Turks in Tunisia
{{Short description|Ethnic group in Tunisia}}
{{Infobox ethnic group
| group = Turks in Tunisia
| image =
| caption =
| pop =
| popplace = {{hlist|Mahdia | Tunis | Cap Bon}}
| langs = {{hlist|Turkish | Tunisian Arabic | French}}
| rels = Sunni Islam
}}
The Turks in Tunisia, also known as Turco-Tunisians{{Harvnb|Hourani|Ruthven|2002|loc=129}}. and Tunisian Turks,{{cite web|author=Today's Zaman|title=Turks in northern Africa yearn for Ottoman ancestors|url=http://www.todayszaman.com/news-222054-101-turks-in-northern-africa-yearn-for-ottoman-ancestors.html|access-date=2012-03-18|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110313041415/http://www.todayszaman.com/news-222054-101-turks-in-northern-africa-yearn-for-ottoman-ancestors.html|archive-date=2011-03-13}} ({{langx|ar|أتراك تونس}}; {{langx|fr|Turcs de Tunisie}}; {{langx|tr|Tunus Türkleri}}) are ethnic Turks who constitute one of the minority groups in Tunisia.{{Harvnb|UNESCO|2009|loc=9}}.
In 1534, with about 10,000 Turkish soldiers, the Ottoman Empire took control and settled in the region when Tunisia's inhabitants called for help due to fears that the Spanish would invade the country.{{Harvnb|UNESCO|2009|loc=12}}. Thus, during the Ottoman rule, the Turkish community dominated the political life of the region for centuries; as a result, the ethnic mix of Tunisia changed considerably with the continuous migration of Turks from Anatolia, as well as other parts of the Ottoman territories, for over 300 years. In addition, some Turks intermarried with the local population and their male offspring were called "Kouloughlis".{{cite web |author=Tunisia Today|title=Vient de paraître "Tribus : des origines à la dislocation"|url=http://www.tunisia-today.com/archives/21374|access-date=2012-04-18}}{{Harvnb|UNESCO|2009|loc=13}}.{{cite web|author=Milli Gazete|title=Levanten Türkler|url=http://www.milligazete.com.tr/makale/levanten-turkler-153681.htm|access-date=2012-03-19|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100223132907/http://www.milligazete.com.tr/makale/levanten-turkler-153681.htm|archive-date=2010-02-23}} Consequently, the terms "Turks" and "Kouloughlis" were used to distinguish between those of full and partial Turkish ancestry.{{citation |last=Miltoun|first=Francis|year=1985|title=The spell of Algeria and Tunisia|page=129|publisher=Darf Publishers|quote=Throughout North Africa, from Oran to Tunis, one encounters everywhere, in the town as in the country, the distinct traits which mark the seven races which make up the native population: the Moors, the Berbers, the Arabs, the Negreos, the Jews, the Turks and the Kouloughlis… descendants of Turks and Arab women.|isbn=1850770603}}
Demographics
Families of Turkish origin live mainly near the coastal cities, such as Tunis, Mahdia, Hammamet and the islands (such as Djerba), although there are also many living within central Tunisia as well.{{cite web |author=Leaders|title=Le Monde Arabe et la Turquie: les prémices d'une entente |url=http://www.leaders.com.tn/article/le-monde-arabe-et-la-turquie-les-premices-d-une-entente?id=2027|access-date=2013-03-29}}{{citation|last=Delarosbil|first=Dave|year=2006|title=Mahdia : histoire et société|url=http://www.unesco-paysage.umontreal.ca/docs/projects/Histoire_societe(1).pdf|publisher=Université de Montréal|page=7}}{{Dead link|date=May 2019 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}
Culture
=Language=
=Religion=
The Ottoman Turks brought with them the teaching of the Hanafi School of Islam during the Ottoman rule of Tunisia, which still survives among the Turkish-descended families today.{{Harvnb|Jacobs|Morris|2002|loc=460}}. Traditionally, Turco-Tunisian mosques have octagonal minarets. Examples of Ottoman-Turkish mosques include:
File:Minaret, mosquée Hammouda Pacha.jpg|Hammouda Pacha Mosque
File:Babsouika 1890.jpg|Sidi Mahrez Mosque
File:Mosquée des Turcs-Houmt Souk.jpg|Mosque of the Turks
File:MinaretMosquéeSidiYousefDey.JPG|Youssef Dey Mosque
Notable people
File:Ali Bach Hamba.jpg was a co-founder of the Young Tunisians.]]
File:Mustapha dinguizli.jpg served as Prime Minister of Tunisia.]]
File:Afef Jnifen Venice09.jpg is a fashion model and actress.]]
File:Chafia Rochdi.jpg was a singer and actress.]]
File:يحيى التركي.jpg was a painter.]]
The Turks in Tunisia were traditionally a privileged élite in Tunisia who held positions in the military and the bureaucracy.{{Harvnb|Green|1978|loc=47}}. However, by the nineteenth century, marriages with the local population linked the ruling families to indigenous notables. At this time, many Turks also turned to commerce and the crafts, initially in the Souq el-Trouk (the Bazaar of the Turks), where a considerable number of merchants of Turkish ancestry emerged. The Turks also entered the corps of artisans. The Ben Romdhan family, of Turkish origin, claim much of the notable Tunisian families of Mahdia such as the Hamza, Turki, Gazdagli, Agha, and Snène families.{{Harvnb|Khouaja|1962|loc=89}}. Other prominent Tunisian families of Turkish origin include the {{ill|Bayram family|lt=Bayrams|fr|Famille Bayram}}, {{ill|Belkhodja family|lt=Belkhodjas|fr|Famille Belkhodja}}, El Materis, {{ill|Sfar family|lt=Sfars|fr|Famille Sfar}}, {{ill|Osman family|fr|Famille Osman|lt=Osmans}}, Mamis and the {{ill|Slim family (Tunisia)|fr|Famille Slim|lt=Slim}}s.
- Ahmed Abdelkefi, economist{{cite web |author=Tunisia Today|title=Ahmed Abdelkefi, la machine à idées!|url=http://www.tunisia-today.com/archives/55390|access-date=2012-04-18}}
- {{ill|Hassan Hosni Abdelwaheb|fr|Hassan Hosni Abdelwaheb|ar|حسن حسني عبد الوهاب}}, historian
- Mahmoud Aslan, writer{{Harvnb|Déjeux|1984|loc=269}}.
- {{ill|Saloua Tarzi Ben Attia|fr}}, politician
- Al-Husayn I ibn Ali at-Turki, founder of the Husainid Dynasty{{Harvnb|Brett|Fentress|1997|loc=178}}.
- Mohamed Salah Baratli, resistant of the French occupation, opponent of President Bourguiba, human rights activist
- {{ill|Ahmed Bayram|fr}}, religious cleric
- {{ill|M'hammed Bayram|fr}}, religious cleric
- {{ill|Mohamed Bayram V|fr|Mohamed Bayram V|ar|محمد بيرم الخامس}}, intellectual
- {{ill|Mohamed Taieb Bayram|fr}}, religious cleric
- {{ill|Ahmed Belkhodja|fr}}, religious cleric{{Harvnb|Smida|1971|loc=340}}.
- Asma Belkhodja, pioneer of the Tunisian feminist movement{{cite web|author=Union Nationale de la Femme Tunisienne|title=Asma Belkhodja-Rébaï, une pionnière du mouvement féministe tunisien (1930-2011)|url=http://www.unft.org.tn/fr/index.php?rub=248&srub=264|access-date=2013-03-29|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140203201030/http://www.unft.org.tn/fr/index.php?rub=248&srub=264|archive-date=2014-02-03}}
- {{ill|M'hammed Belkhodja|fr|M'hammed Belkhodja|ar|محمد بن الخوجة}}, politician{{cite web|author=Africa Time|title=Histoire et repères: Grandes figures tunisiennes|url=http://www.africatime.com/tunisie/nouvelle.asp?no_nouvelle=497818&no_categorie=|access-date=2013-04-04}}{{Dead link|date=July 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=no }}
- Ali Bach Hamba, journalist and politician{{Harvnb|Puaux|1954|loc=16}}.
- Mohamed Bach Hamba, writer{{Harvnb|Derrick|2008|loc=52}}.
- Mahmoud Ben Mahmoud, filmmaker{{cite web|author=Toute la Tunisie|title=Mahmoud Ben Mahmoud|url=http://toutelatunisie.com/doc.php?docid=310&artid=226|access-date=2012-04-17|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131103030650/http://toutelatunisie.com/doc.php?docid=310&artid=226|archive-date=2013-11-03}}
- Yasemin Besson, wife of Éric Besson{{cite web |author=Hurriyet|title=Umarım yakında bütün Arap kadınları Tunuslularla aynı haklara sahip olur|url=http://www.hurriyet.com.tr/pazar/17255613_p.asp|access-date=2013-03-24}}
- Hassen Bouhajeb, doctor{{Harvnb|Ferté|Barrera|2010|loc=252}}.
- {{ill|Mahmoud Bourguiba|fr|Mahmoud Bourguiba|ar|محمود بورقيبة}}, journalist
- Ahmed Chérif, doctor
- {{ill|Béchir Dinguizli|fr|Béchir Dinguizli|ar|بشير الدنقزلي}}, doctor
- Mustapha Dinguizli, politicianPaul Lambert, Dictionnaire illustré de La Tunisie : choses et gens de Tunisie, éd. C. Saliba aîné, Tunis, 1912, p. 157
- Ali Douagi, literary and cultural icon{{Harvnb|Granara|2010|loc=79}}.{{cite web|author=Toute la Tunisie|title=Ali Douagi|url=http://toutelatunisie.com/doc.php?docid=526&artid=435|access-date=2012-04-17|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://archive.today/20120717223025/http://toutelatunisie.com/doc.php?docid=526&artid=435|archive-date=2012-07-17}}
- Abderrahman Dziri, medical researcher{{cite web |author=Leaders|title=Abderrahman Dziri|url=http://www.leaders.com.tn/article/abderrahman-dziri?id=883|access-date=2013-03-29}}
- Mustafa Elkatipzade, Fenerbahçe football manager
- Nazli Fadhel, pioneer of the Tunisian feminist movement{{cite web |author=Leaders|title=La princesse Nazli Fadhel en Tunisie: une figure moderniste|url=http://www.leaders.com.tn/article/la-princesse-nazli-fadhel-en-tunisie-une-figure-moderniste?id=3326|access-date=2013-03-29}}
- Sadok Ghileb, politicianMohamed El Aziz Ben Achour, Catégories de la société tunisoise dans la deuxième moitié du XIXe siècle, éd. Institut national d'archéologie et d'art, Tunis, 1989, p. 235
- {{ill|Fadhila Khetmi|fr|Fadhila Khetmi|ar|فضيلة ختمي}}, theatre director
- Afef Jnifen, model and actress{{cite web|last=Sanna|first=Cristiano|year=2019|url=https://spettacoli.tiscali.it/gossip/articoli/afef-il-potere-sa-negarsi-quarto-matrimonio/|title=[Il ritratto] Afef, le quarte nozze, i milioni e quei veleni da scansare. Il potere riservato di una ribelle|publisher=Tiscali Spettacoli|access-date=26 September 2019}}
- Mohamed Lahbib, pioneer of theater and television in Tunisia{{cite web |author=Africa Time|title=Les pionniers du théâtre et de la TV en Tunisie-Mohamed Lahbib : le kawkeb du théâtre arabe en Tunisie|url=http://www.africatime.com/guinee/nouvelle.asp?UrlRecherche=archives.asp%3Frech%3D1%26no_pays%3D%26no_categorie%3D4%26keyword%3D%26BtnGo.x%3D7%26IsPanafricain%3D0%26IsAfrique%3D&no_nouvelle=290895|access-date=2013-03-27}}
- Mahmoud El Materi, physician and politician{{cite web|author=TelQuel|title=TUNISIE. Où s'arrêtera Sakhr El Materi?|url=http://www.telquel-online.com/archives/372/actu_monde2_372.shtml|access-date=2013-03-27|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130510083108/http://www.telquel-online.com/archives/372/actu_monde2_372.shtml|archive-date=2013-05-10}}
- Moncef El Materi, former soldier and businessman
- Sakher El Materi, businessman
- Tahar El Materi, businessman
- {{ill|Habib Osman|fr|Habib Osman|ar|الحبيب عصمان}}, photographer
- {{ill|Mustapha Osman|fr}}, artist
- Chafia Rochdi, singer and actress{{Harvnb|Ferchiou|2001|loc=305}}.{{cite web |author=Africa Time|title=Chafia Rochdy : la voix cristalline venue du Sud|url=http://www.africatime.com/guinee/nouvelle.asp?UrlRecherche=archives.asp%3Frech%3D1%26no_pays%3D49%26no_categorie%3D4%26keyword%3D%26BtnGo.x%3D7%26IsPanafricain%3D0%26IsAfrique%3D&no_nouvelle=266439|access-date=2013-03-27}}
- Hichem Rostom, actor{{cite web|author=Festival Tetouan|title=Hommages 2012: Hichem Rostom , Acteur Tunisien|url=http://www.festivaltetouan.org/page.php?134|access-date=2012-04-18|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120502142050/http://www.festivaltetouan.org/page.php?134|archive-date=2012-05-02}}
- Mourad Salem, artist{{cite web |author=Royal Borough of Kensington and Chelsea|title=Sultans Are No Sultans: Mourad Salem|url=http://www.rbkc.gov.uk/subsites/nour/events/exhibitions/sultansarenosultans.aspx#sthash.FSPhcd7t.dpbs|access-date=2013-10-13}}
- Rachid Sfar, former prime minister{{cite web |author=Rachid Sfar|title=Le LEADERS TAHAR SFAR CO-FONDATEUR AVEC BOURGUIBA DU PARTI TUNISIEN NEO-DESTOUR FUT DE 1925 à 1928 UN ETUDIANT EXCEPTIONNEL|url=http://rachid-sfar.blogspot.co.uk/2014/02/le-leaders-tahar-sfar-co-fondateur-avec.html|access-date=2014-06-07}}
- Mongi Slim, nationalist leader and Minister{{Harvnb|Bidwell|2012|loc=388}}.
- {{ill|Mustapha Kamel Tarzi|fr}}, diplomat
- Najiya Thamir, writer and radio producer{{cite web |author=Arab Women Writers|title=Najiya Thamir|url=http://arabwomenwriters.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=162&Itemid=108|access-date=2012-04-17}}{{cite web |author=Women of Tunisia|title=Tunisian women Yesterday and Today: Nejia Thameur|url=http://womenoftunisia.weebly.com/tunsian-women-yesterday-and-today.html|access-date=2012-04-17}}
- Hedi Turki, painter{{cite web|author=Toute la Tunisie|title=Hédi Turki|url=http://toutelatunisie.com/doc.php?docid=459&artid=419|access-date=2012-04-17|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130727200303/http://toutelatunisie.com/doc.php?docid=459&artid=419|archive-date=2013-07-27}}
- Yahia Turki, painter{{cite web|author=Toute la Tunisie|title=Yahia Ben Mahmoud El Hajjem Turki|url=http://toutelatunisie.com/doc.php?docid=459&artid=418|access-date=2012-04-17|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://archive.today/20120716234459/http://toutelatunisie.com/doc.php?docid=459&artid=418|archive-date=2012-07-16}}
- Zoubeir Turki, painter{{cite web |author=Toute la Tunisie|title=Zoubeïr Turki|url=http://toutelatunisie.com/doc.php?docid=459&artid=417|access-date=2012-04-17}}
- Abdeljelil Zaouche, Minister of Justice (1936–1943)
- {{ill|Sadok Zmerli|fr|Sadok Zmerli|ar|الصادق الزمرلي}}, professor
See also
References
{{Reflist}}
Bibliography
{{refbegin|2}}
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{{refend}}
{{Demographics of Tunisia}}
{{Turkish diaspora}}