Turek, Poland

File:Ołtarz kościoła Najświętszego Serca Pana Jezusa w Turku.jpg]]

Turek is first mentioned in the historical record 1136, when it was listed as belonging to the archbishops of Gniezno. It received its town rights in 1341.{{cite book |last1=Megargee |first1=Geoffrey |title=Encyclopedia of Camps and Ghettos |date=2012 |publisher=University of Indiana Press |location=Bloomington, Indiana |isbn=978-0-253-35599-7 |page=Volume II, 109–110}} It was a private church town, administratively located in the Sieradz County in the Sieradz Voivodeship in the Greater Poland Province of the Kingdom of Poland.{{cite book|author= |title=Atlas historyczny Polski. Województwo sieradzkie i województwo łęczyckie w drugiej połowie XVI wieku. Część I. Mapy, plany|year=1998|language=pl|location=Warszawa|publisher=Instytut Historii Polskiej Akademii Nauk|page=3}}

Turek was annexed by Prussia in 1793 in the Second Partition of Poland, regained by Poles and included within the short-lived Duchy of Warsaw in 1807, and included within so-called Congress Poland in 1815, soon forcibly integrated with the Russian Empire. It was then capital of a district within the Kalisz Governorate."Kalisz". In Encyclopædia Britannica. Volume 15, p. 642. [https://books.google.com/books?id=7T8OAQAAMAAJ&dq=turek+prussia&pg=PA642 Accessed via Google Books 10/6/11.] In 1826, Fryderyk Chopin travelled through the town.{{cite book|last1=Załuski|first1=Pamela|last2=Załuski|first2=Iwo|title=Szlakiem Chopina po Polsce|year=2000|language=pl|publisher=Wydawnictwo JaR|location=Warszawa|page=66|isbn=83-88513-00-1}} During the January Uprising, it was the site of clashes between Polish insurgents and Russian troops on August 20 and December 28, 1863.{{cite book|last=Zieliński|first=Stanisław|title=Bitwy i potyczki 1863–1864. Na podstawie materyałów drukowanych i rękopiśmiennych Muzeum Narodowego w Rapperswilu|year=1913|language=pl|publisher=Fundusz Wydawniczy Muzeum Narodowego w Rapperswilu|location=Rapperswil|pages=209, 217}} Following the end of the First World War in 1918, Turek became part of the Second Polish Republic as the country regained independence.

With the German invasion of Poland and the outbreak of the Second World War in September 1939, Turek was occupied by the Wehrmacht and annexed by Nazi Germany. It was administered as part of the county or district (kreis) of Turek within newly formed province of Reichsgau Wartheland. The Polish population was subjected to expulsions, confiscation of property, deportations to Nazi concentration camps and murder (see Nazi crimes against the Polish nation). In autumn of 1939, the Einsatzgruppe VI carried out a number of executions of Poles at the local market.{{cite book|last=Wardzyńska|first=Maria|year=2009|title=Był rok 1939. Operacja niemieckiej policji bezpieczeństwa w Polsce. Intelligenzaktion|language=pl|location=Warszawa|publisher=IPN|page=207}} Teachers from Turek were among Polish teachers murdered in the Mauthausen concentration camp.Wardzyńska (2009), p. 215 The first expulsion of 160 Poles was carried out in December 1939, and the expellees' shops, workshops and houses were then handed over to German colonists as part of the Lebensraum policy.{{cite book|last=Wardzyńska|first=Maria|year=2017|title=Wysiedlenia ludności polskiej z okupowanych ziem polskich włączonych do III Rzeszy w latach 1939-1945|language=pl|location=Warszawa|publisher=IPN|page=182|isbn=978-83-8098-174-4}} A transit camp for Poles expelled from the region was operated in the town.{{cite book|last=Kostkiewicz|first=Janina|editor-last=Kostkiewicz|editor-first=Janina|year=2020|title=Zbrodnia bez kary... Eksterminacja i cierpienie polskich dzieci pod okupacją niemiecką (1939–1945)|language=pl|location=Kraków|publisher=Uniwersytet Jagielloński, Biblioteka Jagiellońska|page=60|chapter=Niemiecka polityka eksterminacji i germanizacji polskich dzieci w czasie II wojny światowej}} During the German occupation, the nearly 3,000 Jews in Turek were brutalized, forced into an overcrowded ghetto in 1940, starved, and robbed of all their possessions. In 1941, some men were sent to forced labour camps near Poznań, but the majority of Turek's Jews were sent to a rural ghetto in Kowale Pańskie. In July 1942, most of them were sent to the Chełmno extermination camp where they were gassed immediately. Only around 30 Turek Jews survived the war.

With the arrival of the Red Army in 1945 and the end of the war, Turek was integrated into the People's Republic of Poland.

From 1975 to 1998, it was administratively located in the Konin Voivodeship.

The local football club is Tur Turek. It competes in the lower leagues.

{{See also|List of twin towns and sister cities in Poland}}

Turek is twinned with:

• {{flagicon|GER}} Wiesmoor, Germany
• {{flagicon|UKR}} Dunaivtsi, Ukraine
• {{flagicon|TUR}} Turhal, Turkey
• {{flagicon|ROM}} Rovinari, Romania
• {{flagicon|POL}} Uniejów, Poland

File:Mehoffer Turek cropped.jpg]]

• Roch Rupniewski (1802/04–1876), Polish poet and activist, participant in the November Uprising, born in Turek
• Ludwik Grossman (1835–1915), Polish musician, composer and conductor, born in Turek
• Józef Mehoffer (1869–1946), Polish painter and decorative artist
• Henryk (Henoch) Glicenstein (1870–1942), a Polish-American sculptor
• Felicjan Sławoj Składkowski (1885–1962), Polish physician, general, politician, Prime Minister of Poland
• Marian Cieplak (1893–1996), Polish diplomat, statesman, parliamentarian, director of the gymnasium in Turek before World War IIMałgorzata Smogorzewska: Posłowie i senatorowie Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej 1919–1939. Słownik biograficzny, tom I: A-D, Wydawnictwo Sejmowe Warszawa 1998
• Mieczysław Smorawiński (1893–1940), Polish general, victim of the Katyn massacre
• Włodzimierz Pietrzak (1913–1944), Polish poet, member of the Polish resistance movement in World War II, fallen in the Warsaw Uprising
• Tomasz Gatka (born 1974), Polish bobsledder

• Józef Piłsudski monument in Turek

{{reflist}}

• [http://www.miastoturek.pl Official town webpage]

{{Commons category|Turek}}

{{Turek County}}

{{Gmina Turek}}

{{Authority control}}

Category:Cities and towns in Greater Poland Voivodeship

Category:Turek County