Tsudaqar language
{{short description|Dargin language}}
{{Infobox language
| name = Tsudaqar
| familycolor = caucasian
| nativename = {{lang|dar|цӀудхърила мец}} {{tlit|dar|c’udqrila mec}}
{{lang|dar|цӀудхъуран мец}} {{tlit|dar|c’udquran mec}}
| altname = Tsudakhar, Cudaxar
| fam1 = Northeast Caucasian
| fam2 = Dargin
| fam3 = North-Central
| speakers = 33,000 in traditional areas
| pronunciation = {{IPA|[ts’udqrila mets]}}
{{IPA|[ts’udqran mets]}}
| date = 2010
| script = Cyrillic
| ethnicity = {{ill|Tsudaqar people|ru|Цудахарцы}}
| states = Russia
| region = Dagestan
| glotto = cuda1238
| mapcaption = {{legend inline|#e8e001|Tsudaqar}}
| map = Dargwa_map_%28Koryakov%29_2021.png
| image = File:Литература на цудахарском.jpg
| imagecaption = Books in Tsudaqar
| glottoname = Cudaxar
| isoexception = dialect
| ietf = dar-x-HIS09130
| dia1 = Tsudaqar proper (East)
| dia2 = Kuppa-Karekadani (West)
}}
Tsudaqar (also Tsudakhar, Cudaxar{{Cite web |title=Dargwa: Cudaxar language |url=https://globalrecordings.net/en/language/9130 |access-date=2024-10-12 |website=globalrecordings.net |language=en}}) is a Dargin language, quite different from the literary variety,{{Cite web |title=Цудахар-Дарго |url=https://gazetalevashi.ru/articles/media/2020/12/11/tsudahar-dargo/ |access-date=2024-09-30 |website=gazetalevashi.ru |language=ru}} spoken by over 33,000 people{{Cite journal |last=Koryakov |first=Yuri |date=2021-01-01 |title=Коряков (2021) Даргинские языки и их классификация [Dargwa languages and their classification] |url=https://www.academia.edu/50908006/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%8F%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2_2021_%D0%94%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D1%8F%D0%B7%D1%8B%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%B8_%D0%B8%D1%85_%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%84%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F_Dargwa_languages_and_their_classification_ |journal=Дурхъаси хазна. Сборник статей к 60-летию Р. О. Муталова / Ред. Т. А. Майсак, Н. Р. Сумбатова, Я. Г. Тестелец. М.: Буки Веди, 2021. — 480 с. — ISBN 978-5-6045633-5-9.}} in the Levashinsky and Akushinsky Districts, Novy Kostek in Khasavyurtovsky District, and Novokare in Babayurtovsky District, Dagestan. The village of Tsudakhar was the traditional center. It is considered to be threatened with extinction, being transmitted to children, but not by all families.{{Cite web |title=Цудахарский язык {{!}} Малые языки России |url=https://minlang.iling-ran.ru/lang/cudakharskiy-yazyk |access-date=2024-10-12 |website=minlang.iling-ran.ru}} In modern times, work is underway to revitalize Tsudaqar and create an alphabet for the language.
Revival
In response to the declining health and use of the language, speakers have revived the usage of the language, as well as studying and preserving it. An orthography for the language was also devised. Lessons for learning Tsudaqar are available online, and there is a YouTube channel {{Lang|ru|Цудахарское общество}} which promotes Tsudaqar culture, history and life.{{Cite web |title=Цудахарское общество |url=https://www.youtube.com/@%D0%A6%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%B1%D1%89%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE |access-date=2024-10-12 |website=YouTube |language=en}}
Phonology
Tsudaqar has lost the affricates {{IPAblink|d͡ʒ}} and {{IPAblink|d͡z}}. The system of phonemic fortis and lenis has been retained, similar to the system used in Avar–Andic and Lak.{{Cite encyclopedia |title=Ла́кско-дарги́нские языки́ |encyclopedia=Лингвистический энциклопедический словарь |url=https://tapemark.narod.ru/les/251c.html |isbn=5-85270-031-2}}
Orthography
| style="font-family:Arial Unicode MS; font-size:1.4em; border-color:#000000; border-width:1px; border-style:solid; border-collapse:collapse; background-color:#F8F8EF"
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" |А а {{IPA|/ɑ/}} | style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" |Б б {{IPA|/b/}} | style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" |В в {{IPA|/w/}} | style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" |Г г {{IPA|/g/}} | style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" |Гъ гъ {{IPA|/ʁ/}} | style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" |Гь гь {{IPA|/h/}} | style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" |Гӏ гӏ {{IPA|/ʡ/}} | style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" |Гӏӏ гӏӏ {{IPA|/ʡʼ/}} | style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" |Д д {{IPA|/d/}} | style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" |Е е {{IPA|/e/; /je/}} |
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" |Ё ё
{{IPA|/eˤ/}} | style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" |Ж ж {{IPA|/ʒ/}} | style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" |З з {{IPA|/z/}} | style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" |И и {{IPA|/i/}} | style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" |Й й {{IPA|/j/}} | style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" |К к {{IPA|/k/}} | style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" |Кк кк {{IPA|/kː/}} | style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" |Къ къ {{IPA|/qː/}} | style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" |Кь кь {{IPA|/qʼ/}} | style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" |Кӏ кӏ {{IPA|/kʼ/}} |
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" |Л л
{{IPA|/l/}} | style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" |М м {{IPA|/m/}} | style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" |Н н {{IPA|/n/}} | style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" |О о {{IPA|/о/}} | style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" |П п {{IPA|/p/}} | style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" |Пп пп {{IPA|/pː/}} | style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" |Пӏ пӏ {{IPA|/pʼ/}} | style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" |Р р {{IPA|/r/}} | style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" |С с {{IPA|/s/}} | style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" |Сс сс {{IPA|/sː/}} |
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" |Т т
{{IPA|/t/}} | style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" |Тт тт {{IPA|/tː/}} | style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" |Тӏ тӏ {{IPA|/tʼ/}} | style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" |У у {{IPA|/u/}} | style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" |Ф ф {{IPA|/f/}} | style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" |Х х {{IPA|/χ/}} | style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" |Хх хх {{IPA|/χː/}} | style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" |Хъ хъ {{IPA|/q/}} | style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" |Хь хь {{IPA|/x/}} | style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" |Хьхь хьхь {{IPA|/xː/}} |
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" |Хӏ хӏ
{{IPA|/ħ/}} | style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" |Ц ц {{IPA|/t͡s/}} | style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" |Цц цц {{IPA|/t͡sː/}} | style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" |Цӏ цӏ {{IPA|/t͡sʼ/}} | style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" |Ч ч {{IPA|/t͡ʃ/}} | style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" |Чч чч {{IPA|/t͡ʃː/}} | style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" |Чӏ чӏ {{IPA|/t͡ʃʼ/}} | style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" |Ш ш {{IPA|/ʃ/}} | style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" |Ъ ъ {{IPA|/ʔ/}} |Э э {{IPA|/e/}}; {{IPA|/ʔe/}} |
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" |Ю ю
{{IPA|/ju/}} | style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" |Ӱ ӱ {{IPA|/uˤ/}} | style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" |Я я {{IPA|/ja/}} | style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" |Щ щ {{IPA|/ʃː/}} | | | | | | |
The letters о, ф, ы, ё, ь are only found in loanwords.
ӱ never occurs word-initially and is only found after a consonant.
References
External links
- [https://www.mekegi.com/dictionary/dialect/cud/ Tsudaqar dictionary]
- [https://ids.clld.org/contributions/513 Dictionary of Tsudaqar]
{{Northeast Caucasian languages}}{{Languages of the Caucasus}}