Tripartite symbiosis

{{Main|Fungus-growing ants}}

Ants of Attini cultivate fungi. Microfungi, specialized to be parasites of the fungus gardens, coevolved with them.{{Cite journal |last1=Currie |first1=Cameron R. |last2=Wong |first2=Bess |last3=Stuart |first3=Alison E. |last4=Schultz |first4=Ted R. |last5=Rehner |first5=Stephen A. |last6=Mueller |first6=Ulrich G. |last7=Sung |first7=Gi-Ho |last8=Spatafora |first8=Joseph W. |last9=Straus |first9=Neil A. |date=2003-01-17 |title=Ancient Tripartite Coevolution in the Attine Ant-Microbe Symbiosis |url=https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.1078155 |journal=Science |language=en |volume=299 |issue=5605 |pages=386–388 |doi=10.1126/science.1078155 |pmid=12532015 |bibcode=2003Sci...299..386C |s2cid=15815635 |issn=0036-8075}}

{{Main|Allomerus decemarticulatus|Hirtella physophora|Allomerus decemarticulatus#Fungal symbiosis}}

Allomerus decemarticulatus ants use Trimmatostroma sp. to create structures within Hirtella physophora.{{Cite journal |last1=Ruiz-González |first1=Mario X. |last2=Malé |first2=Pierre-Jean G. |last3=Leroy |first3=Céline |last4=Dejean |first4=Alain |last5=Gryta |first5=Hervé |last6=Jargeat |first6=Patricia |last7=Quilichini |first7=Angélique |last8=Orivel |first8=Jérôme |date=2011-06-23 |title=Specific, non-nutritional association between an ascomycete fungus and Allomerus plant-ants |journal=Biology Letters |volume=7 |issue=3 |pages=475–479 |doi=10.1098/rsbl.2010.0920 |issn=1744-9561 |pmc=3097849 |pmid=21084334}}{{Cite journal |last1=Leroy |first1=Céline |last2=Séjalon-Delmas |first2=Nathalie |last3=Jauneau |first3=Alain |last4=Ruiz-González |first4=Mario-Xavier |last5=Gryta |first5=Hervé |last6=Jargeat |first6=Patricia |last7=Corbara |first7=Bruno |last8=Dejean |first8=Alain |last9=Orivel |first9=Jérôme |date=December 2010 |title=Trophic mediation by a fungus in an ant-plant mutualism: Fungal mediation in a tripartite mutualism |journal=Journal of Ecology |language=en |pages=no |doi=10.1111/j.1365-2745.2010.01763.x|s2cid=83551088 |doi-access=free }} The fungi are connected endophytically and actively transfer nitrogen.{{Cite web |title=Exploring fungus–plant N transfer in a tripartite ant–plant–fungus mutualism |url=https://academic.oup.com/aob/article/120/3/417/3867659 |access-date=2022-09-29 }}

{{Main|Cyanolichen}}

The mycobiont in a lichen can form a relationship with both cyanobacteria and green algae as photobionts concurrently.{{Cite journal |last1=Henskens |first1=Frieda L. |last2=Green |first2=T. G. Allan |last3=Wilkins |first3=Alistair |date=August 2012 |title=Cyanolichens can have both cyanobacteria and green algae in a common layer as major contributors to photosynthesis |journal=Annals of Botany |volume=110 |issue=3 |pages=555–563 |doi=10.1093/aob/mcs108 |issn=0305-7364 |pmc=3400443 |pmid=22648879}}{{Cite journal |last=Rikkinen |first=Jouko |date=2015-04-01 |title=Cyanolichens |url=https://doi.org/10.1007/s10531-015-0906-8 |journal=Biodiversity and Conservation |language=en |volume=24 |issue=4 |pages=973–993 |doi=10.1007/s10531-015-0906-8 |s2cid=254277998 |issn=1572-9710}}{{Cite journal |last1=Ponsero |first1=Alise J. |last2=Hurwitz |first2=Bonnie L. |last3=Magain |first3=Nicolas |last4=Miadlikowska |first4=Jolanta |last5=Lutzoni |first5=François |last6=U’Ren |first6=Jana M. |date=2021-10-15 |title=Cyanolichen microbiome contains novel viruses that encode genes to promote microbial metabolism |url=https://www.nature.com/articles/s43705-021-00060-w |journal=ISME Communications |language=en |volume=1 |issue=1 |pages=1–4 |doi=10.1038/s43705-021-00060-w |s2cid=235465561 |issn=2730-6151|doi-access=free |pmc=9723557 }}

{{Main|Root nodule#Nodule-like structures}}

Rhizobia are nitrogen-fixating bacteria that form symbiotic relationships with legumes. Sometimes, this is aided by the presence of a fungal species.{{Cite journal |last1=Takács |first1=Tünde |last2=Cseresnyés |first2=Imre |last3=Kovács |first3=Ramóna |last4=Parádi |first4=István |last5=Kelemen |first5=Bettina |last6=Szili-Kovács |first6=Tibor |last7=Füzy |first7=Anna |date=2018 |title=Symbiotic Effectivity of Dual and Tripartite Associations on Soybean (Glycine max L. Merr.) Cultivars Inoculated With Bradyrhizobium japonicum and AM Fungi |journal=Frontiers in Plant Science |volume=9 |page=1631 |doi=10.3389/fpls.2018.01631 |pmid=30483288 |pmc=6243127 |issn=1664-462X|doi-access=free }} This is most effective in undistributed soil.{{Cite web |last1=Varennesa |first1=A. D. |last2=Gossb |first2=M. J. |date=2007 |title=The tripartite symbiosis between legumes , rhizobia and indigenous mycorrhizal fungi is more efficient in undisturbed soil |s2cid=52247765 |language=en}} The presence of mycorrhizae can improve the rhizobial-liquorice nutrient transfer in droughts.{{Cite journal |last1=Hao |first1=Zhipeng |last2=Xie |first2=Wei |last3=Jiang |first3=Xuelian |last4=Wu |first4=Zhaoxiang |last5=Zhang |first5=Xin |last6=Chen |first6=Baodong |date=October 2019 |title=Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungus Improves Rhizobium–Glycyrrhiza Seedling Symbiosis under Drought Stress |journal=Agronomy |language=en |volume=9 |issue=10 |pages=572 |doi=10.3390/agronomy9100572 |issn=2073-4395|doi-access=free }} Soybeans in particular can improve their ability to withstand soil salinity with the presence of both rhizobium and mycorrhizae.{{Cite web |title=Increasing plant tolerance grown on saline soil: the role of tripartite symbiosis. |url=https://www.cabdirect.org/cabdirect/welcome/?target=%2fcabdirect%2fabstract%2f20203239874 |access-date=2022-09-30 |website=www.cabdirect.org}}

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Category:Symbiosis