Tumbes, Peru

Image:Catedral de Tumbes.jpg

Tumbes has its origins back in pre-Inca times when it was inhabited by a cultural group of natives called Tumpis. At its peak, its population is estimated to have reached 178,000. After 1400, Inca Pachacuti ruled over Tumbes and the territory became an important political stronghold during the Inca Empire. Later Inca emperor Huayna Capac expanded Tumbes by ordering the construction of roads, houses and palaces.{{rp|123}}

Tumbes was first visited by Spanish conquistador Francisco Pizarro during the start of the Spanish conquest of the Inca Empire in 1528.Prescott, W.H., 2011, The History of the Conquest of Peru, Digireads.com Publishing, {{ISBN|9781420941142}}{{rp|119–123}} Molina noted that Tumbes was a well organized town.{{Citation needed|date=February 2021|reason=Who is Molina}} Pizarro made a second expedition in 1532 during which he encountered resistance from the curaca (chieftain) Chilimaza in what became known as the Battle of the Manglares. Pizarro was eventually successful and is said to have planted a cross in the invaded territory as a sign of Hispanic victory. Felipillo and Yacané, the first South American Indigenous interpreters who later aided Pizarro and his followers during the conquest of Peru, were born in Tumbes.{{cn|date=February 2023}}

File:Tumbes Puerto Pizarro.jpg

During its colonial period, Tumbes was sparsely populated and formed a part of the Audiencia of Quito through an unmodified Cedula of 1563 and Cedula of 1740. When Tumbes declared its independence from Spain, it opted to join Peru believing in the right of free determination of peoples. First, the Republic of the Gran Colombia challenged that right and then Ecuador claiming de jure rights through unmodified colonial Royal Decrees ( Real Cédulas ), but to no avail. The Protocol of Rio de Janeiro signed in 1942 with Ecuador legally confirmed Peru's previously de facto rights over Tumbes after a victorious war. However, lasting peace between both countries was not achieved until 1998, after a final conflict in 1995. Peruvian President Alberto Fujimori and Ecuadorian Presidente Jamil Mahuad signed a final document in which Ecuador accepted Perú's right over Tumbes and other territories claimed by Ecuador until then.{{cn|date=January 2023}}

Tumbes has a hot arid climate (Köppen BWh), although it receives an average annual rainfall of {{convert|307.5|mm|in|1|disp=or}}, due to its high potential evapotranspiration. Rainfall is very variable due to the El Niño Southern Oscillation, with strong El Niños frequently seeing more than twice the mean rain.

{{Weather box|width = auto

|location = Tumbes, Peru (Cap. FAP Pedro Canga Rodríguez Airport) extremes 1974-present

|metric first = Yes

|single line = Yes

|Jan record high C = 37.0

|Feb record high C = 36.8

|Mar record high C = 39.6

|Apr record high C = 36.6

|May record high C = 35.6

|Jun record high C = 40.0

|Jul record high C = 39.1

|Aug record high C = 38.0

|Sep record high C = 33.8

|Oct record high C = 33.5

|Nov record high C = 34.1

|Dec record high C = 35.3

|year record high C = 40.0

|Jan high C = 30.7

|Feb high C = 31.1

|Mar high C = 31.3

|Apr high C = 31.3

|May high C = 30.2

|Jun high C = 28.6

|Jul high C = 27.4

|Aug high C = 26.7

|Sep high C = 26.9

|Oct high C = 27.4

|Nov high C = 28.3

|Dec high C = 29.7

|year high C = 29.1

|Jan mean C = 26.4

|Feb mean C = 27.0

|Mar mean C = 27.1

|Apr mean C = 26.9

|May mean C = 26.2

|Jun mean C = 24.8

|Jul mean C = 23.8

|Aug mean C = 22.9

|Sep mean C = 23.6

|Oct mean C = 23.9

|Nov mean C = 24.4

|Dec mean C = 25.7

|year mean C = 25.2

|Jan low C = 22.1

|Feb low C = 22.3

|Mar low C = 22.6

|Apr low C = 22.4

|May low C = 21.7

|Jun low C = 20.7

|Jul low C = 19.4

|Aug low C = 19.0

|Sep low C = 19.3

|Oct low C = 19.9

|Nov low C = 20.4

|Dec low C = 21.4

|year low C = 20.9

|Jan record low C = 15.6

|Feb record low C = 16.4

|Mar record low C = 15.0

|Apr record low C = 14.2

|May record low C = 14.0

|Jun record low C = 14.4

|Jul record low C = 15.0

|Aug record low C = 12.0

|Sep record low C = 12.0

|Oct record low C = 12.6

|Nov record low C = 14.0

|Dec record low C = 12.0

|year record low C = 12.0

|rain colour = green

|Jan rain mm = 21.1

|Feb rain mm = 84.2

|Mar rain mm = 54.7

|Apr rain mm = 63.7

|May rain mm = 52.5

|Jun rain mm = 0.6

|Jul rain mm = 6.6

|Aug rain mm = 0.6

|Sep rain mm = 0.3

|Oct rain mm = 1.0

|Nov rain mm = 1.1

|Dec rain mm = 21.1

|unit rain days = 1.0 mm

|Jan rain days = 4.0

|Feb rain days = 7.4

|Mar rain days = 6.1

|Apr rain days = 4.6

|May rain days = 2.3

|Jun rain days = 0.2

|Jul rain days = 0.3

|Aug rain days = 0.2

|Sep rain days = 0.3

|Oct rain days = 0.3

|Nov rain days = 0.5

|Dec rain days = 2.2

|Jan humidity = 74

|Feb humidity = 76

|Mar humidity = 75

|Apr humidity = 76

|May humidity = 76

|Jun humidity = 78

|Jul humidity = 79

|Aug humidity = 80

|Sep humidity = 79

|Oct humidity = 78

|Nov humidity = 76

|Dec humidity = 74

|year humidity = 77

|source 1 = Deutscher Wetterdienst

{{cite web |url=http://www.dwd.de/DWD/klima/beratung/ak/ak_843700_kt.pdf |title=Klimatafel von Tumbes, Prov. Tumbes / Peru |work=Baseline climate means (1961-1990) from stations all over the world |publisher=Deutscher Wetterdienst |language=de| access-date = 25 January 2016}}

|source 2 = Meteo Climat (record highs and lows)

{{cite web |url=http://meteo-climat-bzh.dyndns.org/index.php?page=stati&id=1860 |title=Station Pedro Canga |publisher=Météo Climat |language=fr |access-date=4 July 2017}}

}}

{{Reflist}}

{{Commons category|Tumbes}}

• {{Wikivoyage-inline|Tumbes}}

{{Large cities of Peru}}

{{Regional capitals of Peru}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Tumbes (City)}}

Category:Populated places in the Department of Tumbes

Category:Regional capital cities in Peru