Tygart Valley River

The Tygart Valley River rises in the Allegheny Mountains in Pocahontas County and flows generally north-northwestwardly through Randolph, Barbour, Taylor and Marion counties, past the towns of Huttonsville, Mill Creek, Beverly, Elkins, Junior, Belington, Philippi, Arden, and Grafton, to Fairmont, where it joins the West Fork River to form the Monongahela River.{{cite book| title= West Virginia Atlas & Gazetteer |year=1997 |publisher= DeLorme |location=Yarmouth, Me. |isbn= 0-89933-246-3 |pages= 25–26, 36–37, 47}} (The Tygart is thus the "East Fork" of the Monongahela.) Downstream of Elkins, the Tygart passes through a gap between Rich Mountain and Laurel Mountain, which are considered to be part of the westernmost ridge of the Allegheny Mountains and the boundary between the Alleghenies and the Allegheny Plateau.{{cite encyclopedia| last= Adkins |first= Howard G. |editor= Ken Sullivan| title= The West Virginia Encyclopedia |year= 2006 |publisher= West Virginia Humanities Council |location=Charleston, West Virginia|isbn= 0-9778498-0-5 |chapter=Allegheny Mountains |page= 10}}

Along its course the river collects Leading Creek at Elkins; the Middle Fork River and the Buckhannon River (its largest tributary) in Barbour County; and Sandy Creek and Three Fork Creek in Taylor County. Just upstream of Grafton, the river was impounded by a U.S. Army Corps of Engineers dam in 1938 to form Tygart Lake.{{Cite web |url=http://www.lrp.usace.army.mil/rec/lakes/tygartla.htm |title=Tygart Lake |author=United States Army Corps of Engineers |author-link=United States Army Corps of Engineers |access-date=2007-03-12 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110517083603/http://www.lrp.usace.army.mil/rec/lakes/tygartla.htm |archive-date=2011-05-17 }} Valley Falls State Park is along the river between Grafton and Fairmont.{{cite web| url=http://www.valleyfallsstatepark.com/ |title= Valley Falls State Park |access-date= 2007-03-12}}

At its mouth, the river has an estimated mean annual flow volume of {{convert|2855|cuft/s|m3/s}}. At the United States Geological Survey's stream gauge in Philippi, the annual mean flow of the river between 1940 and 2005 was {{convert|1,922|ft3/s|m3/s|lk=on|sp=us}}. The river's highest flow during the period was estimated at {{convert|61,000|ft3/s|m3/s|abbr=on}} on November 5, 1985. The lowest recorded flow was {{convert|4.9|ft3/s|m3/s|abbr=on}} on several days in October 1953.{{cite report|url=http://pubs.usgs.gov/wdr/2005/wdr-wv-05-1/ |chapter-url=http://pubs.usgs.gov/wdr/2005/wdr-wv-05-1/pdf/monongahela.pdf |chapter=Monongahela River Basin|title=Water Resources Data, West Virginia, Water Year 2005|first1= S. M.|last1=Ward |first2=G. R.|last2=Crosby|publisher=United States Geological Survey |access-date=2007-05-20}}

At an upstream gauge near the community of Dailey in Randolph County, the annual mean flow of the river between 1915 and 2005 was {{convert|358|ft3/s|m3/s|abbr=on}}. The highest recorded flow during the period was {{convert|19,900|ft3/s|m3/s|abbr=on}} on May 17, 1996. Readings of zero were recorded for several months during the autumns of 1930 and 1953.

The Tygart Valley was first settled by Europeans in 1753 when David Tygart (for whom the valley and river are named) and Robert Files (or Foyle) located (separately) with their families in the vicinity of present-day Beverly. Although there had been no recent history of conflicts between whites and Indians in that immediate area, that summer a party of Indians traveling the Shawnee Trail discovered the Files cabin and killed seven members of the family. One son escaped and alerted the Tygart family, allowing all to escape. No other white settlement was attempted in modern Randolph County until 1772. It has been thought that Tygart was again among those settling then, but this is not certain.{{cite book | author = Maxwell, Hu| title = The History of Barbour County, From its Earliest Exploration and Settlement to the Present Time|publisher=McClain Printing Company|location=Parsons, West Virginia|year=1968|orig-year = 1899| pages = 180–181}}

The brothers John and Samuel Pringle, who in 1761 had taken up residence along the Buckhannon tributary of the Tygart in modern Upshur County, acted as their contemporary Daniel Boone was doing in Kentucky and guided numerous immigrant settlers into the main valley of the Tygart which at that time abounded in game and fertile bottomlands. Settlers of the 1770s and 1780s included the Connelly, Hadden, Jackson, Nelson, Riffle, Stalnaker, Warwick, Westfall, Whiteman and Wilson families.{{cite book | author = Rice, Otis K. and Stephen W. Brown| title = West Virginia, A History|edition=2nd|publisher=The University Press of Kentucky|location=Lexington, Kentucky| year = 1993| page = 29}}

One settler, John Jackson [1715–1801] from County Londonderry, Ireland, was great-grandfather to Thomas "Stonewall" Jackson.

Several minor actions occurred in the valley during the American Civil War,{{cite book|last=Carnes|first=Eva Margaret|title=The Tygarts Valley Line, June–July 1861|orig-year=1961|year=2003|edition=3rd|publisher=McClain Printing Company|location=Parsons, West Virginia|isbn=0-87012-703-9}}. including the Battle of Philippi, the Battle of Laurel Hill and the Battle of Cheat Mountain, all in 1861.

The United States Board on Geographic Names settled on "Tygart River" as the stream's name in 1902, and changed it to "Tygart Valley River" in 1950. According to the Geographic Names Information System, the Tygart Valley River has also been known historically as:

• List of rivers of West Virginia

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• {{cite book |last=Hamilton |first=Carolyn Fortney |year=2004 |title=West Virginia's Lower Tygart Valley River: People and Places |publisher=TVR Press, Headline Books |location=Terra Alta, West Virginia |isbn=978-0-929915-32-6}}

{{Monongahela National Forest}}

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Category:Rivers of West Virginia

Category:Tributaries of the Monongahela River

Category:Allegheny Mountains

Category:Allegheny Plateau

Category:Monongahela National Forest

Category:Rivers of Barbour County, West Virginia

Category:Rivers of Marion County, West Virginia

Category:Rivers of Pocahontas County, West Virginia

Category:Rivers of Randolph County, West Virginia

Category:Rivers of Taylor County, West Virginia