial confinement fusion experiments|journal=Applied Optics|date=20 July 1995|volume=34|issue=21|pages=4274–83|doi=10.1364/AO.34.004274|pmid=21052257|bibcode = 1995ApOpt..34.4274M }} to be used in ICF and materials research. The Trident Laser has been decommissioned, with final experiments in 2017, and is now in storage at the University of Texas at Austin.

The Trident Laser consisted of three main laser chains (A,B, and C) of neodymium glass amplifiers (or Nd:glass), two identical longpulse beams lines, A&B, and a third beamline, C, that could be operated either in longpulse or in chirped pulse amplification (CPA) shortpulse mode.[http://www.osti.gov/energycitations/servlets/purl/10120305-Fj6UZG/webviewable/10120305.PDF Trident as an Ultrahigh Irradiance Laser], R.P Johnson et al., LA-UR-9541 (1995), Los Alamos National Laboratory

Longpulse beams A and B, were laser chains capable of delivering up to ~500 J at 1054 nm, which were frequency doubled to 527 nm and ~200 J depending on pulse duration; the pulse duration could be varied from 100 ps to 1 μs, and was a unique capability of any large laser in the US (and possibly the world). The third laser chain, beamline C, could produce up to ~200 J at 1054 nm, or could be frequency doubled to 527 nm at ~100 J in the longpulse mode with the same pulse duration variability as beams A and B; or could be used in the Trident enhancement configuration allowing the ~200 J beam to be compressed via CPA to ~600 fs and ~100 J, producing powers on the scale of a quarter petawatt(~200 TW) with a host of laser and plasma diagnostics.{{cite journal|last=Batha|first=S. H.|author2=Aragonez, R.|author3=Archuleta, F. L.|author4=Archuleta, T. N.|author5=Benage, J. F.|author6=Cobble, J. A.|author7=Cowan, J. S.|author8=Fatherley, V. E.|author9=Flippo, K. A.|author10=Gautier, D. C.|author11=Gonzales, R. P.|author12=Greenfield, S. R.|author13=Hegelich, B. M.|author14=Hurry, T. R.|author15=Johnson, R. P.|author16=Kline, J. L.|author17=Letzring, S. A.|author18=Loomis, E. N.|author19=Lopez, F. E.|author20=Luo, S. N.|author21=Montgomery, D. S.|author22=Oertel, J. A.|author23=Paisley, D. L.|author24=Reid, S. M.|author25=Sanchez, P. G.|author26=Seifter, A.|author27=Shimada, T.|author28=Workman, J. B.|title=TRIDENT high-energy-density facility experimental capabilities and diagnostics|journal=Review of Scientific Instruments|date=1 January 2008|volume=79|issue=10|pages=10F305|doi=10.1063/1.2972020|pmid=19044618|bibcode = 2008RScI...79jF305B }} A 100 mJ 500 fs probe beamline is also available.

The 200TW shortpulse ultra high-intensity laser system is currently a world record holder in ion acceleration energy with Target Normal Sheath Acceleration mechanism,{{cite journal |last1=Roth |first1=M. |last2=Schollmeier |first2=M. |title=Ion Acceleration—Target Normal Sheath Acceleration |journal=CERN Yellow Reports |date=16 February 2016 |volume=1 |pages=231 |doi=10.5170/CERN-2016-001.231 |s2cid=32086240 |url=https://cds.cern.ch/record/2203637/files/1418884_231-270.pdf |access-date=22 March 2022}} producing protons at 58.5 MeV from a flat-foil,{{cite journal|last=Flippo|first=K. A.|author2=Workman, J. |author3=Gautier, D. C. |author4=Letzring, S. |author5=Johnson, R. P. |author6= Shimada, T. |title=Scaling laws for energetic ions from the commissioning of the new Los Alamos National Laboratory 200 TW Trident laser|journal=Review of Scientific Instruments|date=1 January 2008|volume=79|issue=10|pages=10E534|doi=10.1063/1.2987678|pmid=19044515|bibcode = 2008RScI...79jE534F }} beating the record of the NOVA Petawatt laser back in 1999;{{cite journal|last=Snavely|first=R.|author2=Key, M.|author3=Hatchett, S.|author4=Cowan, T.|author5=Roth, M.|author6=Phillips, T.|author7=Stoyer, M.|author8=Henry, E.|author9=Sangster, T.|author10=Singh, M.|author11=Wilks, S.|author12=MacKinnon, A.|author13=Offenberger, A.|author14=Pennington, D.|author15=Yasuike, K.|author16=Langdon, A.|author17=Lasinski, B.|author17-link=Barbara Lasinski|author18=Johnson, J.|author19=Perry, M.|author20=Campbell, E.|title=Intense High-Energy Proton Beams from Petawatt-Laser Irradiation of Solids|journal=Physical Review Letters|date=1 October 2000|volume=85|issue=14|pages=2945–2948|doi=10.1103/PhysRevLett.85.2945|bibcode = 2000PhRvL..85.2945S|pmid=11005974}} and 67.5 MeV protons from micro-cone targets.{{cite journal|last=Flippo|first=K. A.|author2=d'Humières, E.|author3=Gaillard, S. A.|author4=Rassuchine, J.|author5=Gautier, D. C.|author6=Schollmeier, M.|author7=Nürnberg, F.|author8=Kline, J. L.|author9=Adams, J.|author10=Albright, B.|author11=Bakeman, M.|author12=Harres, K.|author13=Johnson, R. P.|author14=Korgan, G.|author15=Letzring, S.|author16=Malekos, S.|author17=Renard-LeGalloudec, N.|author18=Sentoku, Y.|author19=Shimada, T.|author20=Roth, M.|author21=Cowan, T. E.|author22=Fernández, J. C.|author23=Hegelich, B. M.|title=Increased efficiency of short-pulse laser-generated proton beams from novel flat-top cone targets|journal=Physics of Plasmas|date=1 January 2008|volume=15|issue=5|pages=056709|doi=10.1063/1.2918125|bibcode = 2008PhPl...15e6709F }}{{cite journal|last=Gaillard|first=S. A.|author2=Kluge, T.|author3=Flippo, K. A.|author4=Bussmann, M.|author5=Gall, B.|author6=Lockard, T.|author7=Geissel, M.|author8=Offermann, D. T.|author9=Schollmeier, M.|author10=Sentoku, Y.|author11=Cowan, T. E.|title=Increased laser-accelerated proton energies via direct laser-light-pressure acceleration of electrons in microcone targets|journal=Physics of Plasmas|date=1 January 2011|volume=18|issue=5|pages=056710|doi=10.1063/1.3575624|bibcode = 2011PhPl...18e6710G |doi-access=free}} Trident delivers Petawatt performance at a fifth of the power. The 200TW or C beam is capable of focusing down to less than 10 micrometers in diameter to reach laser field intensities (irradiance) of ~2x10²⁰ W/cm², producing protons over 50 MeV{{cite journal|last=Flippo|first=K. A.|author2=Workman, J. |author3=Gautier, D. C. |author4=Letzring, S. |author5=Johnson, R. P. |author6= Shimada, T. |title=Scaling laws for energetic ions from the commissioning of the new Los Alamos National Laboratory 200 TW Trident laser|journal=Review of Scientific Instruments|date=1 January 2008|volume=79|issue=10|pages=10E534|doi=10.1063/1.2987678|pmid=19044515|bibcode = 2008RScI...79jE534F }} as well as high quality, high energy xrays.{{cite journal|last=Workman|first=J.|author2=Cobble, J. |author3=Flippo, K. |author4=Gautier, D. C. |author5= Letzring, S. |title=High-energy, high-resolution x-ray imaging on the Trident short-pulse laser facility|journal=Review of Scientific Instruments|date=1 January 2008|volume=79|issue=10|pages=10E905|doi=10.1063/1.2965012|pmid=19044560|bibcode = 2008RScI...79jE905W }} The interaction can be diagnosed with a Backscatter Focal Diagnostics {{cite journal|last=Gautier|first=D. C.|author2=Flippo, K. A. |author3=Letzring, S. A. |author4=Shimada, J. Workman T. |author5=Johnson, R. P. |author6=Hurry, T. R. |author7=Gaillard, S. A. |author8= Hegelich, B. M. |title=A novel backscatter focus diagnostic for the TRIDENT 200 TW laser|journal=Review of Scientific Instruments|date=1 January 2008|volume=79|issue=10|pages=10F547|doi=10.1063/1.2979881|pmid=19044689|bibcode = 2008RScI...79jF547G }} similar to a Full Aperture Back-scatter (FABS){{cite journal|last=Froula|first=D. H.|author2=Bower, D.|author3=Chrisp, M.|author4=Grace, S.|author5=Kamperschroer, J. H.|author6=Kelleher, T. M.|author7=Kirkwood, R. K.|author8=MacGowan, B.|author9=McCarville, T.|author10=Sewall, N.|author11=Shimamoto, F. Y.|author12=Shiromizu, S. J.|author13=Young, B.|author14=Glenzer, S. H.|title=Full-aperture backscatter measurements on the National Ignition Facility|journal=Review of Scientific Instruments|date=1 January 2004|volume=75|issue=10|pages=4168|doi=10.1063/1.1789592|bibcode = 2004RScI...75.4168F |url=https://zenodo.org/record/1231897}} diagnostic at the National Ignition Facility. A new front-end for the laser employs a 2nd order cleaning technique, dubbed SPOPA (for Short-Pulse Optical Parametric Amplification) cleaning, which reduces the contrast to better than 10⁻⁹ ASE intensity ratio, making it one of the cleanest ultra high-intensity high-power laser in the world.{{cite journal|last=Shah|first=Rahul C.|author2=Johnson, Randall P. |author3=Shimada, Tsutomu |author4=Flippo, Kirk A. |author5=Fernandez, Juan C. |author6= Hegelich, B. M. |title=High-temporal contrast using low-gain optical parametric amplification|journal=Optics Letters|date=1 August 2009|volume=34|issue=15|pages=2273–5|doi=10.1364/OL.34.002273|pmid=19649068|bibcode = 2009OptL...34.2273S |osti=960915}}

The laser was being used for Fast Ignition ICF research, warm dense matter experiments, materials dynamics studies, and laser-matter interaction research, including particle acceleration, x-ray backlighting and laser-plasma instabilities (LPI).

For more information see the Trident User Facility Website: [http://trident.lanl.gov Trident User Facility] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080509061749/http://trident.lanl.gov/ |date=2008-05-09 }}, Los Alamos National Laboratory, see the references below and these articles using the laser:{{cite journal|last=Schaeffer|first=D. B.|author2=Everson, E. T. |author3=Winske, D. |author4=Constantin, C. G. |author5=Bondarenko, A. S. |author6=Morton, L. A. |author7=Flippo, K. A. |author8=Montgomery, D. S. |author9=Gaillard, S. A. |author10= Niemann, C. |title=Generation of magnetized collisionless shocks by a novel, laser-driven magnetic piston|journal=Physics of Plasmas|date=1 January 2012|volume=19|issue=7|pages=070702|doi=10.1063/1.4736846|bibcode = 2012PhPl...19g0702S }}{{cite journal|last=Bartal|first=Teresa|author2=Foord, Mark E.|author3=Bellei, Claudio|author4=Key, Michael H.|author5=Flippo, Kirk A.|author6=Gaillard, Sandrine A.|author7=Offermann, Dustin T.|author8=Patel, Pravesh K.|author9=Jarrott, Leonard C.|author10=Higginson, Drew P.|author11=Roth, Markus|author12=Otten, Anke|author13=Kraus, Dominik|author14=Stephens, Richard B.|author15=McLean, Harry S.|author16=Giraldez, Emilio M.|author17=Wei, Mingsheng S.|author18=Gautier, Donald C.|author19=Beg, Farhat N.|author19-link=Farhat N. Beg|title=Focusing of short-pulse high-intensity laser-accelerated proton beams|journal=Nature Physics|date=4 December 2011|volume=8|issue=2|pages=139–142|doi=10.1038/NPHYS2153|bibcode = 2012NatPh...8..139B |doi-access=free}}{{cite journal|last=Schaeffer|first=D B|author2=Montgomery, D S|author3=Bondarenko, A S|author4=Morton, L A|author5=Johnson, R P|author6=Shimada, T|author7=Constantin, C G|author8=Everson, E T|author9=Letzring, S A|author10=Gaillard, S A|author11=Flippo, K A|author12=Glenzer, S H|author13=Niemann, C|title=Thomson Scattering Measurements of Temperature and Density in a Low-Density, Laser-Driven Magnetized Plasma|journal=Journal of Instrumentation|date=7 February 2012|volume=7|issue=2|pages=P02002|doi=10.1088/1748-0221/7/02/P02002|bibcode = 2012JInst...7.2002S |s2cid=250667598 |url=https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc864809/}}{{cite journal|last=Bartal|first=T.|author2=Flippo, K. A.|author3=Gaillard, S. A.|author4=Offermann, D. T.|author5=Foord, M. E.|author6=Bellei, C.|author7=Patel, P. K.|author8=Key, M. H.|author9=Stephens, R. B.|author10=McLean, H. S.|author11=Jarrott, L. C.|author12=Beg, F. N.|title=Proton Focusing Characteristics Relevant to Fast Ignition|journal=IEEE Transactions on Plasma Science|date=1 November 2011|volume=39|issue=11|pages=2818–2819|doi=10.1109/TPS.2011.2155682|bibcode = 2011ITPS...39.2818B |osti=1183515 |s2cid=38322491|url=https://www.osti.gov/biblio/1183515}}{{cite journal|last=Flippo|first=Kirk A.|author2=Gaillard, Sandrine A. |author3=Cowan, Joseph S. |author4=Gautier, D. Cort |author5=Mucino, J. Eduardo |author6= Lowenstern, Mariano E. |title=Overcritical to Underdense Plasma in Under 1 μm: 150 TW Laser-Thin-Target Interactions for Particle Acceleration|journal=IEEE Transactions on Plasma Science|date=1 November 2011|volume=39|issue=11|pages=2428–2429|doi=10.1109/TPS.2011.2163426|bibcode = 2011ITPS...39.2428F |s2cid=41645210}}{{cite journal|last=Niemann|first=Christoph|author2=Bondarenko, Anton S.|author3=Constantin, Carmen G.|author4=Everson, Erik T.|author5=Flippo, Kirk A.|author6=Gaillard, Sandrine A.|author7=Johnson, Randall P.|author8=Letzring, Samuel A.|author9=Montgomery, David S.|author10=Morton, Lucas A.|author11=Schaeffer, Derek B.|author12=Shimada, Tsutomu|author13=Winske, Dan|title=Collisionless Shocks in a Large Magnetized Laser-Plasma Plume|journal=IEEE Transactions on Plasma Science|date=1 November 2011|volume=39|issue=11|pages=2406–2407|doi=10.1109/TPS.2011.2162007|bibcode = 2011ITPS...39.2406N |s2cid=28559709}}{{cite journal|last=Offermann|first=D. T.|author2=Flippo, K. A. |author3=Cobble, J. |author4=Schmitt, M. J. |author5=Gaillard, S. A. |author6=Bartal, T. |author7=Rose, D. V. |author8=Welch, D. R. |author9=Geissel, M. |author10= Schollmeier, M. |title=Characterization and focusing of light ion beams generated by ultra-intensely irradiated thin foils at the kilojoule scale|journal=Physics of Plasmas|date=1 January 2011|volume=18|issue=5|pages=056713|doi=10.1063/1.3589476|bibcode = 2011PhPl...18e6713O |osti=1254984|url=https://permalink.lanl.gov/object/tr?what=info:lanl-repo/lareport/LA-UR-10-07460}}{{cite journal|last=Workman|first=J.|author2=Cobble, J. |author3=Flippo, K. |author4=Gautier, D. C. |author5=Montgomery, D. S. |author6= Offermann, D. T. |title=Phase-contrast imaging using ultrafast x-rays in laser-shocked materials|journal=Review of Scientific Instruments|date=1 January 2010|volume=81|issue=10|pages=10E520|doi=10.1063/1.3485109|pmid=21034048|bibcode = 2010RScI...81jE520W |osti=1013598}}{{cite journal|last=Offermann|first=D T|author2=Flippo, K A|author3=Gaillard, S A|author4=Gautier, D C|author5=Letzring, S|author6=Cobble, J C|author7=Wurden, G|author8=Johnson, R P|author9=Shimada, T|author10=Montgomery, D S|author11=Gonzales, R P|author12=Hurry, T|author13=Archuleta, F|author14=Schmitt, M J|author15=Reid, S-M|author16=Bartal, T|author17=Wei, M S|author18=Higginson, D P|author19=Beg, F N|author20=Geissel, M|author21=Schollmeier, M|title=Carbon ion beam focusing using laser irradiated, heated diamond hemispherical shells|journal=Journal of Physics: Conference Series|date=1 August 2010|volume=244|issue=2|pages=022053|doi=10.1088/1742-6596/244/2/022053|bibcode = 2010JPhCS.244b2053O |doi-access=free}}{{cite journal|last=Roth|first=M|author2=Alber, I|author3=Bagnoud, V|author4=Brown, C R D|author5=Clarke, R|author6=Daido, H|author7=Fernandez, J|author8=Flippo, K|author9=Gaillard, S|author10=Gauthier, C|author11=Geissel, M|author12=Glenzer, S|author13=Gregori, G|author14=Günther, M|author15=Harres, K|author16=Heathcote, R|author17=Kritcher, A|author18=Kugland, N|author19=LePape, S|author20=Li, B|author21=Makita, M|author22=Mithen, J|author23=Niemann, C|author24=Nürnberg, F|author25=Offermann, D|author26=Otten, A|author27=Pelka, A|author28=Riley, D|author29=Schaumann, G|author30=Schollmeier, M|author31=Schütrumpf, J|author32=Tampo, M|author33=Tauschwitz, A|author34=Tauschwitz, An|title=Proton acceleration experiments and warm dense matter research using high power lasers|journal=Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion|date=1 December 2009|volume=51|issue=12|pages=124039|doi=10.1088/0741-3335/51/12/124039|bibcode = 2009PPCF...51l4039R |s2cid=119747444}}{{cite journal|last=Henig|first=A.|author2=Kiefer, D.|author3=Markey, K.|author4=Gautier, D.|author5=Flippo, K.|author6=Letzring, S.|author7=Johnson, R.|author8=Shimada, T.|author9=Yin, L.|author10=Albright, B.|author11=Bowers, K.|author12=Fernández, J.|author13=Rykovanov, S.|author14=Wu, H.-C.|author15=Zepf, M.|author16=Jung, D.|author17=Liechtenstein, V.|author18=Schreiber, J.|author19=Habs, D.|author20=Hegelich, B.|title=Enhanced Laser-Driven Ion Acceleration in the Relativistic Transparency Regime|journal=Physical Review Letters|date=1 July 2009|volume=103|issue=4|doi=10.1103/PhysRevLett.103.045002|bibcode = 2009PhRvL.103d5002H|pmid=19659362|page=045002|s2cid=25075234 |url=https://pure.qub.ac.uk/portal/en/publications/enhanced-laserdriven-ion-acceleration-in-the-relativistic-transparency-regime(09b16947-58ef-4c7e-a76b-23a2597195cb).html}}{{cite journal|last=Kline|first=J.L.|author2=Montgomery, D.S.|author3=Rousseaux, C.|author4=Baton, S.D.|author5=Tassin, V.|author6=Hardin, R.A.|author7=Flippo, K.A.|author8=Johnson, R.P.|author9=Shimada, T.|author10=Yin, L.|author11=Albright, B.J.|author12=Rose, H.A.|author13=Amiranoff, F.|title=Investigation of stimulated Raman scattering using a short-pulse diffraction limited laser beam near the instability threshold|journal=Laser and Particle Beams|date=18 February 2009|volume=27|issue=1|pages=185|doi=10.1017/S0263034609000251|bibcode = 2009LPB....27..185K |osti=960939|doi-access=free|url=https://permalink.lanl.gov/object/tr?what=info:lanl-repo/lareport/LA-UR-08-06659}}{{cite journal|last=Kline|first=J. 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