Tuyuhun

After the disintegration of the Xianbei state, nomadic groups were led by their khagan, Murong Tuyuhun (慕容吐谷渾; 246 - 317([建武元年]是岁，....河南王吐谷浑卒。) Zizhi Tongjian, vol.90. (吐谷浑年七十二卒，...) Jin Shu, vol.97), to the rich pasture lands around Qinghai Lake about the middle of the 3rd century AD.

Murong Tuyuhun was the older brother of the Former Yan's ancestor Murong HuiZizhi Tongjian, vol. 90. and elder son of the Chanyu Murong Shegui (慕容涉歸) of the Murong Xianbei who took his people from their original settlements on the Liaodong Peninsula to the region of the Yin Mountains, crossing the Yellow River between 307 and 313, and into the eastern region of modern Qinghai.The T'u-yü-hun from the Northern Wei to the time of the Five Dynasties, p. XII. 1970. Gabriella Molè. Rome. Is.M.E.O.

The Tuyuhun Empire was established in 284281 is the foundation for the first or 'Former' (of the four) Murong Xianbei Kingdoms. See Charles Holcombe, The Genesis of East Asia, 221 B.C.-A.D. 907: 221 B.C.-A.D.907,University of Hawaii Press, 2001 pp.130-131. by subjugating the native peoples referred to as the Qiang, including more than 100 different and loosely coordinated tribes that did not submit to each other or any authority.

After Tuyuhun died in Linxia, Gansu in 317, his sixty sons further expanded the empire by defeating the Western Qin (385-430) and Xia (407-431) kingdoms. The Qinghai Xianbei, Tufa Xianbei, Qifu Xianbei and Haolian Xianbei joined them. They moved their capital {{convert|6|km}} west of Qinghai Lake."Note sur les T’ou-yu-houen et les Sou-p’i." Paul Pelliot. T’oung pao, 20 (1921), p. 323.

File:Tuyuhun people taming the horse.jpg

These Xianbei groups formed the core of the Tuyuhun Empire and numbered about 3.3 million at their peak. They carried out extensive military expeditions westward, reaching as far as Hotan in Xinjiang and the borders of Kashmir and Afghanistan, and established a vast empire that encompassed Qinghai, Gansu, Ningxia, northern Sichuan, eastern Shaanxi, southern Xinjiang, and most of Tibet, stretching 1,500 kilometers from east to west and 1,000 kilometers from north to south. They unified parts of Inner Asia for the first time in history, developed the southern route of the Silk Road, and promoted cultural exchange between the eastern and western territories, dominating the northwest for more than three and half centuries until it was destroyed by the Tibetan Empire.Zhou, Weizhou [周伟洲] (1985). The Tuyühu History [《吐谷浑史》] . Yinchuan [银川]: Ningxia People's Press [宁夏人民出版社]. The Tuyuhun Empire existed as an independent kingdom{{sfn|Beckwith|2009|p=128-129}} and was not traditionally considered to be an orthodox dynasty in Chinese historiography.

File:Tang-Tuyuhun War.png

In the beginning of the Tang dynasty, the Tuyuhun Empire came to a gradual decline and was increasingly caught in the conflict between the Tang and the Tibetan Empire. Because the Tuyuhun controlled the crucial trade routes between east and the west, the empire became the immediate target of invasion by the Tang.

The Tibetan Empire developed rapidly under the leadership of Songtsen Gampo, who united the Tibetans and expanded northward, directly threatening the Tuyuhun Empire. Soon after he took the throne of the Yarlung Kingdom in Central Tibet in 634, he defeated the Tuyuhun near Qinghai Lake and received an envoy from the Tang.Tibetan Civilization, p. 57. R. A. Stein. 1972. Stanford University Press, Stanford, California. {{ISBN|0-8047-0806-1}} (cloth); {{ISBN|978-0-8047-0901-9}} (paper). The Tibetan emperor requested marriage to a Tang princess, but was refused. In 635-636 the Emperor Taizong of Tang defeated the Tibetan army; after this campaign,OTA l. 607 the Emperor Taizong agreed to provide a Tang princess to Songtsen Gampo.Tibet: A Political History, p. 26. Tsepon W. D. Shakabpa. 1967. Yale University Press. New Haven and London.

The Tibetan emperor, who claimed that the Tuyuhun objected to his marriage with the Tang, sent 200,000 troops to attack. The Tuyuhun troops retreated to Qinghai, whereas the Tibetans went eastward to attack the Tangut people and reached into southern Gansu. The Tang government sent troops to fight. Although the Tibetans withdrew in response, the Tuyuhun Empire lost much of its territory in southern Gansu to Tibetans.

File:Battle of Dafei River.png

The Tuyuhun government was split between the pro-Tang and pro-Tibet factions, with the latter increasingly becoming stronger and collaborated with Tibet to bring about an invasion. The Tang sent general Xue Rengui to lead 100,000 troops to fight Tibet in Dafeichuan (present Gonghe County, Qinghai). They were annihilated by the ambush of 200,000 troops led by Dayan and the Tibetans. The Tibetan Empire took over the entire territory of the Tuyuhun.

File:Mongolia XI.jpg and northern Qinghai (907-1125)]]

File:Mongol Empire c.1207.png and northern Qinghai (1207)]]

After the fall of the kingdom, the Tuyuhun people split. Led by Murong Nuohebo on the eastern side of the Qilian Mountains they migrated eastwards into central China. The rest remained and were under the rule of the Tibetan Empire.

Through this period, the Xianbei underwent massive diasporata over a vast territory that stretched from the northwest into central and eastern parts of China, with the greatest concentrations by Mt. Yin near Ordos Loop. In 946, a Shatuo, Liu Zhiyuan, conspired to murder the highest Xianbei leader, Bai Chengfu, who was reportedly so wealthy that “his horses had silver mangers”.Molè, Gabriella, 1970, The T'u-yü-hun from the Northern Wei to the time of the five dynasties. Roma, Istituto italiano per il Medio ed Estremo Oriente. p. xxiv. With the looted wealth that included an abundance of property and thousands of fine horses, Liu established the Later Han (947-950). The incident took away the central leadership and stripped the opportunity for the Xianbei to restore the Tuyuhun Kingdom, although later they were able to establish the Western Xia (1038-1227), which was destroyed by the Mongols.Lü, Jianfu [呂建福], 2002. The Tu History [《土族史》]. Beijing [北京]: Chinese Social Sciences Press [中囯社会科学出版社].

{{Main|Tuyuhun language}}

Alexander Vovin (2015) identifies the extinct Tuyuhun language as a Para-Mongolic language, meaning that Tuyuhun is related to Mongolic as a sister clade but is not directly descended from the Proto-Mongolic language.Vovin, Alexander. 2015. [https://www.academia.edu/24403941/Some_notes_on_the_Tuyuhun_%E5%90%90%E8%B0%B7%E6%B8%BE_language_in_the_footsteps_of_Paul_Pelliot Some notes on the Tuyuhun (吐谷渾) language: in the footsteps of Paul Pelliot]. In Journal of Sino-Western Communications, Volume 7, Issue 2 (December 2015). The Khitan language is also a Para-Mongolic language.

When the Chinese pilgrim Songyun visited the region in 518, he noted that the people had a written language, which was more than a hundred years before Thonmi Sambhota is said to have returned from India after developing a script for writing the Tibetan language.Ancient Tibet: Research Materials from the Yeshe De Project (1986), p. 136. Dharma Publishing, California. {{ISBN|0-89800-146-3}}.

{{chart top|collapsed=yes|width=auto|Tuyuhun rulers family tree}}

{{tree chart/start|align=center|style=font-size:110%;|summary=Murong clan Tuyuhun rulers family tree}}

{{tree chart|border=1| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |Tg | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |Tg={{nowrap|Murong
Tuyuhun
慕容吐谷浑
246-284-317}}|boxstyle_Tg=border-width:2px}}

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{{tree chart|border=1| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |Ty | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |Ty={{nowrap|Murong Tuyan
慕容吐延
?-317-329}}|boxstyle_Ty=border-width:2px}}

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{{tree chart|border=1| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |Yy | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |Yy=Murong Yeyan
慕容葉延
319-329-351|boxstyle_Yy=border-width:2px}}

{{tree chart|border=1| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |!| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | }}

{{tree chart|border=1| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |Sx | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |Sx=Murong Suixi
慕容碎奚
?-351-371|boxstyle_Sx=border-width:2px}}

{{tree chart|border=1| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |!| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | }}

{{tree chart|border=1| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |Sl | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |Sl=Murong Shilian
慕容視連
?-371-390|boxstyle_Sl=border-width:2px}}

{{tree chart|border=1| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |)|-|-|-|.| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | }}

{{tree chart|border=1| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |Sp | |Wh | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |Sp=Murong Shipi
慕容視羆
368-390-400|boxstyle_Sp=border-width:2px|Wh=Murong Wugeti
慕容烏紇褆
?-400-405|boxstyle_Wh=border-width:2px}}

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{{tree chart|border=1| | | | | | | | | | | | |Sl2 | | Th | |Ac | | Dq | |Mk | | | | | |Ml | | | | | | | | |Sl2=Murong
Shuluogan
慕容樹洛干
392-405-417|boxstyle_Sl2=border-width:2px|Th=Tuhuzhen
吐护真|Ac=Murong Achai
慕容阿柴
?-417-424|boxstyle_Ac=border-width:2px|Dq=Dangqi
宕岂|Mk=Murong Mugui
慕容慕璝
?-424-436|boxstyle_Mk=border-width:2px|Ml=Murong
Muliyan
慕容慕利延
?-436-452|boxstyle_Ml=border-width:2px}}

{{tree chart|border=1| |,|-|-|-|v|-|-|-|v|-|-|-|(| | | |,|-|-|-|+|-|-|-|.| | | |)|-|-|-|.| | | |)|-|-|-|v|-|-|-|.| }}

{{tree chart|border=1| Sq | |Sy | | Sg | | Sp2 | | Wd | | Pl | | Tt | | Wx | | Bn | | Fn | | Qi | | Hu |Sq=Shiqian
拾虔|Sy=Murong
Shiyin
慕容拾寅
?-452-481|boxstyle_Sy=border-width:2px|Sg=Shigui
拾归|Sp2=Shipi
拾皮|Wd=Weidai
纬代
?－444|Pl=Chiliyan
叱力延|Tt=Toutui
头颓|Wx=Yuanxu
元绪|Bn=Beinang
被囊|Fn=Fanni
繁暱|Qi=Qióng
琼|Hu=Huan
瑍}}

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{{tree chart|border=1| | | | |Dy | | Fd | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |Dy=Murong
Duyihou
慕容度易侯
?-481-490|boxstyle_Dy=border-width:2px|Fd=Feidoujin
费斗斤}}

{{tree chart|border=1| | | | | |!| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | }}

{{tree chart|border=1| | | | |Fl | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |Fl=Murong
Fulianchou
慕容伏連籌
?-490-540|boxstyle_Fl=border-width:2px}}

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{{tree chart|border=1| | | | | Hl | |Hz | |Kl | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |Hl=Helutou
贺鲁头|Hz=Murong
Heluozhen
呵羅真
?-529-530|boxstyle_Hz=border-width:2px|Kl=Murong Kualu
慕容夸呂
?-540-591|boxstyle_Kl=border-width:2px}}

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{{tree chart|border=1| | | | | | | | |Ff | | Kb | | Gw | |Sf | |Yf | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |Ff=Murong Fofu
佛輔
?-530-534|boxstyle_Ff=border-width:2px|Kb=Kebohan
可博汗|Gw=Weiwanghe
嵬王诃|Sf=Murong Shifu
慕容世伏
?-591-597|boxstyle_Sf=border-width:2px|Yf=Murong Fuyun
慕容伏允
?-597-635|boxstyle_Yf=border-width:2px}}

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{{tree chart|border=1| | | | | | | | |Kd | | | | | | | | | | Zw | |Sh | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |Kd=Murong
Ketazhen
可沓振
?-534-540|boxstyle_Kd=border-width:2px|Zw=Zunwang
尊王|Sh=Murong Shun
慕容顺
604-635|boxstyle_Sh=border-width:2px}}

{{tree chart|border=1| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |!| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | }}

{{tree chart|border=1| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |Ne | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |Ne=Murong
Nuohebo
慕容諾曷鉢
?-635-672-688|boxstyle_Ne=border-width:2px}}

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{{tree chart|border=1| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Zh | | Yl | | Xw | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |Zh=Murong Zhong
慕容忠
648-698|Yl=Talumomo
闼卢摸末|Xw=Murong
Sudumomo
蘇度摸末}}

{{tree chart|border=1| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |)|-|-|-|v|-|-|-|v|-|-|-|.| | | | | | | | | | | | | }}

{{tree chart|border=1| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Xc | | Xa | | Xh | | Cf | | | | | | | | | | | | |Xc=Murong
Xuanchao
慕容宣超|Xa=Murong
Xuanchang
慕容宣昌
681－706|Xh=Murong Xuanche
慕容宣彻
?－709|Cf=Murong Chengfu
慕容承福}}

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{{tree chart|border=1| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Xh2 | | Xi | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |Xh2=Murong Xihao
慕容曦皓
708－762|Xi=Murong Xiang
慕容相
?－763}}

{{tree chart|border=1| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |!| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | }}

{{tree chart|border=1| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Zh2 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |Zh2=Murong Zhao
慕容兆}}

{{tree chart|border=1| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |:| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | }}

{{tree chart|border=1| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |:| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | }}

{{tree chart|border=1| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |:| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | }}

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{{tree chart|border=1| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Fu | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |Fu=Murong Fu
慕容复}}

{{tree chart|We=慕容神威|Hu2=张掖郡王
慕容环|Qu=慕容全|Yi=慕容亿|Za=慕容造|Ta=慕容汤|Mo=□|Fe=汶山公
吐谷浑豊|Re=永安王
吐谷浑仁|Lb=汶山侯
吐谷浑玑|Zb=吐谷浑仲宝|Wf=元鉴妃|Jm=吐谷浑静媚|Ws=无素|Qs=世系缺失}}

{{tree chart/end}}

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• Tsongkha
• List of Bronze Age states
• List of Classical Age states
• List of Iron Age states
• List of medieval great powers
• Tuyuhun invasion of Gansu
• Emperor Taizong's campaign against Tuyuhun

{{Reflist|colwidth=30em}}

• {{cite book|last=Beckwith|first=Christopher I.|author-link=Christopher I. Beckwith|title=Empires of the Silk Road: A History of Central Eurasia from the Bronze Age to the Present|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5jG1eHe3y4EC|year=2009|publisher=Princeton University Press|isbn=978-0-691-13589-2}}
• {{cite book|last=Beckwith|first=Christopher I.|author-link=Christopher I. Beckwith|title=The Tibetan Empire in Central Asia: A History of the Struggle for Great Power Among Tibetans, Turks, Arabs, and Chinese During the Early Middle Ages|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7G61UifCEZMC|year=1993|publisher=Princeton University Press|isbn=0-691-02469-3}}

• Emperor Taizong's campaign against Tuyuhun - with the 634 defeat of Tuyuhun troops
• http://www.chinaknowledge.de/History/Altera/tuyuhun.html

{{Mongolic ethnic groups |state=expanded}}

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