Login
Login

Tulasnella

{{Short description|Genus of fungi}}

{{Automatic taxobox

| image = Tulasnella.violea.-.lindsey.jpg

| image_caption = Tulasnella violea

| taxon = Tulasnella

| authority = J.Schröt. (1888)

| type_species = Tulasnella lilacina

| type_species_authority = J.Schröt. (1888)

| synonyms_ref =

| synonyms =

Hormomyces Bonord. (1851)

Pachysterigma Johan-Olsen ex Bref. (1888)

Prototremella Pat. (1888)

Muciporus Juel (1897)

Gloeotulasnella Höhn. & Litsch. (1908)

Hormisciopsis Sumst. (1914)

Epulorhiza R.T. Moore (1987)

}}

Tulasnella is a genus of effused (patch-forming) fungi in the order Cantharellales. Basidiocarps (fruit bodies), when visible, are typically smooth, ceraceous (waxy) to subgelatinous, frequently lilaceous to violet-grey, and formed on the underside of fallen branches and logs. They are microscopically distinct in having basidia with grossly swollen sterigmata (or epibasidia) on which basidiospores are formed. One atypical species, Tulasnella aurantiaca, produces orange to red, gelatinous, pustular anamorphs on wood. Some species form facultative mycorrhizas with orchids and liverworts. Around 80 species of Tulasnella are known worldwide.

Taxonomy

=History=

Tulasnella was originally circumscribed by German mycologist Joseph Schröter in 1888, partly based on an earlier illustration by Charles Tulasne, after whom the new genus was named. Schröter believed the unusual basidia sufficiently distinct to warrant the creation of a new genus which he considered intermediate between Sebacina (then used for most effused "heterobasidiomycetes" with septate basidia) and Thelephora (then used for many effused "holobasidiomycetes" with conventional non-septate basidia). The genus was subsequently placed among the "heterobasidiomycetes" by most authors.

Between 1909 and 1928, French mycologists Hubert Bourdot and Amédée Galzin described more than a dozen new species of Tulasnella from collections made in France. In the USA, American mycologist D.P Rogers published a review of the Tulasnellaceae in 1933 in which he extended the definition of Gloeotulasnella, originally established to accommodate cystidiate species, to include "all mucous forms", though Gloeotulasnella was subsequently considered synonymous with Tulasnella by most authors. Later, in Australia, Jack Warcup and P.H.B. Talbot described several new Tulasnella species isolated from orchid mycorrhizas. In 1987 American mycologist Royall T. Moore proposed the new genus Epulorhiza for anamorphic (hyphal) states of Tulasnella previously referred to the form genus Rhizoctonia. In the UK in the 1990s, Peter Roberts described additional new species of Tulasnella and monographed the genus in a series of papers with a worldwide key to species.

=Current status=

Molecular research, based on cladistic analysis of DNA sequences, has confirmed Tulasnella as a distinct genus, but has placed it within the Cantharellales rather than in its own order the Tulasnellales.

Following changes to the International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants, the practice of giving different names to teleomorph and anamorph forms of the same fungus has been discontinued, meaning that Epulorhiza has become a synonym of the earlier name Tulasnella. As a result, existing anamorphic species have been transferred to Tulasnella and new anamorphic species have been described in this genus.

Molecular research has also shown that the anamorphic, pustular, wood-inhabiting genus Hormomyces is a synonym of Tulasnella, not Tremella as previously thought.

An updated morphological key to species was published in 2016.

Association with orchids

In 1899 French botanist Noël Bernard discovered that orchid seeds require a fungal associate to germinate and most if not all orchids maintain this mycorrhizal association with fungi throughout their lifecycle. In the 1960s, cultures derived from orchid mycorrhizas that were induced to form teleomorphs (fruit bodies) showed that Tulasnella species (together with Rhizoctonia species) were frequent associates of terrestrial orchids in Australia. Direct DNA sequencing of orchid mycorrhizas has confirmed this association on a global scale, for both terrestrial and epiphytic orchids. Most recently described anamorphic Tulasnella species have been isolated from orchid mycorrhizas, but many more await formal description.

Association with liverworts

Molecular research has shown that thalloid liverworts in the family Aneuraceae associate frequently and perhaps exclusively with species of Tulasnella, ether in a mycorrhizal or parasitic relationship.

Species

=Species currently accepted by [[Species Fungorum]]=

{{cite web |title=Tulasnella - Search Page |url=http://www.speciesfungorum.org/Names/Names.asp?strGenus=Tulasnella |website=www.speciesfungorum.org |publisher=Species Fungorum |access-date=27 November 2022}}

{{Div col}}

{{div col end}}

=Species currently regarded as synonyms by [[Species Fungorum]]=

{{Div col}}

  • T. albolilacea {{Au|Bourdot & Galzin (1924)}} = Tulasnella pallida
  • T. anceps {{Au|Bres., Syd. & P. Syd. (1910)}} = Rhizoctonia anceps, Ceratobasidiaceae
  • T. araneosa {{Au|Bourdot & Galzin (1924)}} = Tulasnella pruinosa
  • T. caroliniana {{Au|(L.S. Olive) L.S. Olive (1957)}} = Tulasnella allantospora
  • T. cinchonae {{Au|Racib. (1909)}} - Rhizoctonia species, Ceratobasidiaceae
  • T. cremea {{Au|Jülich (1982)}} = Tulasnella thelephorea
  • T. eichleriana var. lilaceocinerea {{Au|Bourdot & Donk (1930)}} = Tulasnella eichleriana
  • T. grisea {{Au|(Racib.) Sacc. & P. Syd. (1902)}} = Rhizoctonia solani, Ceratobasidiaceae
  • T. incarnata sensu auct. = Tulasnella violea
  • T. inclusa sensu auct. = Tulasnella thelephorea
  • T. intrusa {{Au|Hauerslev (1989)}} = Tulasnella albida
  • T. lactea {{Au|Bourdot & Galzin (1924)}} = Tulasnella eichleriana
  • T. lividogrisea {{Au|Rick (1934)}} = Auriculariales species
  • T. metallica {{Au|Rick (1934)}} = Scotomyces subviolaceus, Ceratobasidiaceae
  • T. microspora {{Au|Wakef. & A. Pearson (1923)}} = Tulasnella eichleriana
  • T. obscura {{Au|Bourdot & Galzin (1924)}} = Tulasnella eichleriana
  • T. rosella {{Au|Bourdot & Galzin (1924)}} = Tulasnella deliquescens
  • T. rubropallens {{Au|Bourdot & Galzin (1924)}} = Tulasnella allantospora
  • T. sordida {{Au|Bourdot & Galzin (1924)}} = Tulasnella pinicola
  • T. tremelloides {{Au|Wakef. & A. Pearson (1918)}} = Tulasnella pinicola
  • T. violacea sensu auct. = Tulasnella pallida
  • T. vitrea {{Au|Rick (1934)}} = Basidiodendron species, Auriculariales

{{div col end}}

References

{{Reflist|refs=

{{cite book |author=Schröter J |year=1888 |title=Die Pilze Schlesiens in Cohn JV (ed) Kryptogamenflora von Schlesien, vol. 3 |publisher=Kern JV Verlag |location=Breslau}}

{{cite web |title=Tulasnella J. Schröt. 1888 |url=http://www.mycobank.org/MycoTaxo.aspx?Link=T&Rec=18695 |publisher=MycoBank. International Mycological Association |accessdate=2011-10-25}}

{{cite book |vauthors=Bourdot H, Galzin A |year=1928 |title=Hyménomycètes de France |location=Sceaux}}

{{cite journal |author=Rogers DP |year=1933 |title=A taxonomic review of the Tulasnellaceae |journal=Annales Mycologici |volume=31 |pages=181–203}}

{{cite journal |author=Donk MA |year=1972 |title=The Heterobasidiomycetes: a reconnaissance. I. |journal=Proc K Ned Akad Wet Ser C |volume=75 |pages=365–375}}

{{cite journal |vauthors=Warcup JH, Talbot PH |year=1967 |title=Perfect states of Rhizoctonias associated with orchids |journal=New Phytologist |volume=66 |issue=4 |pages=631–641|doi=10.1111/j.1469-8137.1967.tb05434.x }}

{{cite journal |vauthors=Warcup JH, Talbot PH |year=1971 |title=Perfect states of Rhizoctonias associated with orchids II |journal=New Phytologist |volume=70 |pages=35–40|doi=10.1111/j.1469-8137.1971.tb02506.x }}

{{cite journal |vauthors=Warcup JH, Talbot PH |year=1980 |title=Perfect states of Rhizoctonias associated with orchids III |journal=New Phytologist |volume=86 |issue=3 |pages=267–272|doi=10.1111/j.1469-8137.1980.tb00787.x |doi-access=free }}

{{cite journal |author=Roberts P |year=1992 |title=Spiral-spored Tulasnella species from Devon and the New Forest |journal=Mycological Research |volume=96 |issue=3 |pages=233–236|doi=10.1016/S0953-7562(09)80973-8 }}

{{cite journal |author=Roberts P |year=1993 |title=Allantoid-spored Tulasnella species from Devon |journal=Mycological Research |volume=97 |issue=2 |pages=213–220|doi=10.1016/S0953-7562(09)80243-8 }}

{{cite journal |author=Roberts P |year=1994 |title=Long-spored Tulasnella species from Devon, with additional notes on allantoid-spored species |journal=Mycological Research |volume=98 |issue=11 |pages=1235–1244|doi=10.1016/S0953-7562(09)80293-1 }}

{{cite journal |author=Roberts P |year=1994 |title=Globose and ellipsoid-spored Tulasnella species from Devon and Surrey, with a key to the genus in Europe |journal=Mycological Research |volume=98 |issue=12 |pages=1431–1452|doi=10.1016/S0953-7562(09)81075-7 }}

{{cite book |title=Rhizoctonia-forming fungi |last=Roberts P. |year=1999 |publisher=Royal Botanic Gardens |location=Kew |isbn=1-900347-69-5 |pages=239}}

{{cite journal |author=Moore RT. |year=1987 |title=The genera of Rhizoctonia-like fungi |journal=Mycotaxon |volume=29 |pages=91–99}}

{{cite journal |doi=10.3852/mycologia.98.6.937 |author=Moncalvo J-M|year=2006 |title=The cantharelloid clade: dealing with incongruent gene trees and phylogenetic reconstruction methods |journal=Mycologia |volume=98 |issue=6 |pages=937–948 |pmid=17486970 |display-authors=etal |url=http://www1.univap.br/drauzio/index_arquivos/Myco11.pdf |access-date=2010-12-22 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110706162341/http://www1.univap.br/drauzio/index_arquivos/Myco11.pdf |archive-date=2011-07-06 }}

{{cite journal |author1=Stalpers, J.A. |author2=Redhead, S.A. |author3=May, T.W. |display-authors=etal |title=Competing sexual-asexual generic names in Agaricomycotina (Basidiomycota) with recommendations for use |journal=IMA Fungus |year=2021 |volume=12 |issue=22 |page=3 |pmid=34380577| doi=10.1186/s43008-021-00061-3| pmc=8359032 |doi-access=free }}

{{cite journal |vauthors=Mack J, Assabgui RA, Seifert KA |title=Taxonomy and phylogeny of the basidiomycetous hyphomycete genus Hormomyces |journal=Fungal Systematics and Evolution |year=2021 |volume=7 |pages=177–196 |doi=10.3114/fuse.2021.07.09|pmid=34124623 |pmc=8166209 }}

{{cite journal |vauthors=Cruz D, Suárez JP, Piepenbring M |year=2016 |title=Morphological revision of Tulasnellaceae, with two new species of Tulasnella and new records of Tulasnella spp for Ecuador |journal=Nova Hedwigia |volume=102 |issue=3–4 |pages=279–338 |doi=10.1127/nova_hedwigia/2015/0304}}

{{cite journal |author=Bernard N |year=1899 |title=Sur la germination de Neottia nidus-avis |journal=C R Acad Sci |volume=128 |pages=1253–1255}}

{{cite journal |author=Bernard N |year=1909 |title=L'évolution dans la symbiose des orchideés et leurs champignons commensaux |journal=Ann Sci Nat Bot |volume=9 |pages=1–196}}

{{cite book |vauthors=Oberwinkler F, Cruz D, Suárez JP |title=Biogeography of Mycorrhizal Symbiosis |chapter=Biogeography and Ecology of Tulasnellaceae |year=2017 |journal=Ecol. Stud. |series=Ecological Studies |volume=230 |pages=237–271|doi=10.1007/978-3-319-56363-3_12 |isbn=978-3-319-56362-6 }}

{{cite journal |vauthors=Suárez JP, Weiss M, Abele A, Garnica S, Oberwinkler F, Kottke I |year=2006 |title=Diverse tulasnelloid fungi form mycorrhizas with epiphytic orchids in an Andean cloud forest |journal=Mycol. Res. |volume=110 |issue=11 |pages=1257–1270 |doi=10.1016/j.mycres.2006.08.004|pmid=17081740 }}

{{cite journal |vauthors=Arifin AR, Reiter NH, May TW, Linde CC |year=2022 |title=New species of Tulasnella associated with Australian terrestrial orchids in the subtribes Megastylidinae and Thelymitrinae |journal=Mycologia |volume=114 |issue=2 |pages=388–412 |doi=10.1080/00275514.2021.2019547|pmid=35316155 |s2cid=247616558 }}

{{cite journal |vauthors=Fujimori S, Abe JP, Okane I, Yamaoka Y |year=2019 |title=Three new species in the genus Tulasnella isolated from orchid mycorrhiza of Spiranthes sinensis var. amoena (Orchidaceae) |journal=Mycoscience |volume=60 |issue=1 |pages=71–81 |doi=10.1016/j.myc.2018.09.003|s2cid=91485670 }}

{{cite journal |vauthors=Bidartondo MI, Duckett JG |year=2010 |title=Conservative ecological and evolutionary patterns in liverwort – fungal symbioses |journal=Proc. R. Soc. B |volume=277 |issue=1680 |pages=485–492 |doi=10.1098/rspb.2009.1458|pmid=19812075 |pmc=2842645 }}

{{cite journal |vauthors=Krause C, Garnica S, Bauer R, Nebel M |year=2011 |title=Aneuraceae (Metzgeriales) and tulasnelloid fungi (Basidiomycota)—a model for early steps in fungal symbiosis |journal=Fungal Biol |volume=115 |issue=9 |pages=839–851 |doi=10.1016/j.funbio.2011.06.013|pmid=21872181 |bibcode=2011FunB..115..839K }}

}}

External links

  • {{IndexFungorum|18695}}

{{Taxonbar|from=Q3743840}}

Category:Cantharellales

Category:Agaricomycetes genera

Category:Taxa named by Joseph Schröter

Category:Taxa described in 1888