Trumpler 14

{{Infobox open cluster

| name = Trumpler 14

| image = Trumpler 14 by Hubble.jpg

| image_size= 300px

| caption = HST ACS visible and infrared image

| epoch = J2000

| constellation = Carina

| ra = {{RA|10|43|56}}{{cite simbad |title=Trumpler 14 |access-date=2 December 2016}}

| dec = {{DEC|-59|33|00}}

| dist_ly = {{convert|2753|pc|ly|order=flip|lk=on|abbr=on}}

| appmag_v = 5.5

| size_v =

| mass_msol = {{val|4.3|3.3|1.5|e=3}}

| age = {{val|300000}}–{{val|500000}} years

| notes = One of the youngest known star clusters

| names = {{nowrap|Cr 230}}, {{nowrap|C 1041-593}}, {{nowrap|Cl VDBH 102}}, {{nowrap|[DBS2003] 54}}, {{nowrap|[KPR2004b] 263}}, {{nowrap|[KPS2012] MWSC 1846}}

}}

Trumpler 14 (Tr 14) is an open cluster with a diameter of {{convert|6|ly|pc|spell=in}}, located within the inner regions of the Carina Nebula, approximately {{convert|2753|pc|ly|order=flip}} from Earth.{{cite journal |author=W.S. Dias |author2=B.S. Alessi |author3=A. Moitinho |author4=J.R.D. Lépine |name-list-style=amp |title=New catalogue of optically visible open clusters and candidates |journal=Astronomy & Astrophysics |date=2002 |volume=389 |issue=3 |pages=871–873 |bibcode=2002A&A...389..871D |doi=10.1051/0004-6361:20020668 |arxiv=astro-ph/0203351|s2cid=18502004 }} Together with the nearby Trumpler 16, they are the main clusters of the Carina OB1 stellar association, which is the largest association in the Carina Nebula, although Trumpler 14 is not as massive or as large as Trumpler 16.{{cite book |title=Eta Carinae and the Supernova Impostors |volume=384 |series=Astrophysics and Space Science Library, Volume 384 |publisher=Springer Science+Business Media |editor1-first=Kris |editor1-last=Davidson |editor2-first=Roberta M. |editor2-last=Humphreys |date=23 January 2012 |isbn=978-1-4614-2274-7 |doi=10.1007/978-1-4614-2275-4 |bibcode=2012ASSL..384.....D|last1=Davidson |first1=Kris |last2=Humphreys |first2=Roberta M. |url=https://cds.cern.ch/record/1453273 }}

About {{val|2,000}} stars have been identified in Trumpler 14{{cite web |publisher=ScienceDaily |date=2009-12-04 |title=Young star cluster Trumpler 14 revealed in stunning image |url=https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2009/12/091203101426.htm |access-date=2014-10-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140831160840/https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2009/12/091203101426.htm |archive-date=31 August 2014 |url-status=live}}

and the total mass of the cluster is estimated to be 4,300 {{solar mass}}.{{cite journal |display-authors=4 |author=H. Sana |author2=Y. Momany |author3=M. Gieles |author4=G. Carraro |author5=Y. Beletsky |author6=V. D. Ivanov |author7=G. De Silva |author8=G. James |title=A MAD view of Trumpler 14 |journal=Astronomy & Astrophysics |date=2010 |volume=515 |pages=A26 |doi=10.1051/0004-6361/200913688 |arxiv=1003.2208 |bibcode=2010A&A...515A..26S|s2cid=119294869 }}

Age

It is one of the youngest known star clusters, estimates range from 300 to 500 thousand years old. For comparison, the massive super star cluster R136 is about 1 to 2 million years old,{{cite journal |author=Crowther, Schnurr |author2=Hirschi, Yusof |author3=Parker, Goodwin |author4=Kassim |title=The R136 star cluster hosts several stars whose individual masses greatly exceed the accepted 150 M⊙ stellar mass limit |journal=Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society |volume=408 |issue=2 |pages=731 |date=2010 |doi=10.1111/j.1365-2966.2010.17167.x |doi-access=free |arxiv=1007.3284 |bibcode=2010MNRAS.408..731C|s2cid=53001712 }} and the famous Pleiades is about 115 million years old.{{cite journal |last1=Basri |first1=Gibor |last2=Marcy |first2=Geoffrey W. |last3=Graham |first3=James R. |title=Lithium in Brown Dwarf Candidates: The Mass and Age of the Faintest Pleiades Stars |year=1996 |journal=The Astrophysical Journal |volume=458 |pages=600–609 |doi=10.1086/176842 |bibcode=1996ApJ...458..600B }}

Members

Due to its location within the inner parts of the Carina Nebula, Trumpler 14 is currently undergoing massive star formation. As a result, the star cluster exhibits many stars of late O to early A spectral type, which are very massive (at least 10 solar masses), short-lived and hot ({{val|20000|ul=K}}). The brightest member is HD 93129, a triple system consisting of three individual class O stars.{{cite book |last=Kaler |first=James D. |date=2002 |title=The Hundred Greatest Stars |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aJavy9Yk1yoC&pg=PA103 |via=Google Books |publisher=Copernicus Books |page=50 |isbn=978-0-387-95436-3 |access-date=2014-10-01}} It also contains HD 93128, an O3.5 V((fc))z star, an extremely hot and young main sequence star.{{cite journal |bibcode=2006MNRAS.367..763S |title=A census of the Carina Nebula – I. Cumulative energy input from massive stars |journal=Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society |volume=367 |issue=2 |pages=763–772 |last1=Smith |first1=Nathan |year=2006 |doi=10.1111/j.1365-2966.2006.10007.x|doi-access=free |arxiv = astro-ph/0601060 |s2cid=14060690 }}

class="wikitable sortable"

|+Prominent stars

!Star name

!MJ number

!Effective temperature

!Absolute magnitude

!Bolometric magnitude

!Mass ({{solar mass|link=yes}})

!Spectral type

!Ref.

HD 93129

|177

|42500+44000+44000

| −6.5 + −4.9

| −7.5

|110+70+52

|O2If+O3.5V+O3.5V((f))z

|{{cite journal|bibcode=2004A&A...415..349R|title=Stellar and wind parameters of Galactic O-stars. The influence of line-blocking/blanketing|journal=Astronomy and Astrophysics|volume=415|pages=349–376|last1=Repolust|first1=T.|last2=Puls|first2=J.|last3=Herrero|first3=A.|year=2004|doi=10.1051/0004-6361:20034594|doi-access=free}}{{cite journal|bibcode=2004AJ....128..323N|title=Resolving OB Systems in the Carina Nebula with the Hubble Space Telescope Fine Guidance Sensor|journal=The Astronomical Journal|volume=128|pages=323–329|last1=Nelan|first1=Edmund P.|last2=Walborn|first2=Nolan R. |author2-link=Nolan R. Walborn |last3=Wallace|first3=Debra J.|last4=Moffat|first4=Anthony F. J.|last5=Makidon|first5=Russell B.|last6=Gies|first6=Douglas R.|last7=Panagia|first7=Nino|year=2004|issue=1|doi=10.1086/420716|s2cid=121115585 |doi-access=free}}{{Cite journal | last1 = Cohen | first1 = D. H. | last2 = Gagné | first2 = M. | last3 = Leutenegger | first3 = M. A. | last4 = MacArthur | first4 = J. P. | last5 = Wollman | first5 = E. E. | last6 = Sundqvist | first6 = J. O. | last7 = Fullerton | first7 = A. W. | last8 = Owocki | first8 = S. P. | doi = 10.1111/j.1365-2966.2011.18952.x | title = Chandra X-ray spectroscopy of the very early O supergiant HD 93129A: Constraints on wind shocks and the mass-loss rate | journal = Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society | volume = 415 | issue = 4 | pages = 3354–3364 | year = 2011 | doi-access = free |arxiv = 1104.4786 |bibcode = 2011MNRAS.415.3354C | s2cid = 8258609 }}

HD 93128

|157

|51300

| −5.4

| −10

|75

|O3.5V((fc))z

|{{cite journal|author1=Massey, P.|author2=Degioia-Eastwood, K.|author2-link=Kathy Eastwood|author3=Waterhouse, E.|date=2001|title=The Progenitor Masses of Wolf-Rayet Stars and Luminous Blue Variables Determined from Cluster Turnoffs. II. Results from 12 Galactic Clusters and OB Associations|journal=The Astronomical Journal|volume=121|issue=2|pages=1050–1070|arxiv=astro-ph/0010654|bibcode=2001AJ....121.1050M|doi=10.1086/318769|s2cid=53345173 }}

HD 93160

|229

|42700

| −5.9

| −9.9

|62

|O6III

HD 303311

|351

|46100

| −5

| −9.2

|51

|O5V

CPD-58 2611

|115

|43600

| −4.6

| −8.6

|39

|O6V

HD 305524

|404

|39800

| −5

| −8.8

|37

CPD-58 2620

|192

|42400

| −4.3

| −8.3

|35

|O6.5V

|165

|38500

| −4.8

| −8.5

|34

|O8V

HD 305516

|36

|43600

| −4

| −8.1

|33

HD 305532

|593

|40800

| −4.3

| −8.2

|33

CPD-59 2610

|449

|42300

| −4

| −7.9

|31

CPD-58 2627

|203

|39800

| −4.1

| −7.9

|29

Future

In a few million years, as its stars die, it will trigger the formation of metal-rich stars, and in a few hundred million years Trumpler 14 will probably dissipate.{{cite journal |author=de La Fuente |title=Dynamical Evolution of Open Star Clusters |journal=Publications of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific |date=1998 |volume=110 |issue=751 |pages=1117 |bibcode=1998PASP..110.1117D |doi=10.1086/316220|doi-access=free }}

Gallery

File:Carina Nebula.jpg|Image of the Carina OB1 association. Trumpler 14 is the massive cluster of stars at the upper right of center.

File:ESO-Trumpler14-cluster.jpg|Trumpler 14 as seen by the Multi-conjugate Adaptive optics Demonstrator (MAD) mounted on ESO's Very Large Telescope (VLT). Image is based on a combination of K and H filters. Field of view is about two arcminutes across.

References

External links

{{commons category-inline|Trumpler 14}}

Category:Carina Nebula

Category:Open clusters

Category:Carina (constellation)

Category:Trumpler catalog

Category:Star-forming regions