Tutton's salt

Tutton's salts are a family of salts with the formula M₂M'(SO₄)₂(H₂O)₆ (sulfates) or M₂M'(SeO₄)₂(H₂O)₆ (selenates). These materials are double salts, which means that they contain two different cations, M⁺ and M'²⁺ crystallized in the same regular ionic lattice.{{Housecroft3rd|page=699}} The univalent cation can be potassium, rubidium, caesium, ammonium (NH₄), deuterated ammonium (ND₄) or thallium. Sodium or lithium ions are too small. The divalent cation can be magnesium, vanadium, chromium, manganese, iron, cobalt, nickel, copper, zinc or cadmium. In addition to sulfate and selenate, the divalent anion can be chromate (CrO₄²⁻), tetrafluoroberyllate (BeF₄²⁻), hydrogenphosphate (HPO₄²⁻){{cite journal|last1=Ettoumi|first1=Houda|last2=Bulou|first2=Alain|last3=Suñol|first3=Joan Josep|last4=Mhiri|first4=Tahar|title=Synthesis, crystal structure, and vibrational study of $\ce{K2Cu(HPO4)2.6H2O}$ : A new metal hydrogenphosphate compound|journal=Journal of Molecular Structure|date=November 2015|volume=1099|pages=181–188|doi=10.1016/j.molstruc.2015.06.060|bibcode=2015JMoSt1099..181E}} or monofluorophosphate (PO₃F²⁻). Tutton's salts crystallize in the monoclinic space group P2₁/a.{{ cite journal | first1 = Ferdinando | last1 = Bosi | first2 = Girolamo | last2 = Belardi | first3 = Paolo | last3 = Ballirano | title = Structural features in Tutton's salts K₂[M²⁺(H₂O)₆](SO₄)₂, with M²⁺ = Mg, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, and Zn | journal = American Mineralogist | year = 2009 | volume = 94 | issue = 1 | pages = 74–82 | doi = 10.2138/am.2009.2898 | bibcode = 2009AmMin..94...74B | s2cid = 97302855 }} The robustness is the result of the complementary hydrogen-bonding between the tetrahedral anions and cations as well their interactions with the metal aquo complex [M(H₂O)₆]²⁺.

History

Tutton salts are sometimes called Schönites after the naturally occurring mineral called Schönite (K₂Mg(SO₄)₂(H₂O)₆). They are named for Alfred Edwin Howard Tutton, who identified and characterised a large range of these salts around 1900.{{cite journal

| title = A Comparative Crystallographical Study of the Double Selenates of the Series $\ce{R2M(SeO4)2.6H2O}$ .{{--}}Salts in Which M Is Zinc

| author = A. E. Tutton

| journal =Proceedings of the Royal Society of London

| volume = 67

| year = 1900–1901

| pages =58–84

| url = http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k56160k/f65.table

| doi = 10.1098/rspl.1900.0002

| issue = 435–441| doi-access = free

| url-access = subscription

}}
Such salts were of historical importance because they were obtainable in high purity and served as reliable reagents and spectroscopic standards.

Table of salts

class="wikitable"

!M¹

!M²

!formula

!name

!a Å

!b Å

!c Å

!β°

!V Å³

!colour

!Nα

!Nβ

!Nγ

!Biaxial

!2V

!other

|Cd

|K₂[Cd(H₂O)₆](SO₄)₂

|Potassium cadmium sulfate hexahydrate{{cite book|last1=Nyquist|first1=Richard A.|last2=Kagel|first2=Ronald O.|title=Handbook of Infrared and Raman Spectra of Inorganic Compounds and Organic Salts: Infrared Spectra of Inorganic Compounds|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RhJg4WCbm0gC&pg=PA297|access-date=18 June 2013|publisher=Academic Press|isbn=9780080878522|date=30 March 1972|pages=297–298}} (also includes Ni Cu )

|Cd

|Cs₂[Cd(H₂O)₆](SO₄)₂

|Caesium cadmium sulphate hexahydrate{{cite journal|last=Lakshman|first=S.V.J. |author2=T.V.Krishna Rao|year=1984|title=Absorption spectrum of $\ce{VO2+}$ ion doped in caesium cadmium sulphate hexahydrate single crystal|journal=Solid State Communications|volume=49|issue=6|pages=567–570|issn=0038-1098|doi=10.1016/0038-1098(84)90193-5|bibcode=1984SSCom..49..567L}}

NH₄

|Cd

|(NH₄)₂[Cd(H₂O)₆](SO₄)₂

|Ammonium Cadmium Sulfate Hydrate

|9.395

|12.776

|6.299

|106°43'

|727.63

|colourless

|l.486

|1.488

|1.494

|Biaxial(-f)

|large{{cite web|url=http://digicoll.manoa.hawaii.edu/techreports/PDF/NBS25-8.pdf|title=Standard X-ray Diffraction Powder Patterns|last=Swanson|first=H. E. |author2=H. F. McMurdie |author3=M. C. Morris |author4=E. H. Evans|date=September 1970|work=National Bureau of Standards Monograph 25 Section 8|publisher=National Bureau of Standards|access-date=16 June 2013}}

|density=2.05{{cite web|title=materials database|url=http://crystdb.nims.go.jp/crystdb/search-details?pageS=1&search-type=search-materials&pageP=1&need_more_type=prototype_number&tab=pageA&isConditionValueError=false&page=1&tabDetail=pageS&pageSubP=1&reference_id=4294972343&pageSubD=1&tabSub=pageA&pageSubA=1&isVisiblePeriodicTable=true&isNeedMoreValueError=false&need_more_value=&substance_id=42536&material_id=4296667433&condition_value=S+O+H+Cd+N&pageSubS=1&history=true&pageD=0&pageA=1&condition_type=chemical_system&errorCode=0|website=Atom Work|access-date=2 July 2015}}

Slowly loses water in dry air.{{cite web|title=Materials Database|url=http://crystdb.nims.go.jp/crystdb/search-details?pageS=1&search-type=search-materials&pageP=1&need_more_type=prototype_number&tab=pageA&isConditionValueError=false&page=1&tabDetail=pageS&pageSubP=1&reference_id=4294985020&pageSubD=1&tabSub=pageA&pageSubA=1&isVisiblePeriodicTable=true&isNeedMoreValueError=false&need_more_value=&substance_id=18039&material_id=4295275964&condition_value=S+O+H+Co+Rb&pageSubS=1&history=true&pageD=1&pageA=1&condition_type=chemical_system&errorCode=0|website=Atom Work|access-date=2 July 2015}}

|Co

|K₂[Co(H₂O)₆](SO₄)₂{{cite journal|last=Ananthanarayanan|first=V.|year=1961|title=Raman spectra of crystalline double sulphates|journal=Zeitschrift für Physik|volume=163|issue=2|pages=144–157|issn=1434-6001|doi=10.1007/BF01336872|bibcode=1961ZPhy..163..144A|s2cid=120815961}}

|Potassium cobaltous sulfate

|6.151

|9.061

|12.207

|104.8°

|657.78{{cite web|title=materials database|url=http://crystdb.nims.go.jp/crystdb/search-details?pageS=1&search-type=search-materials&pageP=1&need_more_type=prototype_number&tab=pageA&isConditionValueError=false&page=1&tabDetail=pageS&pageSubP=1&reference_id=4294972002&pageSubD=1&tabSub=pageA&pageSubA=1&isVisiblePeriodicTable=true&isNeedMoreValueError=false&need_more_value=&substance_id=42491&material_id=4296667332&condition_value=S+O+H+Co+K&pageSubS=1&history=true&pageD=1&pageA=1&condition_type=chemical_system&errorCode=0|website=Atom Work|access-date=2 July 2015}}

|red

|density=2.21

|Co

|Rb₂[Co(H₂O)₆](SO₄)₂

|Rubidium hexaaquacobalt(II) sulphate

|6.24

|9.19

|12.453

|105.99°

|686.5

|ruby-red{{cite book|last=Krebs|first=Robert E.|title=The History And Use of Our Earth's Chemical Elements: A Reference Guide|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yb9xTj72vNAC&pg=PA59|access-date=17 June 2013|date=2006-01-01|publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group|isbn=9780313334382|page=59}}

|desnsity=2.56

|Co

|Cs₂[Co(H₂O)₆](SO₄)₂

|Caesium hexaaquacobalt(II) sulphate

|9.318(1)

|12.826(3)

|6.3650(9)

|107.13(1)°

|727.0

|dark red

NH₄

|Co

|(NH₄)₂[Co(H₂O)₆](SO₄)₂

|Cobaltous ammonium sulfate hexahydrate

|6.242

|9.255

|12.549

|106.98°

|693.3{{cite web|title=Materials database|url=http://crystdb.nims.go.jp/crystdb/search-details?pageS=1&search-type=search-materials&pageP=1&need_more_type=prototype_number&tab=pageA&isConditionValueError=false&page=1&tabDetail=pageS&pageSubP=1&reference_id=4294985081&pageSubD=1&tabSub=pageA&pageSubA=1&isVisiblePeriodicTable=true&isNeedMoreValueError=false&need_more_value=&substance_id=17860&material_id=4295275630&condition_value=S+O+H+Co+N&pageSubS=1&history=true&pageD=1&pageA=1&condition_type=chemical_system&errorCode=0|website=Atom Work}}

|purple{{cite journal|last=Lim|first=Ae Ran|year=2011|title=Thermodynamic properties and phase transitions of Tutton salt $\ce{(NH4)2Co(SO4)2.6H2O}$ crystals|journal=Journal of Thermal Analysis and Calorimetry|volume=109|issue=3|pages=1619–1623|issn=1388-6150|doi=10.1007/s10973-011-1849-2|s2cid=95478618}}

|density=1.89

|Co

|Tl₂[Co(H₂O)₆](SO₄)₂

|Cobaltous thallium sulfate hexahydrate, Thallium hexaaquacobalt(II) sulfate,

|9.227(1)

|12.437(2)

|6.220(1)

|106.40(1)°

|684.7

|light red{{cite journal|last=Euler|first=Harald|author2=Bruno Barbier|author3=Alke Meents|author4=Armin Kirfel|year=2009|title=Crystal structures of Tutton′s salts $\ce{Tl2[M^{II}(H2O)6](SO4)2}$ , $\ce{M^{II} = Mg, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Zn}$ |journal=Zeitschrift für Kristallographie - New Crystal Structures|volume=224|issue=3|pages=355–359|doi=10.1524/ncrs.2009.0157|issn=1433-7266|doi-access=free}}

|Co

|Tl₂[Co(H₂O)₆](SO₄)₂

|Dithallium cobalt sulfate hexahydrate

|9.235(1)

|12.442(2)

|6.227(1)

|106.40(1)°

|yellowish pink

|1.599

|1.613

|1.624

|biaxial(-)

|medium large{{cite book|last=Swanson|first=H. E. |author2=McMurdie, H. F. |author3=Morris, M. C. |author4=Evans, E. H. |title=Standard X-ray Diffraction Powder Patterns: Section 7. Data for 81 Substances|url= https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc13215/m1/76/|page=70|access-date=June 17, 2013|date=September 1969|publisher=UNT Digital Library|location=Washington D.C}}

|density=4.180 g/cm³

|Cr

|Rb₂[Cr(H₂O)₆](SO₄)₂{{cite journal|last=Dobe|first=Christopher |author2=Christopher Noble |author3=Graham Carver |author4=Philip L. W. Tregenna-Piggott |author5=Garry J. McIntyre |author6=Anne-Laure Barra |author7=Antonia Neels |author8=Stefan Janssen |author9=Fanni Juranyi|year=2004|title=Electronic and Molecular Structure of High-Spin d4 Complexes: Experimental and Theoretical Study of the [Cr(D₂O)₆]²⁺Cation in Tutton's Salts|journal=Journal of the American Chemical Society|volume=126|issue=50|pages=16639–16652|issn=0002-7863|doi=10.1021/ja046095c|pmid=15600370|bibcode=2004JAChS.12616639D }}

|Dirubidium chromium sulfate hexahydrate

|Cr

|Cs₂[Cr(H₂O)₆](SO₄)₂

|Dicaesium chromium sulfate hexahydrate

ND₄

|Cr

|(ND₄)₂Cr(SO₄)₂{{hydrate|6|nolink=yes}}

|Dideuterated ammonium chromium sulfate hexahydrate

|bright blue,

|formed from $\ce{CrSO4.3H2O}$ with ammonium sulfate in minimal water under nitrogen gas. Stable in air from oxidation, but may dehydrate.{{cite journal|last=Dobe|first=Christopher |author2=Hans-Peter Andres |author3=Philip L.W. Tregenna-Piggott |author4=Susanne Mossin |author5=Høgni Weihe |author6=Stefan Janssen |year=2002|title=Variable temperature inelastic neutron scattering study of chromium(II) Tutton salt: manifestation of the ⁵E ⊗ e Jahn–Teller effect|journal=Chemical Physics Letters|volume=362|issue=5–6|pages=387–396|issn=0009-2614|doi=10.1016/S0009-2614(02)01131-4|bibcode=2002CPL...362..387D}}

|Cu

|K₂[Cu(H₂O)₆](SO₄)₂

|Cyanochroite

|9.27

|12.44

|6.30

|104.47{{cite web|title=materials database|url=http://crystdb.nims.go.jp/crystdb/search-details?pageS=1&search-type=search-materials&pageP=0&need_more_type=prototype_number&tab=pageA&isConditionValueError=false&page=1&tabDetail=pageS&pageSubP=1&reference_id=4294981761&pageSubD=1&tabSub=pageA&pageSubA=1&isVisiblePeriodicTable=true&isNeedMoreValueError=false&need_more_value=&substance_id=26625&material_id=4295348888&condition_value=S+O+Cu+K+H&pageSubS=1&history=true&pageD=1&pageA=1&condition_type=chemical_system&errorCode=0|access-date=2 July 2015}}

|663.0

|pale green blue

|density=2.21 within unit cell 7.76 between two Cu atoms{{cite journal|last=Zhou|first=Dawei |author2=R. W. Kreilick|year=1993|title=Electron spin exchange in single crystals of copper Tutton's salt ( $\ce{Cu(H2O)6(NH4)2SO4}$ )|journal=The Journal of Physical Chemistry|volume=97|issue=37|pages=9304–9310|issn=0022-3654|doi=10.1021/j100139a009}}

|Cu

|Rb₂[Cu(H₂O)₆](SO₄)₂

|Dirubidium hexaaquacopper sulfate

|9.267

|12.366

|6.228

|105°19'

|686.8

|brilliant greenish blue

|1.488

|1.491

|1.506

|biaxial (+)

|medium

|density=2.580g/cm3 Cu-O 2.098 Å Rb-O 3.055 Å.{{cite journal|last=Ballirano|first=Paolo |author2=Girolamo Belardi|year=2007|title=Rietveld refinement of the Tutton's salt $\ce{Rb2[Cu(H2O)6](SO4)2}$ from parallel-beam X-ray powder diffraction data|journal=Acta Crystallographica Section E|volume=63|issue=2|pages=i56–i58|issn=1600-5368|doi=10.1107/S1600536807002656}}

|Cu

|Cs₂[Cu(H₂O)₆](SO₄)₂{{cite journal|last=Ballirano|first=Paolo |author2=Girolamo Belardi |author3=Ferdinando Bosi|year=2007|title=Redetermination of the Tutton's salt $\ce{Cs2[Cu(H2O)6](SO4)2}$ |journal=Acta Crystallographica Section E|volume=63|issue=7|pages=i164–i165|issn=1600-5368|doi=10.1107/S1600536807029790}}

|Dicaesium hexaaquacopper sulfate

|9.439

|12.762

|6.310

|106°11'

|718.5

|brilliant greenish blue,

|1.504

|1.506

|1.514

|biaxial (+)

|density=2.864g/cm3{{cite book|last=Swanson|first=H. E. |author2=McMurdie, H. F. |author3=Morris, M. C. |author4=Evans, E. H.. |title=Standard X-ray Diffraction Powder Patterns: Section 7. Data for 81 Substances|url= https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc13215/m1/20/|page=14|access-date=June 17, 2013|date=September 1969|publisher=UNT Digital Library|location=Washington D.C}}

NH₄

|Cu

|(NH₄)₂[Cu(H₂O)₆](SO₄)₂

|Ammonium hexaaquacopper(II) sulfate

|6.31

|12.38

|9.22

|106.16°

|691.25{{cite web|title=976 Diammonium hexaquacopper(ii) sulfate ( $\ce{(NH4)2[Cu(H2O)6](SO4)2}$ ) (ICSD 62991)|url=http://openmopac.net/PM7_accuracy/data_solids/Diammonium_hexaquacopper_ii__sulfate___NH4_2_Cu_H2O_6__SO4_2___ICSD_62991__jmol.html|website=openmopac|access-date=2 July 2015}}

|density=1.921; heat of formation=-777.9 kcal/mol Jahn-Teller distortion axis switches under pressure of ~1500 bars, a,b axis shrinks 3.3% and 3.5% and c axis extends 4.5%.{{cite journal|last=Simmons|first=Charles J. |author2=Michael A. Hitchman |author3=Horst Stratemeier |author4=Arthur J. Schultz|year=1993|title=High-pressure, low-temperature, single-crystal neutron diffraction study of deuterated and hydrogenous ammonium hexaaquacopper(II) sulfate (Tutton's salt): a pressure-switchable Jahn-Teller distortion|journal=Journal of the American Chemical Society|volume=115|issue=24|pages=11304–11311|issn=0002-7863|doi=10.1021/ja00077a032|bibcode=1993JAChS.11511304S }}

|Cu

|Tl₂[Cu(H₂O)₆](SO₄)₂

|Thallium copper sulfate hydrate

|9.268

|12.364

|6.216

|105°33'

|brilliant greenish blue

|1.600

|1.610

|1.620

|biaxial

|very large{{cite book|last=Swanson|first=H. E. |author2=McMurdie, H. F. |author3=Morris, M. C. |author4=Evans, E. H.. |title=Standard X-ray Diffraction Powder Patterns: Section 7. Data for 81 Substances|url= https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc13215/m1/78/|page=72|access-date=June 17, 2013|date=September 1969|publisher=UNT Digital Library|location=Washington D.C}}

|density=3.740 g/cm3

|Fe

|K₂[Fe(H₂O)₆](SO₄)₂

|Dipotassium iron sulfate hexahydrate

|Fe

|Rb₂[Fe(H₂O)₆](SO₄)₂

|Rubidium iron sulfate hydrate

|9.218

|12.497

|6.256

|105°45'

|pale green

|1.480

|1.489

|1.501

|biaxial (+)

|large,

|density=2.523g/cm3{{cite web|url=http://digicoll.manoa.hawaii.edu/techreports/PDF/NBS25-8.pdf|title=Standard X-ray Diffraction Powder Patterns|last=Swanson|first=H. E. |author2=H. F. McMurdie |author3=M. C. Morris |author4=E. H. Evans|date=September 1970|work=National Bureau of Standards Monograph 25 Section 8|publisher=National Bureau of Standards|page=64|access-date=16 June 2013}}

|Fe

|Cs₂[Fe(H₂O)₆](SO₄)₂

|Caesium hexaaquairon(II) sulphate

|9.357(2)

|12.886(2)

|6.381(1)

|106.94(1)°

|736.0

|dark yellow very pale green

|1.501

|1.504

|1.516

|biaxial (+)

|medium{{cite book|last=Swanson|first=H. E. |author2=McMurdie, H. F. |author3=Morris, M. C. |author4=Evans, E. H. |title=Standard X-ray Diffraction Powder Patterns: Section 7. Data for 81 Substances|url= https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc13215/m1/49/|page=14|access-date=June 17, 2013|date=September 1969|publisher=UNT Digital Library|location=Washington D.C}}

|density=2.805

NH₄

|Fe

|(NH₄)₂[Fe(H₂O)₆](SO₄)₂

|Mohrite

|6.24(1)

|12.65(2)

|9.32(2)

|106.8(1)

|704.28

|vitreous pale green

|density=1.85 named after Karl Friedrich Mohr{{cite web|url=http://www.handbookofmineralogy.org/pdfs/mohrite.pdf|title=Mohrite|publisher=Mineral Data Publishing|access-date=17 June 2013}}

|Fe

|Tl₂[Fe(H₂O)₆](SO₄)₂

|Thallium hexaaquairon(II) sulfate

|9.262(2)

|12.497(1)

|6.235(2)

|106.15(1)°

|693.2

|light green

|1.590

|1.605

|=1.616

|biaxial (-)

|large

|density=3.662g/cm3{{cite web|url=http://digicoll.manoa.hawaii.edu/techreports/PDF/NBS25-8.pdf|title=Standard X-ray Diffraction Powder Patterns|last=Swanson|first=H. E. |author2=H. F. McMurdie |author3=M. C. Morris |author4=E. H. Evans|date=September 1970|work=National Bureau of Standards Monograph 25 Section 8|publisher=National Bureau of Standards|page=87|access-date=16 June 2013}}

|Mg

|K₂[Mg(H₂O)₆](SO₄)₂

|Picromerite

|9.04

|12.24

|6.095

|104° 48'{{cite journal|last=Bosi|first=F.|author2=G. Belardi|author3=P. Ballirano|year=2009|title=Structural features in Tutton's salts $\ce{K2[M2+(H2O)6](SO4)2}$ , with $\ce{M2+ = Mg, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, and\ Zn}$ |journal=American Mineralogist|volume=94|issue=1|pages=74–82|bibcode=2009AmMin..94...74B|doi=10.2138/am.2009.2898|s2cid=97302855|issn=0003-004X}}

|colourless or white

|1.460

|1.462

|1.472

|biaxial (+)

|medium

|density=2.025g/cm3;{{cite web|url=http://digicoll.manoa.hawaii.edu/techreports/PDF/NBS25-8.pdf|title=Standard X-ray Diffraction Powder Patterns|last=Swanson|first=H. E. |author2=H. F. McMurdie |author3=M. C. Morris |author4=E. H. Evans|date=September 1970|work=National Bureau of Standards Monograph 25 Section 8|page=54|publisher=National Bureau of Standards|access-date=16 June 2013}} expanded second coordination sphere around Mg.

|Mg

|Rb₂[Mg(H₂O)₆](SO₄)₂

|Rubidium magnesium sulphate hexahydrate{{cite journal|last=Somasekharam|first=V. |author2=Y.P. Reddy|year=1985|title=Spectroscopic studies on vanadyl ion in rubidium magnesium sulphate hexahydrate|journal=Solid State Communications|volume=53|issue=8|pages=695–697|issn=0038-1098|doi=10.1016/0038-1098(85)90380-1|bibcode=1985SSCom..53..695S}}

|9.235

|12.486

|6.224

|105°59'

|colourless

|1.467

|1.469

|1.476{{cite book|last=Swanson|first=H. E. |author2=McMurdie, H. F. |author3=Morris, M. C. |author4=Evans, E. H. |title=Standard X-ray Diffraction Powder Patterns: Section 8. Data for 81 Substances|url= https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc13216/m1/76/|access-date=June 17, 2013|date=September 1970|page=70|publisher=UNT Digital Library|location=Washington D.C}}

|biaxial

|Mg

|Cs₂[Mg(H₂O)₆](SO4)₂

|Caesium hexaaquamagnesium sulphate

|9.338(2)

|12.849(4)

|6.361(2)

|107.07(2)°

|729.6

|colourless{{cite journal|last=Euler|first=H. |author2=B. Barbier |author3=A. Meents |author4=A. Kirfel|year=2003|title=Crystal structure of Tutton's salts, $\ce{Cs2[M^{II}(H2O)6](SO4)2}$ , $\ce{M^{II} = Mg, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Zn}$ |journal=Zeitschrift für Kristallographie. New Crystal Structures|volume=218|issue=4|pages=409–413|issn=1433-7266|url=ftp://ftp.oldenbourg.de/pub/download/frei/ncs/218-4/409737_38_39_40_41_42.pdf|access-date=15 June 2013|doi=10.1524/ncrs.2003.218.4.409|doi-access=free}}

|1.481

|1.485

|1.492

|biaxial(+)

|medium

|density=2.689{{cite book|last=Swanson|first=H. E. |author2=McMurdie, H. F. |author3=Morris, M. C. |author4=Evans, E. H. |title=Standard X-ray Diffraction Powder Patterns: Section 7. Data for 81 Substances|url= https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc13215/m1/24/|page=18|access-date=June 17, 2013|date=September 1969|publisher=UNT Digital Library|location=Washington D.C}}

NH₄

|Mg

|(NH₄)₂[Mg(H₂O)₆](SO₄)₂

|Boussingaultite

|9.28

|12.57

|6.2

|107°6'

NH₄

|Mg

|(NH₄)₂[Mg(H₂O)₆](SO₄)₂

|Ammonium Magnesium Chromium Oxide Hydrate

|9.508±.001

|12.674

|6.246

|106°14'

|bright yellow

|1.637

|1.638

|1.653

|biaxial(+)

|small

|density=1.840 g/cm ³

|Mg

|Tl₂[Mg(H₂O)₆](SO₄)₂{{cite journal|last=Chand|first=Prem |author2=R. Murali Krishna |author3=J. Lakshmana Rao |author4=S. V. J. Lakshman|year=1993|title=EPR and optical studies of vanadyl complexes in two host-crystals of Tutton salts of thallium|journal=Radiation Effects and Defects in Solids|volume=127|issue=2|pages=245–254|issn=1042-0150|doi=10.1080/10420159308220322|bibcode=1993REDS..127..245C}}

|dithallium magnesium sulfate hexahydrate

|9.22 9.262(2)

|12.42 12.459(2)

|6.185 6.207(1)

|106°30' 106.39(2)°

|687.1

|colourless

|density=3.532 g/cm³

|Mn

|Rb₂[Mn(H₂O)₆](SO₄)₂

|Dirubidium hexaaquamanganese sulfate(VI)

|9.282(2)

|12.600(2)

|6.254(2)

|105.94(2)

|703.3Å³{{cite web|url=http://chem5.nchc.org.tw/icsd/details.php?id[]=60195|title=ICSD for WWW|access-date=15 June 2013}}{{cite journal|last=Euler|first=H. |author2=B. Barbier |author3=S. Klumpp |author4=A. Kirfel|year=2000|title=Crystal structure of Tutton's salts, $\ce{Rb2[M^{II}(H2O)6](SO4)2}$ , $\ce{M^{II} = Mg, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Zn}$ |journal=Zeitschrift für Kristallographie. New Crystal Structures|volume=215|issue=4|pages=473–476|issn=1433-7266|url=ftp://ftp.oldenbourg.de/pub/download/frei/ncs/218-4/409737_38_39_40_41_42.pdf|access-date=15 June 2013|doi=10.1515/ncrs-2000-0408|doi-access=free}}

|Mn

|Cs₂[Mn(H₂O)₆](SO₄)₂

|Caesium hexaaquamanganese(II) sulphate

|9.418(3)

|12.963(2)

|6.386(3)

|107.17(4)°

|744.9

|pale pink purplish white

|1.495

|1.497

|1.502

|biaxial(+)

|large

|density=2.763{{cite book|last=Swanson|first=H. E. |author2=McMurdie, H. F. |author3=Morris, M. C. |author4=Evans, E. H. |title=Standard X-ray Diffraction Powder Patterns: Section 7. Data for 81 Substances|url= https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc13215/m1/26/|page=20|access-date=June 17, 2013|date=September 1969|publisher=UNT Digital Library|location=Washington D.C}}

NH₄

|Mn

|(NH₄)₂[Mn(H₂O)₆](SO₄)₂

|Manganese ammonium sulfate hexahydrate

|9.40

|12.74

|6.26

|107.0°{{cite journal|last=Montgomery|first=H. |author2=R. V. Chastain |author3=E. C. Lingafelter|year=1966|title=The crystal structure of Tutton's salts. V. Manganese ammonium sulfate hexahydrate|journal=Acta Crystallographica|volume=20|issue=6|pages=731–733|issn=0365-110X|doi=10.1107/S0365110X66001762|doi-access=free|bibcode=1966AcCry..20..731M }}

|pale pink

|1.482

|1.456

|1.492

|biaxial(+)

|large

|density=1.827 {{cite book|last=Swanson|first=H. E. |author2=McMurdie, H. F. |author3=Morris, M. C. |author4=Evans, E. H. |title=Standard X-ray Diffraction Powder Patterns: Section 8. Data for 81 Substances|url=http://digicoll.manoa.hawaii.edu/techreports/PDF/NBS25-8.pdf|page=12|access-date=June 17, 2013|date=September 1970|location=Washington D.C}}

|Mn

|Tl₂[Mn(H₂O)₆](SO₄)₂

|Thallium manganese sulfate hexahydrate

|9.3276(6), 9.322(2)

|12.5735(8), 12.565(2)

|6.2407(4), and 6.233(1)

|106.310(3)°{{cite journal|last1=Nalbandyan|first1=V. B.|title=Thallium manganese sulfate hexahydrate, a missing Tutton's salt, and a brief review of the entire family|journal=Powder Diffraction|date=29 February 2012|volume=23|issue=1|pages=52–55|doi=10.1154/1.2840634|bibcode=2008PDiff..23...52N|s2cid=97043497}} 106.29(2)°,

|700.8

|light pink

|Ni

|K₂Ni(SO₄)₂{{hydrate|6|nolink=yes}}

| Potassium Nickel Sulfate Hexahydrate

|used as UV filter

|Ni

|Rb₂[Ni(H₂O)₆](SO₄)₂

|Rubidium Nickel Sulfate Hexahydrate

|6.221

|12.41

|9.131

|106.055°

|677.43

|001 surface has step growth of 4.6 Å, optical transmission bands at 250, 500 and 860 nm which are the same as nickel sulfate hexahydrate, but UV band transmits more. Heavy absorption 630-720 nm and 360-420 nm³ density 2.596 g cm⁻³.{{cite journal|last=Wang|first=Xia|author2=Xinxin Zhuang|author3=Genbo Su|author4=Youping He|year=2008|title=A new ultraviolet filter: $\ce{Rb2Ni (SO4)2.6H2O}$ (RNSH) single crystal|url=http://ir.fjirsm.ac.cn/bitstream/350002/5857/1/Wang-2008-A%20new%20ultraviolet%20fi.pdf|journal=Optical Materials|volume=31|issue=2|pages=233–236|bibcode=2008OptMa..31..233W|doi=10.1016/j.optmat.2008.03.020|issn=0925-3467}} stable to 100.5 °C solubility in g/100ml=0.178t + 4.735 MW=529.87

|Ni

|Cs₂[Ni(H₂O)₆](SO₄)₂

|Caesium hexaaquanickel(II) sulphate, Caesium Nickel Sulfate Hexahydrate

|9.259(2)

|12.767(2)

|6.358(1)

|107.00(2)°

|718.7

|greenish blue

|1.507

|1.512

|1.516

|biaxial(-)

|very large

|density=2.883 {{cite book|last=Swanson|first=H. E. |author2=McMurdie, H. F. |author3=Morris, M. C. |author4=Evans, E. H. |title=Standard X-ray Diffraction Powder Patterns: Section 7. Data for 81 Substances|url= https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc13215/m1/29/|page=23|access-date=June 17, 2013|date=September 1969|publisher=UNT Digital Library|location=Washington D.C}} used as UV filter

NH₄

|Ni

|(NH₄)₂[Ni(H₂O)₆](SO₄)₂

|Nickel-boussingaultite{{cite journal|last=Montgomery|first=H. |author2=E.C. Lingafelter|date=10 November 1964|title=The crystal structure of Tutton's salts. II. Magnesium ammonium sulfate hexahydrate and nickel ammonium sulfate hexahydrate|journal=Acta Crystallographica|publisher=International Union of Crystallography|volume=17|issue=11|page=1478|doi=10.1107/s0365110x6400367x|doi-access=free|bibcode=1964AcCry..17.1478M }}

|9.186

|12.468

|6.424

|684.0

|blueish green.{{cite journal|last=Morris|first=Marlene C |author2=McMurdie, Howard F. |author3=Evans, Eloise H. |author4=Paretzkin, Boris |author5=Hubbard, Camden R. |author6=Carmel, Simon J.|title=Standard X-ray Diffraction Powder Patterns: Section 17. Data for 54 Substances|journal=Final Report National Bureau of Standards |url=https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc13209/m1/15/|bibcode=1980nbs..reptR....M |year=1980 }}{{Cite web|url=https://archive.org/stream/philtrans02006988/02006988_djvu.txt|title = The Monoclinic Double Sulphates Containing Ammonium. Completion of the Double Sulphate Series|date = January 1916}}

|density=1.918 cas=51287-85-5

|Ni

|Tl₂[Ni(H₂O)₆](SO₄)₂

|Thallium hexaaquanickel(II) sulfate

|9.161(2)

|12.389(2)

|6.210(2)

|106.35(2)°

|676.3

|greenish blue

|1.602

|1.615

|1.620

|biaxial(-)

|large

|density=3.763{{cite book|last=Swanson|first=H. E. |author2=McMurdie, H. F. |author3=Morris, M. C. |author4=Evans, E. H. |title=Standard X-ray Diffraction Powder Patterns: Section 7. Data for 81 Substances|url= https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc13215/m1/84/|page=78|access-date=June 17, 2013|date=September 1969|publisher=UNT Digital Library|location=Washington D.C}}

|Ru

|K₂[Ru(H₂O)₆](SO₄)₂

|Potassium hexaaquaruthenium(II) sulfate{{cite journal|last1=Bernhard|first1=Paul|last2=Ludi|first2=Andreas|title=Infrared and Raman spectra of the hexaaquaruthenium ions: normal-coordinate analysis for $\ce{Ru(H2O)6^2+}$ and $\ce{Ru(H2O)6^3+}$ |journal=Inorganic Chemistry|date=March 1984|volume=23|issue=7|pages=870–872|doi=10.1021/ic00175a015}}

|8.950

|12.268

|6.135

|105.27

|644

|Ru

|Rb₂[Ru(H₂O)₆](SO₄)₂

|Rubidium hexaaquaruthenium(II) sulfate

|9.132

|12.527

|6.351

|106.30

|K₂[V(H₂O)₆](SO₄)₂

|Vanadium(II) potassium sulfate hexahydrate {{cite book|last1=Mido|first1=M. Satake & Y.|last2=Satake|first2=M.|title=Chemistry Of Transition Elements|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XwPh1_aTMrkC&pg=PA43|access-date=17 June 2013|date=2010-01-01|publisher=Discovery Publishing House|isbn=9788171412433|page=43}}

|Rb₂[V(H₂O)₆](SO₄)₂

|Rubidium vanadium(II) sulfate

NH₄

|(NH₄)₂[V(H₂O)₆](SO₄)₂

|Vanadium(II) ammonium sulfate hexahydrate

|9.42

|12.76

|6.22

|107.2°

|714.2

|amethyst

|density=1.8 V-O length 2.15Å{{cite journal|last=Montgomery|first=H. |author2=B. Morosin |author3=J. J. Natt |author4=A. M. Witkowska |author5=E. C. Lingafelter|year=1967|title=The crystal structure of Tutton's salts. VI. Vanadium(II), iron(II) and cobalt(II) ammonium sulfate hexahydrates|journal=Acta Crystallographica|volume=22|issue=6|pages=775–780|issn=0365-110X|doi=10.1107/S0365110X67001550|doi-access=free|bibcode=1967AcCry..22..775M }}

|Zn

|K₂[Zn(H₂O)₆](SO₄)₂

|Dipotassium zinc sulphate hexahydrate

|9.041

|12.310

|6.182

|104.777°

|colourless

|1.478

|1.481

|1.496

|biaxial

|large

|density=2.242g/cm3{{cite book|last=Swanson|first=H. E. |author2=McMurdie, H. F. |author3=Morris, M. C. |author4=Evans, E. H. |title=Standard X-ray Diffraction Powder Patterns: Section 7. Data for 81 Substances|url= https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc13215/m1/49/|page=43|access-date=June 17, 2013|date=September 1969|publisher=UNT Digital Library|location=Washington D.C}} Thermal decomposition at 252K.{{cite journal|last1=Lim|first1=Ae Ran|last2=Kim|first2=Sun Ha|title=Structural and thermodynamic properties of Tutton salt K2Zn(SO4)2·6H2O|journal=Journal of Thermal Analysis and Calorimetry|date=23 July 2015|volume=123|issue=1|pages=371–376|doi=10.1007/s10973-015-4865-9|s2cid=93389171}}

|Zn

|Rb₂[Zn(H₂O)₆](SO₄)₂

| Rubidium Zinc Sulphate Hexahydrate{{cite journal|last1=Somasekharam|first1=V|last2=Prasad|first2=P Siva|last3=Ramesh|first3=K|last4=Reddy|first4=Y P|title=Electronic Spectra of VO and Cu Ions in Rubidium Zinc Sulphate Hexahydrate|journal=Physica Scripta|date=1 February 1986|volume=33|issue=2|pages=169–172|doi=10.1088/0031-8949/33/2/014|bibcode=1986PhyS...33..169S|s2cid=250762626}}

|9.185

|12.450

|6.242

|105°54'

|colourless

|1.483

|1.489

|1.497

|biaxial

|large {{cite book|last=Swanson|first=H. E. |author2=McMurdie, H. F. |author3=Morris, M. C. |author4=Evans, E. H. |title=Standard X-ray Diffraction Powder Patterns: Section 7. Data for 81 Substances|url= https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc13215/m1/61/|page=55|access-date=June 17, 2013|date=September 1969|publisher=UNT Digital Library|location=Washington D.C}}

|Zn

|Cs₂[Zn(H₂O)₆](SO₄)₂

|Zinc caesium sulphate hexahydrate {{cite journal|last=Lakshmana Rao|first=J. |author2=K. Purandar|year=1980|title=Absorption spectrum of $\ce{VO2+}$ in zinc cesium sulphate hexahydrate|journal=Solid State Communications|volume=33|issue=3|pages=363–364|issn=0038-1098|doi=10.1016/0038-1098(80)91171-0|bibcode=1980SSCom..33..363L}}

|9.314(2)

|12.817(2)

|6.369(2)

|106.94(2)°

|727.3

|colourless

|1.507

|1.610

|1.615

|biaxial(-)

|large

|density=2.881 {{cite book|last=Swanson|first=H. E. |author2=McMurdie, H. F. |author3=Morris, M. C. |author4=Evans, E. H. |title=Standard X-ray Diffraction Powder Patterns: Section 7. Data for 81 Substances|url= https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc13215/m1/31/|page=25|access-date=June 17, 2013|date=September 1969|publisher=UNT Digital Library|location=Washington D.C}}

NH₄

|Zn

|(NH₄)₂[Zn(H₂O)₆](SO₄)₂

|Ammonium hexaaquazinc(II) sulfate

|9.205

|12.475

|6.225

|106°52'{{cite journal|last1=Ananthanarayanan|first1=V.|title=Raman spectra of crystalline double sulphates Part II. Ammonium double sulphates|journal=Zeitschrift für Physik|date=June 1962|volume=166|issue=3|pages=318–327|doi=10.1007/BF01380779|bibcode=1962ZPhy..166..318A|s2cid=123224200}}

|684.1

|heat of fusion 285 J/g{{cite journal|last=Voigt|first=W. |author2=S. Göring|year=1994|title=Melting of Tutton's salts studied by DSC|journal=Thermochimica Acta|volume=237|issue=1|pages=13–26|issn=0040-6031|doi=10.1016/0040-6031(94)85179-4|bibcode=1994TcAc..237...13V }}

|Zn

|Tl₂[Zn(H₂O)₆](SO₄)₂

|Thallium hexaaquazinc(II) sulfate {{cite journal|last1=Chand|first1=Prem|last2=Krishna|first2=R. Murali|last3=Rao|first3=J. Lakshmana|last4=Lakshman|first4=S. V. J.|title=EPR and optical studies of vanadyl complexes in two host-crystals of Tutton salts of thallium|journal=Radiation Effects and Defects in Solids|date=November 1993|volume=127|issue=2|pages=245–254|doi=10.1080/10420159308220322|bibcode=1993REDS..127..245C}}

|9.219(2)

|12.426(2)

|6.226(1)

|106.29(2)°

|684.6

|colourless

|Ni

|Cs₂[Zn(H₂O)₆](SeO₄)₂

|Dicaesium nickel selenate hexahydrate{{cite journal |last1=Yankova |first1=Rumyana |last2=Genieva |first2=Svetlana |title=Crystal structure and IR investigation of double salt Cs2Ni(SeO4)2·4H2O |journal=Chemical Data Collections |date=June 2019 |volume=21 |pages=100234 |doi=10.1016/j.cdc.2019.100234|s2cid=181399910 }}

|7.4674

|7.9152

|11.7972

|106.363

|669.04

|light green

|Cu

|Rb₂[Cu(H₂O)₆](SeO₄)₂

|Dirubidium copper selenate hexahydrate{{Cite journal|last=Yankova|first=Rumyana|date=May 2020|title=Hirshfeld surface analysis and ir investigation for the rubidium hexaaquacopper(II) selenate|journal=Chemical Data Collections|language=en|volume=27|pages=100379|doi=10.1016/j.cdc.2020.100379|s2cid=218940437}}

|6.363

|12.431

|9.373

|104.33

|718.3

Organic salts

Some organic bases can also form salts that crystallise like Tutton's salts.

class="wikitable"

!formula

!name

!a Å

!b Å

!c Å

!β°

!V Å³

!colour

!Nα

!Nβ

!Nγ

!Biaxial

!2V

!other

(C₄H₁₂N₂)[Zn(H₂O)₆](SO₄)₂

|Piperazinediium hexaaquazinc(II) bis(sulfate){{cite journal |last1=Rekik |first1=Walid |last2=Naïli |first2=Houcine |last3=Mhiri |first3=Tahar |last4=Bataille |first4=Thierry |title=Piperazinediium hexaaquazinc(II) bis(sulfate): A structural analogue of Tutton's salts |journal=Acta Crystallographica Section E |date=April 2005 |volume=61 |issue=4 |page=m629 |doi=10.1107/s1600536805005982 |bibcode=2005AcCrE..61M.629R }}

|12.9562

|10.6502

|13.3251

|114.032

|1679.30

|Colourless

(C₄H₈N₃O)₂[Cd(H₂O)₆](SO₄)₂

|Cadmium creatininium sulfate{{cite journal |last1=Colaneri |first1=Michael J. |last2=Teat |first2=Simon J. |last3=Vitali |first3=Jacqueline |title=Electron Paramagnetic Resonance Characteristics and Crystal Structure of a Tutton Salt Analogue: Copper-Doped Cadmium Creatininium Sulfate |journal=The Journal of Physical Chemistry A |date=20 February 2020 |volume=124 |issue=11 |pages=2242–2252 |doi=10.1021/acs.jpca.0c00004|pmid=32078331 |bibcode=2020JPCA..124.2242C |osti=1777953 |s2cid=211231042 }}

|6.5584

|27.871

|7.1955

|110.371

|1232.99

|colourless

References

Category:Sulfates

Tutton's salt

Examples and related compounds

History

Table of salts

Organic salts

References