Tubular bridge

{{main|Conwy railway bridge|Britannia Bridge}}

File:Conway Bridge. Construction of second tube, September, 1848.jpeg

The Conwy railway bridge carries the North Wales coast railway line across the River Conwy between Llandudno Junction and the town of Conwy. The wrought iron tubular bridge was built by Robert Stephenson to a design by William Fairbairn and is similar in construction to Stephenson's other famous tubular bridge, the Britannia Bridge across the Menai Strait. It was officially opened in 1849 but had been completed in 1848. Being the first tubular bridge to be built, the design needed much testing on prototypes to confirm that it would be capable of carrying heavy locomotives, the testing being performed by Fairbairn. The successful result enabled the much larger Britannia bridge to be built. The current Conwy bridge has been reinforced by extra columns under the bridge into the river but is otherwise virtually unchanged since it was built.

Before the Britannia Bridge was constructed, Fairbairn conducted "the most celebrated of all engineering experiments on the grand scale",{{Cite book

|title=William Fairbairn–Experimental Engineer

|last=Smith |first=A.I.

|series=Engineering Heritage

|volume=II

|publisher=Institution of Mechanical Engineers

|year=1966

|pages=22–23

}} a series of experiments "of a gigantic character". One-sixth scale models, 78 ft long, were built at Fairbairn's Millwall Iron Works and tested with increasing loads. By this means, although at an experimental cost of thousands of pounds, the design of the cellular girder was refined until it could carry loads of 2.4 times the original capacity. The most significant finding was that of a thin section's susceptibility to buckling under compression loads and the cellular girder's resistance to this. Stephenson would build around a thousand other bridges using this cellular structure. The most impressive test was performed on-site at Conwy. The 1300 ton tubular girder, deflecting 8 inches under its own weight, was loaded with a further 300 tons and the deflection measured. The effects of wind loading and asymmetric thermal expansion due to sunlight were also studied.

{{main|Chepstow Railway Bridge|Royal Albert Bridge}}

At Chepstow, a tubular railway bridge was built to the instructions of Isambard Kingdom Brunel in 1852. The "Great Tubular Bridge" over the River Wye, which at that point forms the boundary between Wales and England, is considered one of Brunel's major achievements, despite its appearance. It was economical in its use of materials, and would prove to be the design prototype for Brunel's Royal Albert Bridge at Saltash.

The unconventional nature of the tubular girder bridge was not widely accepted. John Fowler's 1847 tubular girder design for Torksey used tubes that were only 10 foot high and placed the railway deck between them, rather than inside.{{Cite web

|title=John Fowler's Viaduct at Torksey

|url=https://www.flickr.com/photos/tatraskoda/4397454463/in/photostream/

|author=Tatraskoda

|date=27 February 2010

|publisher=Flickr

}} This is now considered as the first box girder bridge, rather than a pure tubular bridge.{{Cite web

|title=Torksey Bridge

|url=http://www.transportheritage.com/find-heritage-locations.html?sobi2Task=sobi2Details&catid=19&sobi2Id=123

}} Despite this, it was initially rejected after completion by the Board of Trade’s inspector, Captain Lintorn Simmons, and the design was also criticized by the Institution of Civil Engineers.{{sfnp|Chrimes|1991|pages=37–38}}{{Cite web

|title=Torksey Viaduct

|url=http://www.forgottenrelics.co.uk/bridges/gallery/torksey.html

|publisher=Forgotten Relics

}} When the bridge was strengthened in 1897, this was done by added a central truss above the deck rather than by strengthening the box.

Image:Britannia Bridge wrought iron section.jpg standing in front of the modern bridge]]

File:Britanniabruecke Postkarte coloriert2.jpg]]

Since the destruction by fire of Britannia Bridge in 1970, Conwy railway bridge remains the only surviving example of this means of construction undertaken by Stephenson.

In the case of the Britannia Bridge this technology allowed a bridge with spans up to {{convert|460|ft}} long to be constructed, when until then the longest wrought iron span had been {{convert|31|ft|6|in}}.

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• Box girder bridge - a similar bridge that carries the traffic outside the box.
• Covered bridge - a type which may employ a variety of structures but which also encloses the traffic (for the protection of the bridge)
• Fairbairn crane - a design of curved crane jib, with a similar doubled-walled inner face to resist compression forces.
• Jetway - a movable bridge that carries pedestrians from a terminal to an aircraft.
• Skyway - a bridge connecting buildings at an elevation above the ground

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{{Commons}}

{{Reflist|refs=

{{Cite journal

|last=Dreicer |first=Gregory K.

|year=2010

|title=Building Bridges and Boundaries: The Lattice and the Tube, 1820-1860

|journal=Technology and Culture

|volume=51

|issue=1

|pages=126–163

|doi=10.1353/tech.0.0406

|jstor=40646995

}}

}}

• {{Cite book

|first=William |last=Fairbairn

|authorlink=William Fairbairn

|title=An Account of the Construction of the Britannia and Conway Tubular Bridges

|publisher=John Weale |location=London

|year=1849

|url=https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_UlEEAAAAQAAJ

}}

• John Rapley, The Britannia and Other Tubular Bridges: And the Men Who Built Them, Tempus (2003).

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Category:Bridges by structural type