Trinickia caryophylli

Bacterial wilt of carnation was first described in 1941 by L. K. Jones.{{Cite journal |last=Jones |first=L. K. |date=1941 |title=Bacterial wilt of Carnation. |journal=Phytopathology |volume=31 |issue=2 |pages=199}} The bacterium responsible for the disease was then named and described in detail by W. H. Burkholder in 1942.{{Cite journal |last=Burkholder |first=W. H. |date=1942 |title=Three bacterial plant pathogens: Phytomonas earyophylli sp.n., Phytomonas alliicola sp.n., and Phytomonas manihotis (Arthaud-Berthet et Sondar) Viégas. |journal=Phytopathology |volume=32 |issue=2 |pages=141–149}} The initial name was Phytomonas caryophylli which was then changed to Pseudomonas caryophylli four months later.{{Cite journal |last1=Starr |first1=M. P. |last2=Burkholder |first2=W. H. |title=Lipolytic activity of phytopathogenic bacteria determined by means of spirit blue agar and its taxonomic significance. |journal=Phytopathology |volume=32 |issue=7 |pages=598–604}}{{rp|14-15}} In 1992 it was then moved to the novel Burkholderia genus.{{Cite journal |last1=Yabuuchi |first1=Eiko |last2=Kosako |first2=Yoshimasa |last3=Oyaizu |first3=Hiroshi |last4=Yano |first4=Ikuya |last5=Hotta |first5=Hisako |last6=Hashimoto |first6=Yasuhiro |last7=Ezaki |first7=Takayuki |last8=Arakawa |first8=Michio |date=1992 |title=Proposal of Burkholderia gen. nov. and Transfer of Seven Species of the Genus Pseudomonas Homology Group II to the New Genus, with the Type Species Burkholderia cepacia (Palleroni and Holmes 1981) comb. nov. |url=https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1348-0421.1992.tb02129.x |journal=Microbiology and Immunology |volume=36 |issue=12 |pages=1251–1275 |doi=10.1111/j.1348-0421.1992.tb02129.x |pmid=1283774 |issn=0385-5600}} In 2014 the Burkholderia genus was divided into the genus Burkholderia, containing pathogenic species, and Paraburkholderia, containing non-pathogenic species. This made the new name of the bacteria Paraburkholderia caryophylli.{{Cite journal |last1=Sawana |first1=Amandeep |last2=Adeolu |first2=Mobolaji |last3=Gupta |first3=Radhey S. |date=2014 |title=Molecular signatures and phylogenomic analysis of the genus Burkholderia: proposal for division of this genus into the emended genus Burkholderia containing pathogenic organisms and a new genus Paraburkholderia gen. nov. harboring environmental species |journal=Frontiers in Genetics |volume=5 |page=429 |doi=10.3389/fgene.2014.00429 |issn=1664-8021 |pmc=4271702 |pmid=25566316 |doi-access=free}} In 2018 the species was moved to the novel Trinickia genus.{{Cite journal |last1=Estrada-de los Santos |first1=Paulina |last2=Palmer |first2=Marike |last3=Chávez-Ramírez |first3=Belén |last4=Beukes |first4=Chrizelle |last5=Steenkamp |first5=Emma T. |last6=Briscoe |first6=Leah |last7=Khan |first7=Noor |last8=Maluk |first8=Marta |last9=Lafos |first9=Marcel |last10=Humm |first10=Ethan |last11=Arrabit |first11=Monique |last12=Crook |first12=Matthew |last13=Gross |first13=Eduardo |last14=Simon |first14=Marcelo F. |last15=Dos Reis Junior |first15=Fábio Bueno |date=2018 |title=Whole Genome Analyses Suggests that Burkholderia sensu lato Contains Two Additional Novel Genera (Mycetohabitans gen. nov., and Trinickia gen. nov.): Implications for the Evolution of Diazotrophy and Nodulation in the Burkholderiaceae |journal=Genes |language=en |volume=9 |issue=8 |pages=389 |doi=10.3390/genes9080389 |issn=2073-4425 |pmc=6116057 |pmid=30071618 |doi-access=free}}{{Cite journal |last1=Oren |first1=Aharon |last2=Garrity |first2=George M. |date=2015 |title=List of new names and new combinations previously effectively, but not validly, published |url=https://www.microbiologyresearch.org/content/journal/ijsem/10.1099/ijs.0.000317 |journal=International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology |language=en |volume=65 |issue=Pt_7 |pages=2017–2025 |doi=10.1099/ijs.0.000317 |pmid=28056215 |issn=1466-5026}} The currently accepted name of this species is Trinickia caryophylli.

Trinickia caryophylli is gram-negative, rod shaped with rounded ends, often slightly curved and possesses one or multiple flagella that may be polar or bipolar.{{rp|35-37}} It is capable of using L-Glucose, the enantiomer of the naturally occurring D-Glucose, as a source of energy. The vast majority of organisms, including all multicellular life, are incapable of metabolizing L-Glucose.{{Cite journal |last=Rudney |first=Harry |date=1940 |title=The Utilization of L-Glucose by Mammalian Tissues and Bacteria |url=https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.92.2379.112 |journal=Science |language=en |volume=92 |issue=2379 |pages=112–113 |doi=10.1126/science.92.2379.112 |pmid=17755265 |bibcode=1940Sci....92..112R |issn=0036-8075|url-access=subscription }} {{As of|2025|04}} T. caryophylli along with Paracoccus laeviglucosivorans remain the only two characterized organisms capable of using L-Glucose.{{Cite journal |last1=Yachida |first1=Masashi |last2=Nakamura |first2=Akira |date=2024-03-12 |editor-last=Rasko |editor-first=David |title=Complete genome sequence of Luteolibacter sp. strain LG18, an L -glucose-utilizing bacterium isolated from soil |journal=Microbiology Resource Announcements |language=en |volume=13 |issue=3 |pages=e0088823 |doi=10.1128/mra.00888-23 |issn=2576-098X |pmc=10927676 |pmid=38353546}} While some additional microorganisms have been found to be able to metabolize L-Glucose, none of them have been taxonomically characterized and research on L-Glucose utilization remains scant.{{Cite thesis |last=Fewkes |first=Robert Charles Joseph |title=Utilization of L(-)-glucose by naturally occurring microorganisms |date=1972 |access-date=2025-04-29 |degree=MS |publisher=Massachusetts Institute of Technology |hdl=1721.1/153963 |url=https://dspace.mit.edu/handle/1721.1/153963}}

{{Main|Bacterial wilt of carnation}}

T. caryophylli causes the disease bacterial wilt of carnation in Dianthus species. Symptoms include leaves and stems turning grayish-green and then yellow and cracking at the stem. The bacterium enters its host through wounds, subsequently colonizing the vascular system. This usually happens when cuttings from diseased plants are placed adjacent to other, healthy cuttings. The bacteria will move from the diseased cutting to the water in the propagation bed and then to the healthy cuttings.{{rp|41-42}} Infection with T. caryophylli used to be a major problem for carnation production in the United States and also affected the European and Mediterranean region, although to a lesser extent. However, due to several measures taken against the pathogen, carnation crops are only rarely infected today.

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Category:Gram-negative bacteria

Category:Burkholderiaceae

Category:Bacteria described in 1942

Category:Bacterial plant pathogens and diseases

Category:Eudicot diseases