Triodanis perfoliata
{{Short description|Species of flowering plant}}
{{Speciesbox
|image = Specularia perfoliata 3.jpg
|status = {{TNCStatus}}
|status_system = TNC
|genus = Triodanis
|species = perfoliata
|synonyms = *Campanula perfoliata L.
- Legousia perfoliata (L.) Britton
- Prismatocarpus perfoliatus (L.) Sweet
- Pentagonia perfoliata (L.) Kuntze
- Dysmicodon perfoliatum (L.) Nutt
- Specularia perfoliata (L.) A.DC.
}}
Triodanis perfoliata, the clasping Venus' looking-glass{{PLANTS|id=TRPE4|taxon=Triodanis perfoliata|access-date=15 December 2015}} or clasping bellflower,{{cite web |title=Triodanis perfoliata subsp. biflora (Clasping bellflower, Clasping Bellwort, Clasping-leaved Venus' Looking-glass, Small Venus' Looking-glass, Venus Lookingglass) {{!}} North Carolina Extension Gardener Plant Toolbox |url=https://plants.ces.ncsu.edu/plants/triodanis-perfoliata-subsp-biflora/ |website=plants.ces.ncsu.edu}} is an annual flowering plant belonging to the family Campanulaceae (bellflower family). It is an annual herb native to North and South America, the natural range extending from Canada to Argentina. It is also naturalized in China, Korea and Australia.[http://apps.kew.org/wcsp/namedetail.do?name_id=356951 Kew World Checklist of Selected Plant Families][http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=2&taxon_id=242353002 Flora of China v 19 p 552, 穿叶异檐花 chuan ye yi yan hua, Triodanis perfoliata (Linnaeus) Nieuwland, Amer. Midl. Naturalist. 3: 192. 1914. ]Acevedo-Rodríguez, P. & Strong, M.T. (2012). Catalogue of seed plants of the West Indies. Smithsonian Contributions to Botany 98: 1–1192.Lammers, T.G. (2007). World checklist and bibliography of Campanulaceae: 1–675. The Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.Theiret, John (2001). "North American Wildflowers", Alfred A. Knopf Inc.[http://florabonaerense.blogspot.com/2013/12/triodanis-perfoliata.html Flora Bonaerense, Plantas y Hongos de la Provincia de Buenos Aires, Argentina, (Triodanis perfoliata) ]
Description
T. perfoliata is an annual plant that grows to a height of {{convert |4-18|in|cm|0|order=flip}}, occasionally taller, with a central, unbranched, lightly hairy stem featuring alternate leaves that clasp the stem. The leaves are light green, rounded, up to {{convert |1|in|cm|1|order=flip}} long, and are scallop-edged and shell-shaped. Both the stem and the leaves contain a milky sap.{{cite web |title=Venus' Looking Glass (Triodanis perfoliata) |url=https://www.illinoiswildflowers.info/prairie/plantx/venusx.htm |website=www.illinoiswildflowers.info}}
On the upper part of the stem, 1-3 flowers emerge from the leaf axils, although only 1 of these flowers will be blooming at any one time. These flowers are wheel-shaped or bell-shaped, violet blue (rarely white{{cite book |last1=Denison |first1=Edgar |title=Missouri Wildflowers |date=2017 |publisher=Conservation Commission of the State of Missouri |isbn=978-1-887247-59-7 |pages=88 |edition=Sixth}}), and approximately {{convert |.5|in|cm|1|order=flip|}} across. They have 5-lobed corollas and are radially symmetrical. There are flowers on the lower part of the stem but they do not open, although they do produce seed.{{cite web |title=Clasping Venus' Looking Glass |url=https://mdc.mo.gov/discover-nature/field-guide/clasping-venus-looking-glass |website=Missouri Department of Conservation |language=en}} The plant produces a small, many seeded capsule with 2 or 3 sections for fruit.{{cite web |title=Triodanis perfoliata (Clasping-leaved Venus' Looking-glass): Minnesota Wildflowers |url=https://www.minnesotawildflowers.info/flower/clasping-leaved-venus-looking-glass |website=www.minnesotawildflowers.info |language=en}}
File:Triodanis perfoliata Tennessee.jpg|Showing cordate-clasping leaves and a maturing capsule
Distribution and habitat
T. perfoliata is native in much of North and South America. In Canada, it grows in Ontario, British Columbia, and Quebec. In the United States, it's native in every state except Nevada, Alaska, and Hawaii. It is also native to Mexico, Costa Rica, Guatemala, Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia, Ecuador, Paraguay, Peru, and Uruguay.{{cite web |title=Triodanis perfoliata (L.) Nieuwl. {{!}} Plants of the World Online {{!}} Kew Science |url=https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:258447-2 |website=Plants of the World Online |language=en}} The plant grows in disturbed sites, open woods, grassy slopes, rocky outcrops, gravelly areas, and roadsides, mainly in poor, dry, sandy, or gravelly soil.
Ecology
Uses among Native Americans
The Cherokee make a liquid compound of roots infused into a bath for dyspepsia(indigestion).Taylor, Linda Averill 1940 Plants Used As Curatives by Certain Southeastern Tribes. Cambridge, MA. Botanical Museum of Harvard University (p. 60)
The Meskwaki use it as an emetic to make one "sick all day long",Smith, Huron H. 1928 Ethnobotany of the Meskwaki Indians. Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 4:175–326 (p. 206) and smoke it at ceremonies.Smith, Huron H. 1928 Ethnobotany of the Meskwaki Indians. Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 4:175–326 (p. 272)
References
{{Reflist}}
External links
{{Commons|Triodanis perfoliata}}
- [http://ucjeps.berkeley.edu/cgi-bin/get_JM_treatment.pl?2770,2844,2846 Jepson Manual Treatment]
- [http://calphotos.berkeley.edu/cgi/img_query?query_src=photos_index&where-taxon=Triodanis+perfoliata Photo gallery]
{{Taxonbar|from=Q4051771}}
Category:Flora of Northern America
Category:Flora of Southern America
Category:Plants used in traditional Native American medicine