Trigeminal nerve stimulation

{{Short description|Treatment for ADHD}}

Trigeminal nerve stimulation (TNS) or external Trigeminal nerve stimulation (eTNS) is a non-invasive, non-medication therapy for Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder approved in the United States by the FDA for the treatment of ADHD in children ages 7–12.{{Cite web |last=Commissioner |first=Office of the |date=2020-03-24 |title=FDA permits marketing of first medical device for treatment of ADHD |url=https://www.fda.gov/news-events/press-announcements/fda-permits-marketing-first-medical-device-treatment-adhd |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190515120128/https://www.fda.gov/news-events/press-announcements/fda-permits-marketing-first-medical-device-treatment-adhd |url-status=dead |archive-date=May 15, 2019 |access-date=2024-01-10 |website=US Food and Drug Administration |language=en}}{{cite journal | pmid=30768393 | date=2019 | last1=McGough | first1=J. J. | last2=Sturm | first2=A. | last3=Cowen | first3=J. | last4=Tung | first4=K. | last5=Salgari | first5=G. C. | last6=Leuchter | first6=A. F. | last7=Cook | first7=I. A. | last8=Sugar | first8=C. A. | last9=Loo | first9=S. K. | title=Double-Blind, Sham-Controlled, Pilot Study of Trigeminal Nerve Stimulation for Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder | journal=Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry | volume=58 | issue=4 | pages=403–411.e3 | doi=10.1016/j.jaac.2018.11.013 | pmc=6481187 }}{{Cite web |last=Greenbaum |first=Zara |title=A new device for treating ADHD in children |date=2019-08-01 |url=https://www.apa.org/monitor/2019/07-08/adhd-children |access-date=2024-01-10 |website=American Psychological Association}} It is also used off-label to treat ADHD in adults.{{Cite web |title=Monarch eTNS |url=https://www.fermata.health/etns |access-date=2024-01-10 |website=Fermata Health |language=en}}

External trigeminal nerve stimulation (eTNS) is similar to transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS), a treatment for chronic pain.{{Cite journal |last1=Nnoaham |first1=Kelechi E. |last2=Kumbang |first2=Jharna |editor-first1=Kelechi E. |editor-last1=Nnoaham |date=2008-07-16 |title=Transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS) for chronic pain |url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18646088/ |journal=The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews |issue=3 |pages=CD003222 |doi=10.1002/14651858.CD003222.pub2 |issn=1469-493X |pmid=18646088}} A small device supplies electricity to electrodes that are placed on the skin. The device is able to modulate the intensity and frequency of electrical impulses delivered to the nerve endings in the skin.

There is ongoing investigation and research into the use of trigeminal nerve stimulation to treat other psychiatric disorders, such as depression and PTSD.{{cite journal | pmid=26818103 | date=2016 | last1=Cook | first1=I. A. | last2=Abrams | first2=M. | last3=Leuchter | first3=A. F. | title=Trigeminal Nerve Stimulation for Comorbid Posttraumatic Stress Disorder and Major Depressive Disorder | journal=Neuromodulation | volume=19 | issue=3 | pages=299–305 | doi=10.1111/ner.12399 | s2cid=457569 }}{{Cite journal |last1=Powell |first1=Keren |last2=Lin |first2=Kanheng |last3=Tambo |first3=Willians |last4=Saavedra |first4=Andrea Palomo |last5=Sciubba |first5=Daniel |last6=Al Abed |first6=Yousef |last7=Li |first7=Chunyan |date=2023-12-13 |title=Trigeminal nerve stimulation: a current state-of-the-art review |journal=Bioelectronic Medicine |volume=9 |issue=1 |pages=30 |doi=10.1186/s42234-023-00128-z |doi-access=free |issn=2332-8886 |pmc=10717521 |pmid=38087375}}