Trusted Platform Module#Uses

The first TPM version that was deployed was 1.1b in 2003.{{Citation |last1=Arthur |first1=Will |title=History of the TPM |date=2015 |work=A Practical Guide to TPM 2.0: Using the New Trusted Platform Module in the New Age of Security |pages=1–5 |editor-last=Arthur |editor-first=Will |place=Berkeley, CA |publisher=Apress |language=en |doi=10.1007/978-1-4302-6584-9_1 |isbn=978-1-4302-6584-9 |last2=Challener |first2=David |last3=Goldman |first3=Kenneth |editor2-last=Challener |editor2-first=David |editor3-last=Goldman |editor3-first=Kenneth|doi-access=free }}

Trusted Platform Module (TPM) was conceived by a computer industry consortium called Trusted Computing Group (TCG). It evolved into TPM Main Specification Version 1.2 which was standardized by International Organization for Standardization (ISO) and International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) in 2009 as ISO/IEC 11889:2009.{{cite web |url=http://www.iso.org/iso/catalogue_detail.htm?csnumber=50970 |title=ISO/IEC 11889-1:2009 – Information technology – Trusted Platform Module – Part 1: Overview |website=ISO.org |publisher=International Organization for Standardization |date=May 2009 |access-date=November 30, 2013 |archive-date=January 28, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170128033043/http://www.iso.org/iso/catalogue_detail.htm?csnumber=50970 |url-status=live }} TPM Main Specification Version 1.2 was finalized on 3 March 2011 completing its revision.{{Cite web|title=TPM 1.2 Main Specification|url=https://trustedcomputinggroup.org/resource/tpm-main-specification/|access-date=2021-11-08|website=Trusted Computing Group|language=en-US}}{{Cite web | url = https://www.trustedcomputinggroup.org/tpm-main-specification/ | title = Trusted Platform Module (TPM) Specifications | publisher = Trusted Computing Group | date = March 1, 2011 | access-date = October 30, 2016 | archive-date = October 22, 2017 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20171022063836/https://trustedcomputinggroup.org/tpm-main-specification/ | url-status = live }}

On April 9, 2014, the Trusted Computing Group announced a major upgrade to their specification entitled TPM Library Specification 2.0.{{Cite web|date=2014-04-01|title=Trusted Computing Group Releases TPM 2.0 Specification for Improved Platform and Device Security |url=https://trustedcomputinggroup.org/trusted-computing-group-releases-tpm-2-0-specification-improved-platform-device-security/ |access-date=2021-11-08 |publisher=Trusted Computing Group |language=en-US}} The group continues work on the standard incorporating errata, algorithmic additions and new commands, with its most recent edition published as 2.0 in November 2019.{{cite web |url=https://www.trustedcomputinggroup.org/tpm-library-specification/ |title=TPM Library Specification 2.0 |publisher=Trusted Computing Group |access-date=October 30, 2016 |archive-date=29 October 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161029235918/https://www.trustedcomputinggroup.org/tpm-library-specification/ |url-status=live }} This version became ISO/IEC 11889:2015.

When a new revision is released it is divided into multiple parts by the Trusted Computing Group. Each part consists of a document that makes up the whole of the new TPM specification.

• Part 1 Architecture (renamed from Design Principles)
• Part 2 Structures of the TPM
• Part 3 Commands
• Part 4 Supporting Routines (added in TPM 2.0)

While TPM 2.0 addresses many of the same use cases and has similar features, the details are different. TPM 2.0 is not backward compatible with TPM 1.2.{{Citation |title=Trusted Platform Module Library |date=October 30, 2014 |access-date=October 27, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161028083957/https://www.trustedcomputinggroup.org/wp-content/uploads/TPM-Rev-2.0-Part-1-Architecture-01.16.pdf |archive-date=October 28, 2016 |url-status=live |chapter=Part 1: Architecture |chapter-url=https://www.trustedcomputinggroup.org/wp-content/uploads/TPM-Rev-2.0-Part-1-Architecture-01.16.pdf |publisher=Trusted Computing Group}}{{Cite web |title=TPM 1.2 vs. 2.0 Features {{pipe}} Dell US |url=https://www.dell.com/support/article/en-us/sln312590/tpm-1-2-vs-2-0-features?lang=en}}{{Cite web |title=TPM 1.2, 2.0 and FTPM (Firmware-based TPM) Information |url=http://aps2.toshiba-tro.de/kb0/TSB8B03XO0000R01.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200206234241/http://aps2.toshiba-tro.de/kb0/TSB8B03XO0000R01.htm |archive-date=February 6, 2020 |access-date=August 31, 2020}}

The TPM 2.0 policy authorization includes the 1.2 HMAC, locality, physical presence, and PCR. It adds authorization based on an asymmetric digital signature, indirection to another authorization secret, counters and time limits, NVRAM values, a particular command or command parameters, and physical presence. It permits the ANDing and ORing of these authorization primitives to construct complex authorization policies.{{Citation |title=Trusted Platform Module Library; Part 3: Commands |date=March 13, 2014 |url=http://www.trustedcomputinggroup.org/files/static_page_files/C213752B-1A4B-B294-D053D90DF2AB69C5/TPM%20Rev%202.0%20Part%203%20-%20Commands%2001.07-2014-03-13-code.pdf |access-date=September 2, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140903132917/http://www.trustedcomputinggroup.org/files/static_page_files/C213752B-1A4B-B294-D053D90DF2AB69C5/TPM%20Rev%202.0%20Part%203%20-%20Commands%2001.07-2014-03-13-code.pdf |archive-date=September 3, 2014 |url-status=live |section=Section 23: Enhanced Authorization (EA) Commands |publisher=Trusted Computing Group}}

File:TPM 1.2 diagram.svg

The Trusted Platform Module (TPM) provides:

• A hardware random number generator{{cite arXiv | eprint = 1008.2223 | title = Benchmarking the True Random Number Generator of TPM Chips | author1 = Alin Suciu | author2= Tudor Carean| class =cs.CR| year =2010}}{{Citation | title=TPM Main Specification Level 2|url=https://trustedcomputinggroup.org/wp-content/uploads/TPM-Main-Part-1-Design-Principles_v1.2_rev116_01032011.pdf |volume=Part 1 Design Principles| edition=Version 1.2, Revision 116|access-date=12 September 2017|archive-date=24 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210224215928/https://trustedcomputinggroup.org/wp-content/uploads/TPM-Main-Part-1-Design-Principles_v1.2_rev116_01032011.pdf | url-status=live}}
• Facilities for the secure generation of cryptographic keys for limited uses.
• Remote attestation: Creates a nearly unforgeable hash key summary of the hardware and software configuration. One could use the hash to verify that the hardware and software have not been changed. The software in charge of hashing the setup determines the extent of the summary.
• Binding: Data is encrypted using the TPM bind key, a unique RSA key descended from a storage key. Computers that incorporate a TPM can create cryptographic keys and encrypt them so that they can only be decrypted by the TPM. This process, often called wrapping or binding a key, can help protect the key from disclosure. Each TPM has a master wrapping key, called the storage root key, which is stored within the TPM itself. User-level RSA key containers are stored with the Windows user profile for a particular user and can be used to encrypt and decrypt information for applications that run under that specific user identity.{{cite web | url=https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/previous-versions/aspnet/f5cs0acs(v=vs.100) | title=Understanding Machine-Level and User-Level RSA Key Containers | date=October 22, 2014 }}{{cite web|url=http://linux.die.net/man/3/tspi_data_bind|title=tspi_data_bind(3) – Encrypts data blob|format=Posix manual page|publisher=Trusted Computing Group|access-date=October 27, 2009|archive-date=November 29, 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131129101856/http://linux.die.net/man/3/tspi_data_bind | url-status=live}}
• Sealed storage: Specifies the TPM state{{Citation | url = https://trustedcomputinggroup.org/wp-content/uploads/TCG_TPM2_r1p59_Part1_Architecture_pub.pdf | title = Trusted Platform Module Library Specification, Family "2.0" | edition = Level 00, Revision 01.59 | volume = Part 1 – Architecture, Section 12, TPM Operational States | publisher = Trusted Computing Group | access-date = January 17, 2021 | archive-date = January 9, 2021 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210109164407/https://trustedcomputinggroup.org/wp-content/uploads/TCG_TPM2_r1p59_Part1_Architecture_pub.pdf | url-status = live }} for the data to be decrypted (unsealed).{{Citation | url = http://www.trustedcomputinggroup.org/files/static_page_files/72C33D71-1A4B-B294-D02C7DF86630BE7C/TPM%20Main-Part%203%20Commands_v1.2_rev116_01032011.pdf | title = TPM Main Specification Level 2 | edition = Version 1.2, Revision 116 | volume = Part 3 – Commands | publisher = Trusted Computing Group | access-date = June 22, 2011 | archive-date = September 28, 2011 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110928031628/http://www.trustedcomputinggroup.org/files/static_page_files/72C33D71-1A4B-B294-D02C7DF86630BE7C/TPM%20Main-Part%203%20Commands_v1.2_rev116_01032011.pdf | url-status = live }}
• Other Trusted Computing functions for the data to be decrypted (unsealed).{{Citation| url = https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/previous-versions/windows/it-pro/windows-vista/cc749022(v=ws.10)?redirectedfrom=MSDN| title = Microsoft Article on TPM| date = July 25, 2008| access-date = April 1, 2021| archive-date = January 2, 2021| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210102105127/https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/previous-versions/windows/it-pro/windows-vista/cc749022(v=ws.10)?redirectedfrom=MSDN| url-status = live}}

Computer programs can use a TPM for the authentication of hardware devices, since each TPM chip has a unique and secret Endorsement Key (EK) burned in as it is produced. Security embedded in hardware provides more protection than a software-only solution.{{cite web | url = http://www-01.ibm.com/support/docview.wss?uid=pos1R1003970&aid=1 | title=TPM – Trusted Platform Module |publisher=IBM |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160803203400/http://www-01.ibm.com/support/docview.wss?uid=pos1R1003970&aid=1 |archive-date=August 3, 2016}} Its use is restricted in some countries.{{Cite web|date=2021-06-28|title=Windows 11 TPM 2.0 requirement has a special exception|url=https://www.slashgear.com/windows-11-tpm-2-0-requirement-has-a-special-exception-27680130/ | url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210628033548/https://www.slashgear.com/windows-11-tpm-2-0-requirement-has-a-special-exception-27680130/ | archive-date=June 28, 2021|access-date=2021-06-29|website=SlashGear | language=en-US}}

File:TPM 2.0 implementation on Linux screenshot.png

The primary scope of TPM is to ensure the integrity of a platform during boot time. In this context, "integrity" means "behaves as intended", and a "platform" is any computer device regardless of its operating system. This is to ensure that the boot process starts from a trusted combination of hardware and software, and continues until the operating system has fully booted and applications are running.

When TPM is used, the firmware and the operating system are responsible for ensuring integrity.

For example, the Unified Extensible Firmware Interface (UEFI) can use TPM to form a root of trust: The TPM contains several Platform Configuration Registers (PCRs) that allow secure storage and reporting of security-relevant metrics. These metrics can be used to detect changes to previous configurations and decide how to proceed. Examples of such use can be found in Linux Unified Key Setup (LUKS),{{cite web | url = https://github.com/shpedoikal/tpm-luks | title = LUKS support for storing keys in TPM NVRAM | year = 2013 | access-date = December 19, 2013 | website = github.com | archive-date = September 16, 2013 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130916075234/https://github.com/shpedoikal/tpm-luks | url-status = live }} BitLocker and PrivateCore vCage memory encryption. (See below.)

Another example of platform integrity via TPM is in the use of Microsoft Office 365 licensing and Outlook Exchange.{{cite web|url=https://www.dell.com/support/kbdoc/en-uk/000137758/microsoft-office-outlook-exchange-error-80090016-after-a-system-board-replacement|title=Microsoft Office Outlook Exchange Error 80090016 After a System Board Replacement|access-date=December 23, 2020|archive-date=June 28, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210628200144/https://www.dell.com/support/kbdoc/en-uk/000137758/microsoft-office-outlook-exchange-error-80090016-after-a-system-board-replacement|url-status=live}}

Another example of TPM use for platform integrity is the Trusted Execution Technology (TXT), which creates a chain of trust. It could remotely attest that a computer is using the specified hardware and software.{{cite web|url=http://www.intel.com/content/dam/www/public/us/en/documents/white-papers/trusted-execution-technology-security-paper.pdf|title=Intel Trusted Execution Technology|last=Greene|first=James|year=2012|publisher=Intel|type=white paper|access-date=December 18, 2013|archive-date=June 11, 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140611161421/http://www.intel.com/content/dam/www/public/us/en/documents/white-papers/trusted-execution-technology-security-paper.pdf|url-status=live}}

Full disk encryption utilities, such as dm-crypt, can use this technology to protect the keys used to encrypt the computer's storage devices and provide integrity authentication for a trusted boot pathway that includes firmware and the boot sector.{{cite web|url=https://www.techsectora.com/2021/02/tpm-header-what-is-it-and-why-is-it-used.html?m=1|title=TPM Encryption | access-date=March 29, 2021|archive-date=June 28, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210628045716/https://www.techsectora.com/2021/02/tpm-header-what-is-it-and-why-is-it-used.html?m=1 | url-status=live}}

File:TPM Asus.jpg

In 2006 new laptops began being sold with a built-in TPM chip. In the future, this concept could be co-located on an existing motherboard chip in computers, or any other device where the TPM facilities could be employed, such as a cellphone. On a PC, either the Low Pin Count (LPC) bus or the Serial Peripheral Interface (SPI) bus is used to connect to the TPM chip.

The Trusted Computing Group (TCG) has certified TPM chips manufactured by Infineon Technologies, Nuvoton, and STMicroelectronics,{{Cite web | url = https://www.trustedcomputinggroup.org/membership/certification/tpm-certified-products/ | title = TPM Certified Products List | publisher = Trusted Computing Group | access-date = October 1, 2016 | archive-date = October 14, 2016 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20161014153730/http://www.trustedcomputinggroup.org/membership/certification/tpm-certified-products/ | url-status = live }} having assigned TPM vendor IDs to Advanced Micro Devices, Atmel, Broadcom, IBM, Infineon, Intel, Lenovo, National Semiconductor, Nationz Technologies, Nuvoton, Qualcomm, Rockchip, Standard Microsystems Corporation, STMicroelectronics, Samsung, Sinosun, Texas Instruments, and Winbond.{{Cite web | url = https://www.trustedcomputinggroup.org/wp-content/uploads/Vendor_ID_Registry_0-8_clean.pdf | title = TCG Vendor ID Registry | date = 23 September 2015 | access-date = 27 October 2016 | archive-date = 28 October 2016 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20161028083456/https://www.trustedcomputinggroup.org/wp-content/uploads/Vendor_ID_Registry_0-8_clean.pdf | url-status = live }}

There are five different types of TPM 2.0 implementations (listed in order from most to least secure):{{Cite web |url=https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/windows/device-security/tpm/tpm-recommendations |title=TPM Recommendations |last1=Lich |first1=Brian |last2=Browers |first2=Nick |date=27 October 2017 |website=Microsoft Docs |publisher=Microsoft |last3=Hall |first3=Justin |last4=McIlhargey |first4=Bill |last5=Farag |first5=Hany |access-date=10 January 2018 |archive-date=11 January 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180111052704/https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/windows/device-security/tpm/tpm-recommendations |url-status=live }}{{Cite web|url=https://www.trustedcomputinggroup.org/wp-content/uploads/TPM-2.0-A-Brief-Introduction.pdf|title=Trusted Platform Module 2.0: A Brief Introduction |date=October 13, 2016 | publisher=Trusted Computing Group |access-date=March 31, 2018|archive-date=February 3, 2019 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190203202259/https://www.trustedcomputinggroup.org/wp-content/uploads/TPM-2.0-A-Brief-Introduction.pdf |url-status=live}}

• Discrete TPMs are dedicated chips that implement TPM functionality in their own tamper resistant semiconductor package. They are the most secure, certified to FIPS-140 with level 3 physical security{{cite web |url=https://trustedcomputinggroup.org/membership/certification/tpm-certified-products |title=TPM Certified Products}} resistance to attack versus routines implemented in software, and their packages are required to implement some tamper resistance. For example, the TPM for the brake controller in a car is protected from hacking by sophisticated methods.{{cite web|url=https://trustedcomputinggroup.org/wp-content/uploads/TPM-2.0-A-Brief-Introduction.pdf |access-date=2023-08-20 |title=Trusted Platform Module (TPM) - 2.0: A BRIEF INTRODUCTION}}
• Integrated TPMs are part of another chip. While they use hardware that resists software bugs, they are not required to implement tamper resistance. Intel has integrated TPMs in some of its chipsets.
• Firmware TPMs (fTPMs) are firmware-based (e.g. UEFI) solutions that run in a CPU's trusted execution environment. Intel, AMD and Qualcomm have implemented firmware TPMs.
• Virtual TPMs (vTPMs) are provided by and rely on hypervisors in isolated execution environments that are hidden from the software running inside virtual machines to secure their code from the software in the virtual machines. They can provide a security level comparable to a firmware TPM. Google Cloud Platform has implemented vTPM.[https://cloud.google.com/security/shielded-cloud/shielded-vm#vtpm GCE Shielded VM - Virtual Trusted Platform Module (vTPM)]
• Software TPMs are software emulators of TPMs that run with no more protection than a regular program gets within an operating system. They depend entirely on the environment that they run in, so they provide no more security than what can be provided by the normal execution environment. They are useful for development purposes.

{{Infobox software

| name = TPM 2.0 Reference Implementation

| logo =

| screenshot =

| screenshot size =

| caption =

| developer = Microsoft

| released =

| latest release version =

| latest release date =

| repo = {{URL|https://github.com/Microsoft/ms-tpm-20-ref}}

| programming language = C, C++

| operating system =

| language =

| genre = TPM implementation

| license = BSD License

| website = {{URL|https://trustedcomputinggroup.org/tpm-library-specification}}

}}The official TCG reference implementation of the TPM 2.0 Specification has been developed by Microsoft. It is licensed under BSD License and the source code is available on GitHub.{{Cite web |url=https://github.com/Microsoft/ms-tpm-20-ref |title=GitHub - microsoft/ms-tpm-20-ref: Reference implementation of the TCG Trusted Platform Module 2.0 specification. |publisher=GitHub |access-date=April 5, 2020 |archive-date=October 27, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201027190036/https://github.com/microsoft/ms-tpm-20-ref |url-status=live }}

In 2018 Intel open-sourced its Trusted Platform Module 2.0 (TPM2) software stack with support for Linux and Microsoft Windows.{{Cite web |url=https://www.phoronix.com/scan.php?page=news_item&px=Intel-New-Open-Source-TPM2 |title=Intel Open-Sources New TPM2 Software Stack - Phoronix |access-date=April 5, 2020 |archive-date=August 10, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200810025300/https://www.phoronix.com/scan.php?page=news_item&px=Intel-New-Open-Source-TPM2 |url-status=live }} The source code is hosted on GitHub and licensed under BSD License.{{Cite web |url=https://github.com/tpm2-software |title=Linux TPM2 & TSS2 Software |website=GitHub |access-date=April 5, 2020 |archive-date=July 9, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200709134944/https://github.com/tpm2-software |url-status=live }}{{Cite web |url=https://software.intel.com/en-us/blogs/2018/08/29/tpm2-software-stack-open-source |title=The TPM2 Software Stack: Introducing a Major Open Source Release Intel Software |access-date=April 5, 2020 |archive-date=April 9, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200409075120/https://software.intel.com/en-us/blogs/2018/08/29/tpm2-software-stack-open-source |url-status=live }}

Infineon funded the development of an open source TPM middleware that complies with the Software Stack (TSS) Enhanced System API (ESAPI) specification of the TCG.{{Cite web |url=https://www.eenewsembedded.com/news/open-source-tpm-20-software-stack-eases-security-adoption |title=Open source TPM 2.0 software stack eases security adoption |date=August 17, 2018 |access-date=April 5, 2020 |archive-date=June 18, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190618182510/https://www.eenewsembedded.com/news/open-source-tpm-20-software-stack-eases-security-adoption |url-status=live }} It was developed by Fraunhofer Institute for Secure Information Technology (SIT).{{Cite web |url=https://www.bisinfotech.com/infineon-enables-open-source-software-stack-for-tpm-2-0/ |title=Infineon Enables Open Source Software Stack for TPM 2.0 |date=August 17, 2018 |access-date=April 5, 2020 |archive-date=February 3, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210203092444/https://www.bisinfotech.com/infineon-enables-open-source-software-stack-for-tpm-2-0/ |url-status=live }}

IBM's Software TPM 2.0 is an implementation of the TCG TPM 2.0 specification. It is based on the TPM specification Parts 3 and 4 and source code donated by Microsoft. It contains additional files to complete the implementation. The source code is hosted on SourceForge{{Cite web |url=https://sourceforge.net/projects/ibmswtpm2/ |title=IBM's Software TPM 2.0 download {{!}} SourceForge.net |access-date=April 5, 2020 |archive-date=June 12, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190612221519/https://sourceforge.net/projects/ibmswtpm2/ |url-status=live }} and GitHub{{Cite web |url=https://github.com/kgoldman/ibmswtpm2/ |title=IBM SW TPM 2.0 |website=GitHub |access-date=June 2, 2021 |archive-date=September 18, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200918030405/https://github.com/kgoldman/ibmswtpm2 |url-status=live }} and licensed under BSD License.

In 2022, AMD announced that under certain circumstances their fTPM implementation causes performance problems. A fix is available in form of a BIOS-Update.{{Cite web |date=2022-03-08 |title=Intermittent System Stutter Experienced with fTPM Enabled on Windows 10 and 11 |url=https://www.amd.com/en/support/kb/faq/pa-410 |access-date=2022-07-02 |publisher=AMD}}{{Cite web |author1=Paul Alcorn |date=2022-03-07 |title=AMD Issues Fix and Workaround for Ryzen's fTPM Stuttering Issues |url=https://www.tomshardware.com/news/amd-issues-fix-and-workaround-for-ftpm-stuttering-issues |access-date=2022-07-02 |website=Tom's Hardware |language=en}}

The Trusted Computing Group (TCG) has faced resistance to the deployment of this technology in some areas, where some authors see possible uses not specifically related to Trusted Computing, which may raise privacy concerns. The concerns include the abuse of remote validation of software decides what software is allowed to run and possible ways to follow actions taken by the user being recorded in a database, in a manner that is completely undetectable to the user.{{cite web | first = Richard Matthew | last = Stallman | url = https://www.gnu.org/philosophy/can-you-trust.html | title = Project GNU | publisher = Free Software Foundation | access-date = 21 July 2016 | archive-date = 29 June 2011 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110629082333/http://www.gnu.org/philosophy/can-you-trust.html | url-status = live }}

The TrueCrypt disk encryption utility, as well as its derivative VeraCrypt, do not support TPM. The original TrueCrypt developers were of the opinion that the exclusive purpose of the TPM is "to protect against attacks that require the attacker to have administrator privileges, or physical access to the computer". The attacker who has physical or administrative access to a computer can circumvent TPM, e.g., by installing a hardware keystroke logger, by resetting TPM, or by capturing memory contents and retrieving TPM-issued keys. The condemning text goes so far as to claim that TPM is entirely redundant.{{Cite web |title=TrueCrypt User Guide |url=https://www.grc.com/misc/truecrypt/TrueCrypt%20User%20Guide.pdf |website=truecrypt.org |publisher=TrueCrypt Foundation |via=grc.com |date=7 February 2012 |page=129 }} The VeraCrypt publisher has reproduced the original allegation with no changes other than replacing "TrueCrypt" with "VeraCrypt".{{cite web | url=https://www.veracrypt.fr/en/FAQ.html |title =FAQ |website=veracrypt.fr |publisher=IDRIX | date=2 July 2017 }} The author is right that, after achieving either unrestricted physical access or administrative privileges, it is only a matter of time before other security measures in place are bypassed.{{Cite web |last=Culp |first=Scott |date=2000 |title=Ten Immutable Laws Of Security (Version 2.0) |url=https://technet.microsoft.com/en-us/library/hh278941.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151209191417/https://technet.microsoft.com/en-us/library/hh278941.aspx |archive-date=9 December 2015 |access-date= |website=TechNet Magazine |publisher=Microsoft |via=Microsoft TechNet}}{{Cite web |last=Johansson |first=Jesper M. |date=October 2008 |title=Security Watch Revisiting the 10 Immutable Laws of Security, Part 1 |url=https://technet.microsoft.com/en-us/library/2008.10.securitywatch.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170410043155/https://technet.microsoft.com/en-us/library/2008.10.securitywatch.aspx |archive-date=10 April 2017 |access-date= |website=TechNet Magazine |publisher=Microsoft |via=Microsoft TechNet}} However, stopping an attacker in possession of administrative privileges has never been one of the goals of TPM (see {{Section link||Uses}} for details), and TPM can stop some physical tampering.{{cite book |title=Autonomic and Trusted Computing: 4th International Conference |publisher=ATC |year=2007 |isbn=9783540735465}}{{cite book |last1=Pearson |first1=Siani |title=Trusted computing platforms: TCPA technology in context |last2=Balacheff |first2=Boris |publisher=Prentice Hall |year=2002 |isbn=9780130092205}}{{cite web |title=SetPhysicalPresenceRequest Method of the Win32_Tpm Class |url=http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/aa376478(VS.85).aspx |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090519204808/http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/aa376478(VS.85).aspx |archive-date=May 19, 2009 |access-date=June 12, 2009 |publisher=Microsoft}}

In 2015 Richard Stallman suggested to replace the term "Trusted computing" with the term "Treacherous computing" due to the danger that the computer can be made to systematically disobey its owner if the cryptographical keys are kept secret from them. He also considers that TPMs available for PCs in 2015 are not currently{{clarify timeframe|date=December 2022}} dangerous and that there is no reason not to include one in a computer or support it in software due to failed attempts from the industry to use that technology for DRM, but that the TPM2 released in 2022 is precisely the "treacherous computing" threat he had warned of.{{Cite web|title=Can You Trust Your Computer? - GNU Project - Free Software Foundation|url=https://www.gnu.org/philosophy/can-you-trust.en.html|access-date=2023-09-06|website=www.gnu.org}}

In August 2023, Linus Torvalds, who was frustrated with AMD fTPM's stuttering bugs opined, "Let's just disable the stupid fTPM hwrnd thing." He said the CPU-based random number generation, rdrand was equally suitable, despite having its share of bugs. Writing for Neowin, Sayan Sen quoted Torvalds' bitter comments and called him "a man with a strong opinion".{{Cite news |last=Sen |first=Sayan |date=2024-10-23 |title=Linus Torvalds seems frustrated with AMD Ryzen fTPM bugs and issues, suggests disabling |url=https://www.neowin.net/news/linus-torvalds-seems-frustrated-with-amd-ryzen-ftpm-bugs-and-issues-suggests-disabling/ |access-date=2024-10-23 |work=Neowin}}

In 2010 Christopher Tarnovsky presented an attack against TPMs at Black Hat Briefings, where he claimed to be able to extract secrets from a single TPM. He was able to do this after 6 months of work by inserting a probe and spying on an internal bus for the Infineon SLE 66 CL PC.{{Cite web|url=https://www.networkworld.com/news/2010/020210-black-hat-processor-security.html|title=Black Hat: Researcher claims hack of processor used to secure Xbox 360, other products|date=January 30, 2012|access-date=August 10, 2017|url-status=bot: unknown|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120130095246/https://www.networkworld.com/news/2010/020210-black-hat-processor-security.html|archive-date=January 30, 2012}}{{Cite web|url=https://hackaday.com/2010/02/09/tpm-crytography-cracked/|title=TPM crytography cracked|last=Szczys|first=Mike|date=February 9, 2010|website=HACKADAY|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100212050338/https://hackaday.com/2010/02/09/tpm-crytography-cracked/|archive-date=February 12, 2010}}

In case of physical access, computers with TPM 1.2 are vulnerable to cold boot attacks as long as the system is on or can be booted without a passphrase from shutdown, sleep or hibernation, which is the default setup for Windows computers with BitLocker full disk encryption.{{cite podcast|url=https://blog.f-secure.com/podcast-reinventing-cold-boot-attack/ | title=Episode 14 Reinventing the Cold Boot Attack: Modern Laptop Version | host=Melissa Michael | publisher=F-Secure Blog | date=8 October 2018 | access-date=28 September 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190928091354/https://blog.f-secure.com/podcast-reinventing-cold-boot-attack/|archive-date=28 September 2019|url-status=live}} A fix was proposed, which has been adopted in the specifications for TPM 2.0.

In 2009, the concept of shared authorisation data in TPM 1.2 was found to be flawed. An adversary given access to the data could spoof responses from the TPM.{{cite conference

| title= Attack, solution and verification for shared authorisation data in TCG TPM

| last1=Chen

| first1=Liqun

| last2=Ryan

| first2=Mark

| date=2009

| publisher=LNCS Springer

| conference=Sixth International Workshop on Formal Aspects in Security and Trust (FAST'09)

}} A fix was proposed, which has been adopted in the specifications for TPM 2.0.

In 2015 as part of the Snowden revelations, it was revealed that in 2010 a US CIA team claimed at an internal conference to have carried out a differential power analysis attack against TPMs that was able to extract secrets.{{Cite web|url=https://theintercept.com/2015/03/10/ispy-cia-campaign-steal-apples-secrets/|title=The CIA Campaign to Steal Apple's Secrets | last1=Scahill|first1=Jeremy ScahillJosh BegleyJeremy | last2=Begley | first2=Josh| publisher=The Intercept|access-date=August 10, 2017|date=March 10, 2015|archive-date=August 9, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170809064512/https://theintercept.com/2015/03/10/ispy-cia-campaign-steal-apples-secrets/|url-status=live}}{{Cite news|url=https://theintercept.com/document/2015/03/10/tpm-vulnerabilities-power-analysis-exposed-exploit-bitlocker/ | title=TPM Vulnerabilities to Power Analysis and An Exposed Exploit to Bitlocker – The Intercept | work=The Intercept|access-date=August 10, 2017|language=en-US|archive-date=July 9, 2017 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170709222530/https://theintercept.com/document/2015/03/10/tpm-vulnerabilities-power-analysis-exposed-exploit-bitlocker/|url-status=live}}

Main Trusted Boot (tboot) distributions before November 2017 are affected by a dynamic root of trust for measurement (DRTM) attack {{CVE|2017-16837}}, which affects computers running on Intel's Trusted eXecution Technology (TXT) for the boot-up routine.

In October 2017, it was reported that a code library developed by Infineon, which had been in widespread use in its TPMs, contained a vulnerability, known as ROCA, which generated weak RSA key pairs that allowed private keys to be inferred from public keys. As a result, all systems depending upon the privacy of such weak keys are vulnerable to compromise, such as identity theft or spoofing.{{cite web |last1=Goodin |first1=Dan |date=October 16, 2017 |title=Millions of high-security crypto keys crippled by newly discovered flaw |url=https://arstechnica.com/information-technology/2017/10/crypto-failure-cripples-millions-of-high-security-keys-750k-estonian-ids/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181019012939/https://arstechnica.com/information-technology/2017/10/crypto-failure-cripples-millions-of-high-security-keys-750k-estonian-ids/ |archive-date=October 19, 2018 |access-date=October 18, 2017 |publisher=Ars Technica}} Cryptosystems that store encryption keys directly in the TPM without blinding could be at particular risk to these types of attacks, as passwords and other factors would be meaningless if the attacks can extract encryption secrets.{{Cite web |title=Can the NSA Break Microsoft's BitLocker? – Schneier on Security |url=https://www.schneier.com/blog/archives/2015/03/can_the_nsa_bre_1.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170810210547/https://www.schneier.com/blog/archives/2015/03/can_the_nsa_bre_1.html |archive-date=August 10, 2017 |access-date=August 10, 2017 |website=www.schneier.com}} Infineon has released firmware updates for its TPMs to manufacturers who have used them.{{Cite web |title="TPM Update - Infineon Technologies" |url=https://www.infineon.com/cms/en/product/promopages/tpm-update/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210205072055/https://www.infineon.com/cms/en/product/promopages/tpm-update/ |archive-date=February 5, 2021 |access-date=March 19, 2021}}

In 2018, a design flaw in the TPM 2.0 specification for the static root of trust for measurement (SRTM) was reported ({{CVE|2018-6622}}). It allows an adversary to reset and forge platform configuration registers which are designed to securely hold measurements of software that are used for bootstrapping a computer.{{cite conference|url=https://www.usenix.org/system/files/conference/usenixsecurity18/sec18-han.pdf|title=A Bad Dream: Subverting Trusted Platform Module While You Are Sleeping| last1=Seunghun| first1=Han| last2=Wook| first2=Shin | last3=Jun-Hyeok | first3=Park | last4=HyoungChun | first4=Kim|date=August 15–17, 2018 | publisher=USENIX Association | location=Baltimore, MD, USA|conference=27th USENIX Security Symposium | isbn=9781939133045 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180820032203/https://www.usenix.org/system/files/conference/usenixsecurity18/sec18-han.pdf | archive-date=20 August 2018 | url-status=live}} Fixing it requires hardware-specific firmware patches. An attacker abuses power interrupts and TPM state restores to trick TPM into thinking that it is running on non-tampered components.{{cite web | url=https://www.bleepingcomputer.com/news/security/researchers-detail-two-new-attacks-on-tpm-chips/ | title=Researchers Detail Two New Attacks on TPM Chips | first=Catalin | last=Cimpanu| publisher=Bleeping Computer | date=August 29, 2018|access-date=28 September 2019 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181007062452/https://www.bleepingcomputer.com/news/security/researchers-detail-two-new-attacks-on-tpm-chips/|archive-date=7 October 2018|url-status=live}}

In 2021, the Dolos Group showed an attack on a discrete TPM, where the TPM chip itself had some tamper resistance, but the other endpoints of its communication bus did not. They read a full-disk-encryption key as it was transmitted across the motherboard, and used it to decrypt the laptop's SSD.{{cite web |url=https://arstechnica.com/gadgets/2021/08/how-to-go-from-stolen-pc-to-network-intrusion-in-30-minutes/ |title=Trusted platform module security defeated in 30 minutes, no soldering required |date=August 3, 2021}}

Currently, a TPM is provided by nearly all PC and notebook manufacturers in their products.

Vendors include:

• Infineon provides both TPM chips and TPM software, which are delivered as OEM versions with new computers as well as separately by Infineon for products with TPM technology which comply with TCG standards. For example, Infineon licensed TPM management software to Broadcom Corp. in 2004.{{cite web|url=https://www.heise.de/newsticker/meldung/Trusted-Platform-Module-TPM-im-LAN-Adapter-143777.html|title=Trusted Platform Module (TPM) im LAN-Adapter|date=March 12, 2005 |publisher=Heise Online|access-date=January 7, 2019|archive-date=January 7, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190107232935/https://www.heise.de/newsticker/meldung/Trusted-Platform-Module-TPM-im-LAN-Adapter-143777.html|url-status=live}}
• Microchip (formerly Atmel) manufactured TPM devices that it claims to be compliant to the Trusted Platform Module specification version 1.2 revision 116 and offered with several interfaces (LPC, SPI, and I²C), modes (FIPS 140-2 certified and standard mode), temperature grades (commercial and industrial), and packages (TSSOP and QFN).{{cite web|url=http://www.atmel.com/products/security-ics/embedded/|title=Home – Microchip Technology|website=www.atmel.com|access-date=October 4, 2016|archive-date=October 5, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161005162507/http://www.atmel.com/products/security-ics/embedded/|url-status=dead}}{{cite web|url=http://www.atmel.com/Images/Atmel-8965-TPM-Part-No-Selection-Guide-ApplicationNote.pdf|title=AN_8965 TPM Part Number Selection Guide – Application Notes – Microchip Technology Inc.|website=www.atmel.com|access-date=October 4, 2016|archive-date=October 5, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161005171009/http://www.atmel.com/Images/Atmel-8965-TPM-Part-No-Selection-Guide-ApplicationNote.pdf|url-status=dead}}{{cite web |url=https://www.microchip.com/en-us/products/security/security-ics/tpm |title="Trusted Platform Module" |author= |date= |website= |publisher=Microchip Technology |access-date=2024-02-14 |quote=}} Its TPMs support PCs and embedded devices. It also provides TPM development kits to support integration of its TPM devices into various embedded designs.{{cite web|url=http://www.atmel.com/products/security-ics/embedded/?tab=tools|title=Home – Microchip Technology|website=www.atmel.com|access-date=October 4, 2016|archive-date=October 5, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161005165740/http://www.atmel.com/products/security-ics/embedded/?tab=tools|url-status=dead}}
• Nuvoton Technology Corporation provides TPM devices for PC applications. Nuvoton also provides TPM devices for embedded systems and Internet of Things (IoT) applications via I²C and SPI host interfaces. Nuvoton's TPM complies with Common Criteria (CC) with assurance level EAL 4 augmented with ALC_FLR.1, AVA_VAN.4 and ALC_DVS.2, FIPS 140-2 level 2 with Physical Security and EMI/EMC level 3 and Trusted Computing Group Compliance requirements, all supported within a single device. TPMs produced by Winbond are now part of Nuvoton.{{cite web | url = https://www.nuvoton.com/products/cloud-computing/security/trusted-platform-module-tpm | title = Nuvoton TPM}}
• STMicroelectronics has provided TPMs for PC platforms and embedded systems since 2005. The product offering{{cite web | url = https://www.st.com/content/ccc/resource/sales_and_marketing/promotional_material/flyer/group0/62/f7/89/67/99/9a/40/45/STSAFE_TPM_Flyer/files/STSAFE-TPM-Flyer.pdf/jcr:content/translations/en.STSAFE-TPM-Flyer.pdf | title = STSAFE-TPM}} includes discrete devices with several interfaces supporting Serial Peripheral Interface (SPI) and I²C and different qualification grades (consumer, industrial and automotive). The TPM products are Common Criteria (CC) certified EAL4+ augmented with ALC_FLR.1 and AVA_VAN.5, FIPS 140-2 level 2 certified with physical security level 3 and also Trusted Computing Group (TCG) certified.

There are also hybrid types; for example, TPM can be integrated into an Ethernet controller, thus eliminating the need for a separate motherboard component.{{cite web | url = https://www.trustedcomputinggroup.org/files/temp/4B551C9F-1D09-3519-AD45C1F0B5D61714/TPM%20Overview.pdf | title = Replacing Vulnerable Software with Secure Hardware: The Trusted Platform Module (TPM) and How to Use It in the Enterprise | year = 2008 | access-date = June 7, 2014 | publisher = Trusted computing group | archive-date = July 14, 2014 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140714233816/https://www.trustedcomputinggroup.org/files/temp/4B551C9F-1D09-3519-AD45C1F0B5D61714/TPM%20Overview.pdf | url-status = live }}{{cite web | url = http://www.broadcom.com/products/Ethernet-Controllers-and-Adapters/Enterprise-Client-Controllers/BCM5752 | title = NetXtreme Gigabit Ethernet Controller with Integrated TPM1.2 for Desktops | date = May 6, 2009 | access-date = June 7, 2014 | publisher = Broadcom | archive-date = June 14, 2014 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140614134124/http://www.broadcom.com/products/Ethernet-Controllers-and-Adapters/Enterprise-Client-Controllers/BCM5752 | url-status = live }}

Field upgrade is the TCG term for updating the TPM firmware. The update can be between TPM 1.2 and TPM 2.0, or between firmware versions. Some vendors limit the number of transitions between 1.2 and 2.0, and some restrict rollback to previous versions.{{Citation needed|date=September 2021}} Platform OEMs such as HP{{cite web | url = https://support.hp.com/us-en/product/hp-prodesk-490-g3-microtower-pc/7633358/document/c05381064 | title = HP TPM Configuration Utility}} supply an upgrade tool.

Since July 28, 2016, all new Microsoft device models, lines, or series (or updating the hardware configuration of an existing model, line, or series with a major update, such as CPU, graphic cards) implement, and enable by default TPM 2.0.

While TPM 1.2 parts are discrete silicon components, which are typically soldered on the motherboard, TPM 2.0 is available as a discrete (dTPM) silicon component in a single semiconductor package, an integrated component incorporated in one or more semiconductor packages - alongside other logic units in the same package(s), and as a firmware (fTPM) based component running in a trusted execution environment (TEE) on a general purpose System-on-a-chip (SoC).{{cite web | url=https://www.thewindowsclub.com/tpm-vs-ptt-differences | title=TPM vs PTT: What are the main differences between these technologies? | date=August 9, 2021 }}

• Google Compute Engine was the first major cloud provider offering virtualized TPMs (vTPMs) as part of Google Cloud's Shielded VMs product.{{cite web| url=https://cloud.google.com/shielded-vm| title=Shielded VMs| publisher=Google Cloud| access-date=April 12, 2019| archive-date=April 12, 2019| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190412112007/https://cloud.google.com/shielded-vm/| url-status=live}} Amazon Web Services followed in 2022, naming its vTPM offering "Nitro TPM".{{cite web| url=https://aws.amazon.com/blogs/aws/amazon-ec2-now-supports-nitrotpm-and-uefi-secure-boot/| title=Amazon EC2 Now Supports NitroTPM and UEFI Secure Boot| publisher=AWS News Blog| access-date=February 1, 2025}}
• The libtpms library provides software emulation of a Trusted Platform Module (TPM 1.2 and TPM 2.0). It targets the integration of TPM functionality into hypervisors, primarily into Qemu.{{cite web | url=https://github.com/stefanberger/libtpms | title = libtpms Virtual TPM| website = GitHub| date = October 27, 2021}}

• Windows 11 requires TPM 2.0 support as a minimum system requirement.{{Cite web|last=Microsoft|title=Windows 11 Specs and System Requirements {{!}} Microsoft|url=https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/windows/windows-11-specifications|access-date=2021-10-02|website=Windows|language=en-us}}{{cite conference | last = Chabaud | first = Florent | title = Setting Hardware Root-of-Trust from Edge to Cloud, and How to Use it | book-title = Proceedings of the 29th Computer & Electronics Security Application Rendezvous | pages = 115–130 | publisher = C&ESAR 2022 | location = Rennes, France | date = November 15–16, 2022 | editor1-last = le Guernic | editor1-first = Gurvan | url=https://ceur-ws.org/Vol-3329/paper-07.pdf }} Location: Université de Rennes 1, Campus de Beaulieu, IRISA/Inria Rennes, 263 avenue du Général Leclerc, 35042 RENNES cedex. On many systems TPM is disabled by default which requires changing settings in the computer's UEFI to enable it.{{Cite web|date=2021-06-24|title=Windows 11 update: TPM 2.0 and PC Health Check confusion|url=https://www.slashgear.com/windows-11-tpm-2-0-update-system-requirement-confusion-24679866/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210624203318/https://www.slashgear.com/windows-11-tpm-2-0-update-system-requirement-confusion-24679866/|archive-date=June 24, 2021|access-date=2021-06-24|website=SlashGear|language=en-US}}
• Windows 8 and later have native support for TPM 2.0.
• Windows 7 can install an official patch to add TPM 2.0 support.{{Cite web |url=https://support.microsoft.com/en-us/topic/update-to-add-support-for-tpm-2-0-in-windows-7-and-windows-server-2008-r2-8ef7d943-995e-ee23-0c54-06600e368e1c |title=Update to add support for TPM 2.0 in Windows 7 and Windows Server 2008 R2 - Microsoft Support }}
• Windows Vista through Windows 10 have native support for TPM 1.2.
• The Trusted Platform Module 2.0 (TPM 2.0) has been supported by the Linux kernel since version 4.0 (2015){{Cite web |url=https://www.phoronix.com/scan.php?page=news_item&px=Linux-3.20-TPM-2.0-Security |title=TPM 2.0 Support Sent In For The Linux 3.20 Kernel - Phoronix |access-date=April 5, 2020 |archive-date=February 28, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210228102638/https://www.phoronix.com/scan.php?page=news_item&px=Linux-3.20-TPM-2.0-Security |url-status=live }}{{Cite web |title=Linux kernel turns over release odometer to 4.0 |url=https://www.zdnet.com/article/linux-kernel-turns-over-release-odometer-to-4-0/ |access-date=2025-02-04 |website=ZDNET |language=en}}{{Cite web |url=https://www.phoronix.com/scan.php?page=news_item&px=TPM-2.0-Security-Linux-4.4 |title=TPM 2.0 Support Continues Maturing In Linux 4.4 - Phoronix |access-date=April 5, 2020 |archive-date=March 5, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210305070203/https://www.phoronix.com/scan.php?page=news_item&px=TPM-2.0-Security-Linux-4.4 |url-status=live }}{{Cite web |url=https://www.phoronix.com/scan.php?page=news_item&px=Linux-4.4-TPM-2.0 |title=With Linux 4.4, TPM 2.0 Gets Into Shape For Distributions - Phoronix |access-date=April 5, 2020 |archive-date=August 14, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200814003044/https://www.phoronix.com/scan.php?page=news_item&px=Linux-4.4-TPM-2.0 |url-status=live }}

• Google includes TPMs in Chromebooks as part of their security model.{{cite web |url = https://chrome.googleblog.com/2011/07/chromebook-security-browsing-more.html |title = Chromebook security: browsing more securely |work = Chrome Blog |access-date = April 7, 2013 |archive-date = April 25, 2016 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160425070152/https://chrome.googleblog.com/2011/07/chromebook-security-browsing-more.html |url-status = live }}
• Oracle ships TPMs in their X- and T-Series Systems such as T3 or T4 series of servers.{{cite web | url= http://www.oracle.com/us/products/servers-storage/solaris/solaris-and-sparc-t4-497273.pdf | title= Oracle Solaris and Oracle SPARC T4 Servers— Engineered Together for Enterprise Cloud Deployments | publisher= Oracle | access-date= October 12, 2012 | archive-date= October 24, 2012 | archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20121024150758/http://www.oracle.com/us/products/servers-storage/solaris/solaris-and-sparc-t4-497273.pdf | url-status= live }} Support is included in Solaris 11.{{cite web |url=http://docs.oracle.com/cd/E23824_01/html/821-1462/tpmadm-1m.html |title=tpmadm |type=manpage |publisher=Oracle |access-date=October 12, 2012 |archive-date=November 14, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121114112129/http://docs.oracle.com/cd/E23824_01/html/821-1462/tpmadm-1m.html |url-status=live }}
• In 2006, with the introduction of first Macintosh models with Intel processors, Apple started to ship Macs with TPM. Apple never provided an official driver, but there was a port under GPL available.{{Citation | first = Amit | last = Singh | chapter-url = http://www.osxbook.com/book/bonus/chapter10/tpm/ | title = OS X book | chapter = Trusted Computing for Mac OS X | access-date = August 2, 2011 | archive-date = July 21, 2011 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110721080011/http://www.osxbook.com/book/bonus/chapter10/tpm/ | url-status = live }}. Apple has not shipped a computer with TPM since 2006.{{cite web | url = http://www.pcworld.com/article/157966/laptop_security.html | title = Your Laptop Data Is Not Safe. So Fix It | date = January 20, 2009 | work = PC World | access-date = August 22, 2013 | archive-date = November 4, 2013 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20131104211218/http://www.pcworld.com/article/157966/laptop_security.html | url-status = live }} Starting in 2016, Apple products began adopting Apple's own trusted hardware component called "Secure Enclave", originally as a separate chip and later as an integrated part of Apple silicon CPUs. Apple Secure Enclave is not TPM-compatible.{{cite web |title=A brief history of Mac enclaves and exclaves |url=https://eclecticlight.co/2024/06/15/a-brief-history-of-mac-enclaves-and-exclaves/#:~:text=Intel%20Macs&text=A%20year%20later%2C%20in%20December,contemporaneous%20iPads%20and%20iPod%20Touch. |website=The Eclectic Light Company |access-date=1 February 2025}}
• In 2011, Taiwanese manufacturer MSI launched its Windpad 110W tablet featuring an AMD CPU and Infineon Security Platform TPM, which ships with controlling software version 3.7. The chip is disabled by default but can be enabled with the included, pre-installed software.{{cite web|url=http://www.msi.com/product/windpad/WindPad-110W.html|work=Winpad 110W|title=TPM. Complete protection for peace of mind|publisher=MSI|access-date=May 20, 2013|archive-date=May 13, 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130513043710/http://www.msi.com/product/windpad/WindPad-110W.html|url-status=live}}

• VMware ESXi hypervisor has supported TPM since 4.x, and from 5.0 it is enabled by default.{{Citation | url = http://pubs.vmware.com/vsphere-50/index.jsp?topic=%2Fcom.vmware.vsphere.security.doc_50%2FGUID-E9B71B85-FBA3-447C-8A60-DEE2AE1A405A.html | title = Security and the Virtualization Layer | publisher = VMware | access-date = May 21, 2013 | archive-date = November 4, 2013 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20131104213659/http://pubs.vmware.com/vsphere-50/index.jsp?topic=%2Fcom.vmware.vsphere.security.doc_50%2FGUID-E9B71B85-FBA3-447C-8A60-DEE2AE1A405A.html | url-status = live }}.{{Citation | url = http://en.community.dell.com/techcenter/b/techcenter/archive/2012/06/13/enabling-intel-txt-on-dell-poweredge-servers-with-vmware-esxi.aspx | title = Enabling Intel TXT on Dell PowerEdge Servers with VMware ESXi | publisher = Dell | access-date = May 21, 2013 | archive-date = March 16, 2014 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140316165542/http://en.community.dell.com/techcenter/b/techcenter/archive/2012/06/13/enabling-intel-txt-on-dell-poweredge-servers-with-vmware-esxi.aspx | url-status = live }}.
• Xen hypervisor has support of virtualized TPMs. Each guest gets its own unique, emulated, software TPM.{{cite web | url =http://wiki.xenproject.org/wiki/Virtual_Trusted_Platform_Module_%28vTPM%29 | title =XEN Virtual Trusted Platform Module (vTPM) | access-date =September 28, 2015 | archive-date =September 15, 2015 | archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20150915104249/http://wiki.xenproject.org/wiki/Virtual_Trusted_Platform_Module_(vTPM) | url-status =live }}
• KVM, combined with QEMU, has support for virtualized TPMs. {{As of|2012}}, it supports passing through the physical TPM chip to a single dedicated guest. QEMU 2.11 released in December 2017 also provides emulated TPMs to guests.{{cite web |url=https://wiki.qemu.org/ChangeLog/2.11#TPM |title=QEMU 2.11 Changelog |date=December 12, 2017 |access-date=February 8, 2018 |website=qemu.org |archive-date=February 9, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180209003144/https://wiki.qemu.org/ChangeLog/2.11#TPM |url-status=live }}
• VirtualBox has support for virtual TPM 1.2 and 2.0 devices starting with version 7.0 released in October 2022.{{Cite web |title=Changelog for VirtualBox 7.0 |url=https://www.virtualbox.org/wiki/Changelog-7.0 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221106172436/https://www.virtualbox.org/wiki/Changelog-7.0 |archive-date=November 6, 2022 |date=October 10, 2022 |access-date=November 6, 2022 |website=virtualbox.org}}

• Microsoft operating systems Windows Vista and later use the chip in conjunction with the included disk encryption component named BitLocker. Microsoft had announced that from January 1, 2015, all computers will have to be equipped with a TPM 2.0 module in order to pass Windows 8.1 hardware certification.{{cite web| url = http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/windows/hardware/hh748188.aspx| title = Windows Hardware Certification Requirements| publisher = Microsoft| access-date = July 23, 2013| archive-date = June 29, 2021| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210629081025/https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/previous-versions/windows/hardware/cert-program/?redirectedfrom=MSDN| url-status = live}} However, in a December 2014 review of the Windows Certification Program this was instead made an optional requirement. However, TPM 2.0 is required for connected standby systems.{{cite web |url = https://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/windows/hardware/jj128256 |title = Windows Hardware Certification Requirements for Client and Server Systems |publisher = Microsoft |access-date = June 5, 2015 |archive-date = July 1, 2015 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150701150150/https://msdn.microsoft.com/en-US/library/windows/hardware/jj128256 |url-status = live }} Virtual machines running on Hyper-V can have their own virtual TPM module starting with Windows 10 1511 and Windows Server 2016.{{cite web|url=https://technet.microsoft.com/en-us/windows-server-docs/compute/hyper-v/what-s-new-in-hyper-v-on-windows|title=What's new in Hyper-V on Windows Server 2016|publisher=Microsoft|access-date=March 24, 2017|archive-date=March 25, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170325113136/https://technet.microsoft.com/en-us/windows-server-docs/compute/hyper-v/what-s-new-in-hyper-v-on-windows|url-status=live}} Microsoft Windows includes two TPM related commands: {{Mono|tpmtool}}, a utility that can be used to retrieve information about the TPM, and {{Mono|tpmvscmgr}}, a command-line tool that allows creating and deleting TPM virtual smart cards on a computer.[https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/windows-server/administration/windows-commands/tpmtool tpmtool | Microsoft Docs][https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/windows-server/administration/windows-commands/tpmvscmgr tpmvscmgr | Microsoft Docs]

TPM endorsement keys (EKs) are asymmetric key pairs unique to each TPM. They use the RSA and ECC algorithms. The TPM manufacturer usually provisions endorsement key certificates in TPM non-volatile memory. The certificates assert that the TPM is authentic. Starting with TPM 2.0, the certificates are in X.509 DER format.

These manufacturers typically provide their certificate authority root (and sometimes intermediate) certificates on their web sites.

• AMD{{citation| title=AMD EK RSA Root Certificate | url=https://ftpm.amd.com/pki/aia/264D39A23CEB5D5B49D610044EEBD121}}{{citation| title=AMD EK ECC Root Certificate | url=https://ftpm.amd.com/pki/aia/23452201D41C5AB064032BD23F158FEF}}{{citation| title=AMD EK Ryzen 6000 RSA Intermediate Certificate | url=https://ftpm.amd.com/pki/aia/51ADE34A2F8253525E2321AD63F7B197}}{{citation| title=AMD EK Ryzen 6000 ECC Intermediate Certificate | url=https://ftpm.amd.com/pki/aia/D30EE6F7557055BA66AD1A1DD1157D2C}}
• Infineon{{citation| title=Infineon Root Certificate | url=https://www.infineon.com/cms/en/product/promopages/optiga_tpm_certificates/}}
• Intel{{citation| title=Intel EK Root Certificate | url=https://upgrades.intel.com/content/CRL/ekcert/EKRootPublicKey.cer}}{{citation| title=Intel EK Intermediate Certificate | url=https://upgrades.intel.com/content/CRL/ekcert/SPTHEPIDPROD_EK_Platform_Public_Key.cer}}
• NationZ{{citation| title = NationZ EK Root Certificate | url=https://pki.nationz.com.cn/EkRootCA/EkRootCA.crt}}{{citation| title = NationZ EK Intermediate Certificate | url=https://pki.nationz.com.cn/EkMfrCA001/EkMfrCA001.crt}}{{citation| title = NationZ EK Intermediate Certificate | url=https://pki.nationz.com.cn/EkMfrCA002/EkMfrCA002.crt}}{{citation| title = NationZ EK Intermediate Certificate | url=https://pki.nationz.com.cn/EkMfrCA003/EkMfrCA003.crt}}
• Nuvoton{{citation| title = Nuvoton EK Root Certificate 1110 | url=https://www.nuvoton.com/security/NTC-TPM-EK-Cert/Nuvoton%20TPM%20Root%20CA%201110.cer}}{{citation| title = Nuvoton EK Root Certificate 1111 | url=https://www.nuvoton.com/security/NTC-TPM-EK-Cert/Nuvoton%20TPM%20Root%20CA%201111.cer}}{{citation| title = Nuvoton EK Root Certificate 2110 | url=https://www.nuvoton.com/security/NTC-TPM-EK-Cert/Nuvoton%20TPM%20Root%20CA%202110.cer}}{{citation| title = Nuvoton EK Root Certificate 2111 | url=https://www.nuvoton.com/security/NTC-TPM-EK-Cert/Nuvoton%20TPM%20Root%20CA%202111.cer}}{{citation| title = Nuvoton EK Root Certificate 2112 | url=https://www.nuvoton.com/security/NTC-TPM-EK-Cert/Nuvoton%20TPM%20Root%20CA%202112.cer}}
• ST Micro{{citation| title = ST Micro EK GlobalSign Certificate | url=https://secure.globalsign.com/cacert/gstpmroot.crt}}{{citation| title = ST Micro EK Root Certificate | url=https://secure.globalsign.com/cacert/stmtpmekroot.crt}}{{citation| title = ST Micro EK Intermediate Certificate | url=https://secure.globalsign.com/cacert/stmtpmekint01.crt}}{{citation| title = ST Micro EK Intermediate Certificate | url=https://secure.globalsign.com/cacert/stmtpmekint02.crt}}{{citation| title = ST Micro EK Intermediate Certificate | url=https://secure.globalsign.com/cacert/stmtpmekint03.crt}}{{citation| title = ST Micro EK Intermediate Certificate | url=https://secure.globalsign.com/cacert/stmtpmekint04.crt}}{{citation| title = ST Micro EK Intermediate Certificate | url=https://secure.globalsign.com/cacert/stmtpmekint05.crt}}{{citation| title = ST Micro EK GlobalSign ECC Certificate | url=https://secure.globalsign.com/cacert/tpmeccroot.crt}}{{citation| title = ST Micro EK ECC Root Certificate | url=https://secure.globalsign.com/stmtpmeccroot01.crt}}{{citation| title = ST Micro EK ECC Intermediate Certificate | url=https://secure.globalsign.com/stmtpmeccint01.crt}}

To utilize a TPM, the user needs a software library that communicates with the TPM and provides a friendlier API than the raw TPM communication. Currently, there are several such open-source TPM 2.0 libraries. Some of them also support TPM 1.2, but mostly TPM 1.2 chips are now deprecated and modern development is focused on TPM 2.0.

Typically, a TPM library provides an API with one-to-one mappings to TPM commands. The TCG specification calls this layer the System API (SAPI). This way, the user has more control over the TPM operations, but the complexity is high. To hide some of the complexity, most libraries also offer simpler ways to invoke complex TPM operations. The TCG specification call these two layers Enhanced System API (ESAPI) and Feature API (FAPI).

There is currently only one stack that follows the TCG specification. All the other available open-source TPM libraries use their own form of richer API.

{{noteslist}}

These TPM libraries are sometimes also called TPM stacks, because they provide the interface for the developer or user to interact with the TPM. As seen from the table, the TPM stacks abstract the operating system and transport layer, so the user could migrate one application between platforms. For example, by using TPM stack API the user would interact the same way with a TPM, regardless if the physical chip is connected over SPI, I²C or LPC interface to the Host system.

• AMD Platform Security Processor
• ARM TrustZone
• Crypto-shredding
• Hardware security
• Hardware security module
• Hengzhi chip
• Intel Management Engine
• Microsoft Pluton
• Next-Generation Secure Computing Base
• Secure Enclave
• Threat model

{{Reflist|30em}}

{{ISO standards}}

{{Firmware and booting}}

Category:Computer hardware standards

Category:Computer security hardware

Category:Cryptographic hardware

Category:Cryptographic software

Category:Cryptography standards

Category:ISO standards

Category:Random number generation

Category:Trusted computing