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Tylecodon

{{Short description|Genus of flowering plants}}

{{Automatic taxobox

|image = Tylecodon paniculatum MS 9570.jpg

|image_caption = Tylecodon paniculatus

|taxon = Tylecodon

|authority = Toelken{{sfn|Tölken|1978}}

}}

Tylecodon is a genus of succulent plants in the family Crassulaceae, native to southern Africa.

Until the late 1970s all these plants were included in the genus Cotyledon, but in 1978 Helmut Toelken of the Botanical Research Institute, Pretoria, split them off into a genus of their own.{{sfn|Tölken|1978}}

Description and taxonomy

The grounds for splitting Cotyledon to create the new genus included certain features of the flowers, but more conspicuously, the leaves of Tylecodon are deciduous in summer and they are borne in a spiral arrangement, rather than the opposite, decussate arrangement of Cotyledon leaves.

File:Tylecodon racemosus.jpg flowers]]

File:Tylecodon paniculatus - Cape Peninsula CapeTown SA 1.JPG in summer, without leaves]]

The species are very varied, ranging from dwarf succulents such as Tylecodon reticulatus to Tylecodon paniculatus, which may exceed two metres in height.

The new name Tylecodon was apparently chosen as a syllabic anagram of the earlier name Cotyledon.

File:5 Tylecodon wallichii - Montagu RSA.jpg]]

File:Tylecodon reticulatus.jpg]]

Pharmacology and toxicology

Tylecodon species are poisonous. Some of them are sufficiently hazardous to livestock to constitute an economic problem for stock farmers. Concerns also have been expressed on potential risks to collectors who handle the plants carelessly. The various species and even individual plants do however vary greatly in toxicity.Watt, John Mitchell, Breyer-Brandwijk, Maria Gerdina: The Medicinal and Poisonous Plants of Southern and Eastern Africa 2nd ed Pub. E & S Livingstone 1962

The best-known active ingredients of Tylecodon species are bufadienolides biochemically related to toad venoms and bile acids. In some species more than half a dozen such compounds have been identified.{{cite book |author1=van Wyk, Ben-Erik |author2=van Heerden, Fanie |author3=van Oudtshoorn, Bosch | title = Poisonous Plants of South Africa | publisher = Briza | location = Pretoria | year = 2002 | isbn = 978-1875093304}} As such they are nervous and muscle poisons that cause various cardiac symptoms. In livestock they cause various forms of the condition known as krimpsiekte, meaning "contraction" or "shrinking" disease. The meat of poisoned animals is dangerous to dogs or humans that eat it. However, it also is claimed that the meat is only dangerous to eat if it is raw or incompletely cooked, and that it may be eaten with relative safety if thoroughly cooked. If this is correct, it is not clear why cooking should have such an effect, and accordingly readers should be cautious in relying on such claims.

Pollinators such as honey bees visit the plants avidly during the flowering season, without recorded ill effects from the nectar or pollen.

Status

Currently the IUCN Red List lists only two species of Tylecodon as "near threatened" (NT), namely Tylecodon aridimontanus and Tylecodon aurusbergensis.{{cite iucn |author=Craven, P. |author2=Loots, S. |date=2004 |title=Tylecodon aridimontanus |volume=2004 |page=e.T46839A11084977 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2004.RLTS.T46839A11084977.en |access-date=12 November 2021}}{{cite iucn |author=Loots, S. |author2=Craven, P. |date=2004 |title=Tylecodon aurusbergensis |volume=2004 |page=e.T46840A11085219 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2004.RLTS.T46840A11085219.en |access-date=12 November 2021}} However, stock deaths have prompted farmers to treat the plants as weeds, to the extent that fears have been expressed for the future of some species.

Cultivation

Some species of Tylecodon are attractive or intriguing enough to be popular among succulent collectors. However, novices have been advised to take precautions against poisoning. For example, some experienced horticulturists wear gloves when handling the plants. Most species are easy to grow in well-drained soil in hot conditions in full sunlight, very sparingly watered, as is commonly recommended for succulents from arid regions.

Species

The genus Tylecodon includes the following species, but this list certainly is incomplete. For one thing, it does not contain any mention of subspecies, hybrids and the like. Also, inevitably, new species are described occasionally.

References

{{Reflist|30em}}

Bibliography

{{Refbegin}}

  • {{cite journal |last1=Tölken |first1=H. |title=New taxa and new combinations in Cotyledon and allied genera |journal=Bothalia |date=15 December 1978 |volume=12 |issue=3 |pages=377–393 |doi=10.4102/abc.v12i3.1794 |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/283906995|doi-access=free }}
  • {{cite journal |last1=Mort |first1=Mark E. |last2=Levsen |first2=Nicholas |last3=Randle |first3=Christopher P. |last4=Van Jaarsveld |first4=Ernst |last5=Palmer |first5=Annie |title=Phylogenetics and diversification of Cotyledon (Crassulaceae) inferred from nuclear and chloroplast DNA sequence data |journal=American Journal of Botany |date=July 2005 |volume=92 |issue=7 |pages=1170–1176 |doi=10.3732/ajb.92.7.1170|pmid=21646139 |ref={{harvid|Mort et al|2005}}}}

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{{Commons category|Tylecodon}}{{Wikispecies}}

{{Taxonbar|from=Q1247898}}

Category:Crassulaceae genera

Category:Taxonomy articles created by Polbot