Trondheimsk
{{Short description|Norwegian dialect of Trondheim, Norway}}
{{Infobox language
|name=Trondheimsk
|region=Trondheim
|speakers=?
|familycolor=Indo-European
|fam2=Germanic
|fam3=North Germanic
|fam4=West Scandinavian
|fam5=Trøndersk
|isoexception=dialect
|glotto=none
}}
Trondheimsk ({{IPA|no-NO-03|ˈtrɔ̂nː(h)æɪmsk|lang}}), Trondheim dialect or Trondheim Norwegian is a dialect of Norwegian used in Trondheim. It is a variety of Trøndersk.
Phonology
=Consonants=
- {{IPA|/l/}} is dental {{IPAblink|l̪}}.{{sfnp|Vanvik|1979|p=36}}
- After short vowels, it is realized as an approximant, either palatal {{IPAblink|ʎ}} or palatalized dental {{IPA|[l̪ʲ]}}.{{sfnp|Kristoffersen|2000|p=79}}
- When it occurs after a short vowel before a voiceless stop (particularly {{IPA|/t/}}),{{sfnp|Vanvik|1979|p=36}} it is realized as a voiceless dental lateral continuant, described variously as an approximant {{IPAblink|l̥|l̪̊}}{{sfnp|Vanvik|1979|p=36}} and a fricative {{IPAblink|ɬ̪}}.{{sfnp|Kristoffersen|2000|p=79}}
- {{IPA|/r/}} tends to be realized as a voiced retroflex fricative {{IPAblink|ʐ}}. It is devoiced to {{IPAblink|ʂ}} before {{IPA|/p/}} and {{IPA|/k/}}.{{sfnp|Kristoffersen|2000|p=79}}
=Vowels=
- {{IPA|/iː/}} and {{IPA|/yː/}} can be diphthongized to, respectively, {{IPA|[ie]}} and {{IPA|[ye]}}.{{sfnp|Vanvik|1979|pp=14, 19}}
- {{IPA|/uː/}} is diphthongized to {{IPA|[ue]}}.{{sfnp|Vanvik|1979|p=18}}
- {{IPA|/eː, øː/}} and {{IPA|/ɔː/}} are diphthongized to, respectively, {{IPA|[eæ]}}, {{IPA|[øæ]}} and {{IPA|[ɔ̝æ]}}.{{sfnp|Vanvik|1979|pp=14, 17, 20}}
- The schwa {{IPAblink|ə}} does not exist in the Trondheim dialect.{{sfnp|Vanvik|1979|p=21}}
- {{IPA|/æ, æː/}} have the most open realization in all of Norway, i.e. open front {{IPA|[{{IPAplink|a}}, {{IPAplink|aː}}]}}.{{sfnp|Vanvik|1979|p=15}}
- {{IPA|/ɑ, ɑː/}} are fully back {{IPA|[{{IPAplink|ɑ}}, {{IPAplink|ɑː}}]}}.{{sfnp|Vanvik|1979|p=16}}
- {{IPA|/ɑi/}} has a back starting point {{IPA|[ɑi]}}.{{sfnp|Vanvik|1979|p=23}}
=Tonemes=
==Phonetic realization==
The tonemes of the Trondheim dialect are the same as those of the Oslo dialect; accent 1 is low-rising, whereas accent 2 is falling-rising.{{sfnp|Ophaug|2014|p=59}}
References
{{Reflist|30em}}
Bibliography
{{Refbegin}}
- {{Citation
|last=Kristoffersen
|first=Gjert
|authorlink=Gjert Kristoffersen
|year=2000
|title=The Phonology of Norwegian
|publisher=Oxford University Press
|isbn=978-0-19-823765-5
}}
- {{Citation
|last=Ophaug
|first=Wencke
|title=EXFAC Fonetikk og fonologi
|year=2014
|url=http://www.uio.no/studier/emner/hf/ilos/EXFAC03-EURA/h14/timeplan/2014-09-11.pdf
}}
- {{Citation
|last=Vanvik
|first=Arne
|title=Norsk fonetikk
|year=1979
|publisher=Universitetet i Oslo
|place=Oslo
|isbn=82-990584-0-6
}}
{{Refend}}
{{Norwegian language}}
{{Nordic-lang-stub}}
{{norway-stub}}