Triphyophyllum
{{Short description|Genus of carnivorous plants}}
{{speciesbox
|image = Triphyophyllum peltatum 10 (Dioncophyllaceae) © W. Barthlott.jpg
|image_caption = Climbing adult Triphyophyllum with hooked leaves
|genus = Triphyophyllum
|parent_authority = Airy Shaw
|species = peltatum
|authority = (Hutch. & Dalziel) Airy Shaw
|range_map = Triphyophyllum distribution.svg
|range_map_caption = Triphyophyllum is native to Guinea, Ivory Coast, Liberia, and Sierra Leone
|synonyms =
- Dioncophyllum peltatum {{au|Hutch. & Dalziel}}
}}
Triphyophyllum peltatum is a facultatively carnivorous,Walker, C. (2023). [https://www.nature.com/articles/s41477-023-01450-9 Triggered by phosphorous [sic] deficiency.] Nature Plants, 9(6), 853-853. up to 60 m tall vineCross, A., Krueger, T., Restoration Ecology Lab, Ecological Health Network, & Missouri Botanical Garden. (2020, November 26). Save me, Seymour! The increasingly dire plight of Darwin’s “Most wonderful plants in the world.” Natural History of Ecological Restoration. Retrieved March 28, 2025, from https://mbgecologicalrestoration.wordpress.com/2020/11/26/save-me-seymour-the-increasingly-dire-plight-of-darwins-most-wonderful-plants-in-the-world/ in the monotypic genus Triphyophyllum {{IPAc-en|ˌ|t|r|ɪ|f|i|oʊ-|ˈ|f|ɪ|l|əm}} in the family Dioncophyllaceae native to tropical western Africa, in Guinea, Ivory Coast, Liberia, and Sierra Leone where it grows in tropical rainforest.
Description
=Vegetative characteristics=
It is a facultatively carnivorous, heterophyllous, up to 60 m tall vine with glabrous, terete stems. It has a three-stage lifecycle, each with a different shaped leaf, as indicated by its Greek name. In the first stage, T. peltatum forms a rosette of simple lanceolate Dracaena-like leaves about seven inches (18 cm) in length with undulate margins. At times when there is insufficient phosphorus in the soil{{cite journal | last1=Winkelmann | first1=Traud | last2=Bringmann | first2=Gerhard | last3=Herwig | first3=Anne | last4=Hedrich | first4=Rainer | title=Carnivory on demand: phosphorus deficiency induces glandular leaves in the African liana Triphyophyllum peltatum | journal=New Phytologist | volume=239 | issue=3 | date=2023 | issn=0028-646X | doi=10.1111/nph.18960|doi-access=free| pages=1140–1152| pmid=37191044 |quote=confirmation of phosphorus starvation to be essential and sufficient}}{{cite news| last=Simons | first=Paul | title=Plantwatch: why does a rainforest vine turn into a part-time carnivore? |newspaper=The Guardian | date=17 April 2024 | url=https://www.theguardian.com/science/2024/apr/17/plantwatch-why-does-a-rainforest-vine-turn-into-a-part-time-carnivore}} it develops long, slender, glandular, circinate leaves up to fourteen inches (35 cm) in length and bearing two sorts of glands, and resembling those of the related Drosophyllum, which capture insects; there being one to three of these leaves in each rosette.{{cite web |url=http://www.redfernnaturalhistory.com/stock/images/triphyophyllum-peltatum-15/ |title=Triphyophyllum peltatum - Redfern Natural History |website=www.redfernnaturalhistory.com |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170319022540/http://www.redfernnaturalhistory.com/stock/images/triphyophyllum-peltatum-15/ |archive-date=2017-03-19}} In the plant's adult liana form it has short non-carnivorous leaves bearing a pair of "grappling hooks" {{Cite web | url=http://www.carnivoria.eu/photogallery/photos/trip.jpg | title=Image of Triphyophyllum leaves | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180216144030/http://www.carnivoria.eu/photogallery/photos/trip.jpg | archive-date=2018-02-16}} at their tips on a long twining stem which can become {{convert|165|ft|m|abbr=off|sp=us}} in length and {{convert|4|in|cm|spell=in}} thick.George Cheer, A GUIDE TO CARNIVOROUS PLANTS OF THE WORLD (Pymble, New South Wales, Aust.: Angus and Robertson, 1992) p. 122.{{cite book |last= Slack | first= Adrian | date= 1980 | title= Carnivorous Plants | location= Cambridge, Massachusetts | publisher= Massachusetts Institute of Technology | page= 231-232 (Appendix 2) | ISBN= 9781899296132 }} T. peltatum is the largest of all confirmed carnivorous plants in the world, but its carnivorous nature did not become known until 1979, some 51 years after the plant's discovery.Green, S., Green, T. L., & Heslop-Harrison, Y. (1979). [https://academic.oup.com/botlinnean/article-abstract/78/2/99/2680576 Seasonal heterophylly and leaf gland features in Triphyophyllum (Dioncophyllaceae), a new carnivorous plant genus.] Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society, 78(2), 99-116.
=Generative characteristics=
The axillary, branched, cymose, few-flowered or many-flowered inflorescence bears up to 80 small, ephemeral, fragrant, white to pink,Triphyophyllum, das Hakenblatt. (n.d.). Gesellschaft Für Fleischfressende Pflanzen. Retrieved March 28, 2025, from https://www.carnivoren.org/karnivoren/gattungen/triphyophyllum/ bisexual, actinomorphic, pedicellate flowers. The pedicel is up to 3 cm long. The flower has 5 triangular, 2 mm long sepals, and 5 obovate, 13 mm long petals. The androecium consists of 10 stamens. The style is very short.Porembski, S., Barthlott, W. (2003). [https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-662-07255-4_19 Dioncophyllaceae.] In: Kubitzki, K., Bayer, C. (eds) Flowering Plants · Dicotyledons. The Families and Genera of Vascular Plants, vol 5. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. The up to 4 cm wide, 1-seeded, 4–5-valved capsule fruit bears discoid, papery, flat, winged, circular, pink to red, 5–8(–10) cm wide seedsSchmid-Hollinger, R. (n.d.). Triphyophyllum peltatum (“Hakenblatt”). Retrieved March 30, 2025, from https://www.bio-schmidhol.ch/de/Fleischfressende_Pflanzen/triphyophyllumSlack, A. (2000). [https://www.google.de/books/edition/Carnivorous_Plants/ROS4xtUpMFwC?hl=de&gbpv=1&dq=Triphyophyllum&pg=PA231&printsec=frontcover Carnivorous Plants.] pp. 231–232. Vereinigtes Königreich: MIT Press. with an up to 5.5 cm long funiculus extending beyond the fruit. Most of the seed's development occurs outside the fruit.John Hutchinson and J. M. Dalziel, "Tropical African Plants II" KEW BULLETIN (1928) pp. 31-32. (Under the name Dioncophyllum peltatum). The seeds are wind-dispersed.
=Cytology=
Taxonomy
Triphyophyllum peltatum was first described as Dioncophyllum peltatum {{au|Hutch. & Dalziel}} by John Hutchinson and John McEwan Dalziel in 1927.Triphyophyllum peltatum (Hutch. & Dalziel) Airy Shaw. (n.d.). Plants of the World Online. Retrieved March 28, 2025, from https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:317595-1 It was moved to a new monotypic genus Triphyophyllum {{au|Airy Shaw}} as Triphyophyllum peltatum {{au|(Hutch. & Dalziel) Airy Shaw}} by Herbert Kenneth Airy Shaw in 1952.Triphyophyllum Airy Shaw. (n.d.). Plants of the World Online. Retrieved March 28, 2025, from https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:14246-1
=Etymology=
The generic name Triphyophyllum is derived from tri meaning three,HarperCollins Publishers Limited. (n.d.). Definition of “tri-.” Collins Online Dictionary. Retrieved March 29, 2025, from https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/tri phyo meaning to grow,Auden, H. W., & Taylor, A. E. (1906). [https://ia801306.us.archive.org/7/items/minimumofgreekha00audeuoft/minimumofgreekha00audeuoft.pdf A Minimum of Greek: A Hand Book of Greek Derivatives for the Greek-less Classes of Schools and for Students of Science.] p. 28. Morang & Company, Limited. and phyllum meaning leaf.Merriam-Webster. (n.d.). -phyllum. In Merriam-Webster.com dictionary. Retrieved March 29, 2025, from https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/-phyllum It refers to the three growth stages of the plant with three different types of leaves. The specific epithet peltatum means shield-likeSouth African National Biodiversity Institute (SANBI). (n.d.-c). Pelargonium peltatum (L) L’Hér. PlantZAfrica. Retrieved March 29, 2025, from https://pza.sanbi.org/pelargonium-peltatum and refers to the discoid seeds,Stach, G., & Timmann, L. (2006, February 11). Species: Triphyophyllum peltatum (Hutchinson & Dalziel) Airy Shaw, {1952}. Die Karnivoren-Datenbank. Retrieved March 30, 2025, from https://www.fleischfressendepflanzen.de/db/species.ffp?id=35 which have a long stalk that extends the seed beyond the capsule fruit.
Distribution and habitat
Conservation
Cultivation
Triphyophylum peltatum is difficult to cultivate.{{cite journal | last1=Bringmann | first1=Gerhard | last2=Schlauer | first2=Jan | last3=Wolf | first3=Kristina | last4=Rischer | first4=Heiko | last5=Buschbom | first5=Uwe | last6=Kreiner | first6=Andreas | last7=Thiele | first7=Friedrich | last8=Duschek | first8=Martin | last9=Assi | first9=Laurent Ake | title=Cultivation of Triphyophyllum peltatum (Dioncophyllaceae), the part-time carnivorous plant | journal=Carnivorous Plant Newsletter | volume=28 | issue=1 | date=1999-03-01 | doi=10.55360/cpn281.gb418|doi-access=free| pages=7–13}} It is cultivated in several botanical gardens: Würzburg, Hannover,Mangel weckt den Appetit auf Fleisch. (2023, May 16). Universität Würzburg. Retrieved March 30, 2025, from https://www.uni-wuerzburg.de/aktuelles/pressemitteilungen/single/news/mangel-weckt-den-appetit-auf-fleisch/ Abidjan, Bonn, Cambridge University and Würzburg{{Citation needed|date=April 2024}}, and is exceedingly rare in private collections.
Uses
File:Triphyophyllum compounds.svg
Triphyophyllum peltatum is traditionally used in folk medicine in the treatment of elephantiasis, and malaria. It produces many pharmaceutically active secondary metabolites, some of which have been found to have strong antiplasmodial activity. Some metabolites were found to have antitumoral and anti-multiple myeloma activity. The stems are used as tying material.
References
{{Reflist}}
External links
- [http://www.sarracenia.com/faq/faq5560.html The Carnivorous Plant FAQ: About Triphyophyllum]
- Bringmann, G., H. Rischer, J. Schlauer, K. Wolf, A. Kreiner, M. Duschek & L.A. Assi 2002. {{cite web|url= http://carnivorousplants.org/cpn/articles/CPNv31n2p44_52.pdf |title=The Tropical Liana Triphyophyllum peltatum (Dioncophyllaceae): Formation of Carnivorous Organs is only a facultative prerequisite for shoot elongation. }} {{small|(1.30 MiB)}} Carnivorous Plant Newsletter 31(2): 44–52.
- Bringmann, G., J. Schlauer, K. Wolf, H. Rischer, U. Buschbom, A. Kreiner, F. Thiele, M. Duschek & L.A. Assi 1999. {{cite web|url= http://carnivorousplants.org/cpn/articles/CPNv28n1p7_13.pdf |title=Cultivation of Triphyophyllum peltatum (Dioncophyllaceae), the part-time carnivorous plant. }} {{small|(1.25 MiB)}} Carnivorous Plant Newsletter 28(1): 7–13.
- Bringmann, G., M. Wenzel, H.P. Bringmann & J. Schlauer 2001. {{cite web|url= http://carnivorousplants.org/cpn/articles/CPNv30n1p15_21.pdf |title=Uptake of the amino acid alaninie by digestive leaves: proof of carnivory in the tropical liana Triphyophyllum peltatum (Dioncophyllaceae). }} {{small|(434 KiB)}} Carnivorous Plant Newsletter 30(1): 15–21.
- Jonathan 1992. {{cite web|url= http://carnivorousplants.org/cpn/articles/CPNv21n3p51_53.pdf |title=A letter from Sierra Leone. }} {{small|(541 KiB)}} Carnivorous Plant Newsletter 21(3): 51–53.
- Rice, B. 2007. Carnivorous plants with hybrid trapping strategies. Carnivorous Plant Newsletter 36(1): 23–27.
- Simons, P. 1981. {{cite web|url= http://carnivorousplants.org/cpn/articles/CPNv10n3p65_68_79_80.pdf |title=How Exclusive are Carnivorous Plants? }} {{small|(1.10 MiB)}} Carnivorous Plant Newsletter 10(3): 65–68, 79–80.
{{CarnivorousPlants}}
{{Taxonbar|from=Q17410325|from2=Q1569921}}
Category:Carnivorous plants of Africa
Category:Flora of Sierra Leone
Category:Monotypic Caryophyllales genera
Category:Plants described in 1927
Category:Taxa named by John Hutchinson (botanist)
Category:Taxa named by John McEwan Dalziel
{{Caryophyllales-stub}}