TypeScript

TypeScript was released to the public in October 2012, with version 0.8, after two years of internal development at Microsoft.{{cite web |url=http://www.infoworld.com/d/application-development/microsoft-augments-javascript-large-scale-development-203737 |title=Microsoft augments JavaScript for large-scale development |date=1 October 2012 |work=InfoWorld |publisher=IDG |access-date=26 April 2015 |archive-date=31 May 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130531084330/http://www.infoworld.com/d/application-development/microsoft-augments-javascript-large-scale-development-203737 |url-status=live}}{{cite web |url=https://devblogs.microsoft.com/typescript/announcing-typescript-1-0/ |title=Announcing TypeScript 1.0 |date=2 April 2014 |first1=Jonathan |last1=Turner |publisher=Microsoft |work=TypeScript Language team blog |access-date=20 October 2021 |archive-date=5 September 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150905104620/http://blogs.msdn.com/b/typescript/archive/2014/04/02/announcing-typescript-1-0.aspx |url-status=live}} Soon after the initial public release, Miguel de Icaza praised the language, but criticized the lack of mature integrated development environment (IDE) support apart from Microsoft Visual Studio, which was unavailable then on Linux and macOS.{{cite web |url=http://tirania.org/blog/archive/2012/Oct-01.html |title=TypeScript: First Impressions |date=1 October 2012 |last1=de Icaza |first1=Miguel |author-link=Miguel de Icaza |quote=But TypeScript only delivers half of the value in using a strongly typed language to Unix developers: strong typing. Intellisense, code completion and refactoring are tools that are only available to Visual Studio Professional users on Windows. There is no Eclipse, MonoDevelop or Emacs support for any of the language features. |access-date=12 October 2012 |archive-date=24 February 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190224173403/https://tirania.org/blog/archive/2012/Oct-01.html |url-status=live}}{{cite web |url=https://www.zdnet.com/article/microsoft-typescript-can-the-father-of-c-save-us-from-the-tyranny-of-javascript/ |title=Microsoft TypeScript: Can the father of C# save us from the tyranny of JavaScript? |date=1 October 2012 |publisher=ZDNet |quote=And I think this is a pretty big misstep. If you're building web apps that run on anything other than Windows, you're likely using a Mac and most likely not using Visual Studio. You need the Visual Studio plug-in to get the IntelliSense. All you get without Visual Studio is the strong-typing. You don't get the productivity benefits you get from IntelliSense. |access-date=12 October 2012 |archive-date=3 August 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140803030303/http://www.zdnet.com/microsoft-typescript-can-the-father-of-c-save-us-from-the-tyranny-of-javascript-7000005054/ |url-status=live}} As of April 2021 there is support in other IDEs and text editors, including Emacs, Vim, WebStorm, Atom{{cite web |url=https://github.com/TypeStrong/atom-typescript |title=TypeStrong: The only TypeScript package you will ever need |website = GitHub |access-date=21 July 2016 |archive-date=19 December 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181219102240/https://github.com/TypeStrong/atom-typescript |url-status=live}} and Microsoft's own Visual Studio Code.{{cite web |url=http://www.drdobbs.com/windows/working-with-typescript-in-visual-studio/240154792 |title=Working with TypeScript in Visual Studio 2012 |date=14 May 2013 |work=Dr. Dobb's Journal |first1=Gastón |last1=Hillar |access-date=26 April 2015 |archive-date=29 September 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180929115630/http://www.drdobbs.com/windows/working-with-typescript-in-visual-studio/240154792 |url-status=live}} TypeScript 0.9, released in 2013, added support for generics.{{cite web |url=https://www.theregister.co.uk/2013/06/18/typescript_update_0_9/ |title=TypeScript 0.9 arrives with new compiler, support for generics |date=18 June 2013 |work=The Register |access-date=26 April 2015 |archive-date=11 March 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180311081207/https://www.theregister.co.uk/2013/06/18/typescript_update_0_9/ |url-status=live}}

TypeScript 1.0 was released at Microsoft's Build developer conference in 2014.{{cite web |url=http://channel9.msdn.com/Events/Build/2014/3-576 |title=TypeScript |last1=Hejlsberg |first1=Anders |author1-link=Anders Hejlsberg |date=2 April 2014 |publisher=Microsoft |work=Channel 9 |access-date=26 April 2015 |archive-date=25 May 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150525013836/http://channel9.msdn.com/Events/Build/2014/3-576 |url-status=live}} Visual Studio 2013 Update 2 provided built-in support for TypeScript.{{cite web |url=http://www.pcworld.com/article/2101920/microsoft-typescript-graduates-to-visual-studio.html |title=Microsoft TypeScript graduates to Visual Studio |first1=Joab |last1=Jackson |date=25 February 2014 |work=PC World |publisher=IDG |access-date=26 April 2015 |archive-date=11 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160311175558/http://www.pcworld.com/article/2101920/microsoft-typescript-graduates-to-visual-studio.html |url-status=live}} Further improvement were made in July 2014, when the development team announced a new TypeScript compiler, asserted to have a five-fold performance increase. Simultaneously, the source code, which was initially hosted on CodePlex, was moved to GitHub.{{cite web |url=http://blogs.msdn.com/b/typescript/archive/2014/07/21/new-compiler-and-moving-to-github.aspx |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140722205833/http://blogs.msdn.com/b/typescript/archive/2014/07/21/new-compiler-and-moving-to-github.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-date=22 July 2014 |title=New Compiler and Moving to GitHub |date=21 July 2014 |publisher=Microsoft |work=TypeScript Language team blog |first1=Jonathan |last1=Turner |access-date=26 April 2015}}

On 22 September 2016, TypeScript 2.0 was released, introducing several features, including the ability for programmers to optionally enforce null safety,{{cite web|first1=Peter|last1=Bright|url=https://arstechnica.com/information-technology/2016/09/typescript-microsofts-javascript-for-big-applications-reaches-version-2-0/|title=TypeScript, Microsoft's JavaScript for big applications, reaches version 2.0|work=Ars Technica|publisher=Condé Nast|date=22 September 2016|access-date=22 September 2016|archive-date=21 December 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181221125826/https://arstechnica.com/information-technology/2016/09/typescript-microsofts-javascript-for-big-applications-reaches-version-2-0/|url-status=live}} to mitigate what's sometimes referred to as the billion-dollar mistake.

TypeScript 3.0 was released on 30 July 2018,{{Cite web |url=https://devblogs.microsoft.com/typescript/announcing-typescript-3-0/ |title=Announcing TypeScript 3.0 |date=30 July 2018 |access-date=16 March 2020 |archive-date=30 May 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200530031718/https://devblogs.microsoft.com/typescript/announcing-typescript-3-0/ |url-status=live}} bringing many language additions like tuples in rest parameters and spread expressions, rest parameters with tuple types, generic rest parameters and so on.{{Cite web |url=https://www.typescriptlang.org/docs/handbook/release-notes/typescript-3-0.html |title=TypeScript 3.0 |date=30 July 2018 |access-date=16 March 2020 |archive-date=6 June 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200606214433/https://www.typescriptlang.org/docs/handbook/release-notes/typescript-3-0.html |url-status=live}}

TypeScript 4.0 was released on 20 August 2020.{{Cite web|date=20 August 2020|title=Announcing TypeScript 4.0|url=https://devblogs.microsoft.com/typescript/announcing-typescript-4-0/|access-date=30 October 2020|website=TypeScript|language=en-US|archive-date=9 August 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240809080059/https://devblogs.microsoft.com/typescript/announcing-typescript-4-0/|url-status=live}} While 4.0 did not introduce any breaking changes, it added language features such as Custom JSX Factories and Variadic Tuple Types.

TypeScript 5.0 was released on 16 March 2023 and included support for decorators.{{Cite web |title=Documentation – TypeScript 5.0 |url=https://www.typescriptlang.org/docs/handbook/release-notes/typescript-5-0.html |access-date=18 May 2023 |website=www.typescriptlang.org |language=en |archive-date=9 August 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240809080228/https://www.typescriptlang.org/docs/handbook/release-notes/typescript-5-0.html |url-status=live}}

On March 11, 2025 Anders Hejlsberg announced on the TypeScript blog that the team is working on a Go port of the TypeScript compiler to be released as TypeScript version 7.0 later this year. It is expected to feature a 10x speedup.{{Cite web |last1=Hejlsberg |first1=Anders |author1-link=Anders Hejlsberg |date=2025-03-11 |title=A 10x Faster TypeScript |url=https://devblogs.microsoft.com/typescript/typescript-native-port/ |access-date=2025-03-11 |website=TypeScript |language=en-US}}

TypeScript originated from the shortcomings of JavaScript for developing large-scale applications both at Microsoft and among their external customers.{{cite web |url=http://www.hanselminutes.com/340/what-is-typescript-and-why-with-anders-hejlsberg |title=What is TypeScript and why with Anders Hejlsberg |last1=Hejlsberg |first1=Anders |author1-link=Anders Hejlsberg |publisher=www.hanselminutes.com |date=5 October 2012 |access-date=15 January 2014 |archive-date=27 December 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181227152425/https://www.hanselminutes.com/340/what-is-typescript-and-why-with-anders-hejlsberg |url-status=live}} Challenges with dealing with complex JavaScript code led to demand for custom tooling to ease developing of components in the language.{{cite web |url=http://blogs.msdn.com/b/somasegar/archive/2012/10/01/typescript-javascript-development-at-application-scale.aspx |title=TypeScript: JavaScript Development at Application Scale |last1=Somasegar |first1=S. |publisher=msdn.com |date=1 October 2012 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150422145537/http://blogs.msdn.com/b/somasegar/archive/2012/10/01/typescript-javascript-development-at-applicatio |archive-date=22 April 2015 |access-date=27 November 2013}}

Developers sought a solution that would not break compatibility with the ECMAScript (ES) standard and its ecosystem, so a compiler was developed to transform a superset of JavaScript with type annotations and classes (TypeScript files) back into vanilla ECMAScript 5 code. TypeScript classes were based on the then-proposed ECMAScript 6 class specification to make writing prototypal inheritance less verbose and error-prone, and type annotations enabled IntelliSense and improved tooling.

TypeScript adds the following syntax extensions to JavaScript:

• Type signatures (annotations) and compile-time type checking
• Type inference
• Interfaces
• Enumerated types
• Generics
• Namespaces
• Tuples
• Explicit resource management{{Cite web |title=Documentation – TypeScript 5.2 |url=https://www.typescriptlang.org/docs/handbook/release-notes/typescript-5-2.html |access-date=9 November 2023 |website=www.typescriptlang.org |language=en |archive-date=9 August 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240809080229/https://www.typescriptlang.org/docs/handbook/release-notes/typescript-5-2.html |url-status=live}}

Syntactically, TypeScript is very similar to JScript .NET, another Microsoft implementation of the ECMA-262 language standard that added support for static typing and classical object-oriented language features such as classes, inheritance, interfaces, and namespaces. Other inspirations include Java and C#.

TypeScript provides static typing through type annotations to enable type checking at compile time.

function add(left: number, right: number): number {

return left + right;

}

Primitive types are annotated using all-lowercase types, such as number, boolean, bigint, and string. These types are distinct from their boxed counterparts (Number, Boolean, etc), which cannot have operations performed from values directly (a Number and number cannot be added). There are additionally undefined and null types for their respective values.

All other non-primitive types are annotated using their class name, such as Error. Arrays can be written in two different ways which are both syntactically the same: the generic-based syntax Array and a shorthand with T[].

Additional built-in data types are tuples, unions, never and any:

• An array with predefined data types at each index is a tuple, represented as [type1, type2, ..., typeN].
• A variable that can hold more than one type of data is a union, represented using the logical OR | symbol (string | number).
• The never type is used when a given type should be impossible to create, which is useful for filtering mapped types.
• A value of type any supports the same operations as a value in JavaScript and minimal static type checking is performed,{{Cite web |title=TypeScript Language Specification p.24 |url=http://www.typescriptlang.org/Content/TypeScript%20Language%20Specification.pdf |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131117065339/http://www.typescriptlang.org/Content/TypeScript%20Language%20Specification.pdf |archivedate=17 November 2013}} which makes it suitable for weakly or dynamically-typed structures. This is generally discouraged practice and should be avoided when possible.{{cite web|title=TypeScript: Documentation – Everyday Types|url=https://www.typescriptlang.org/docs/handbook/2/everyday-types.html|access-date=30 March 2021|website=www.typescriptlang.org/|archive-date=9 August 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240809080104/https://www.typescriptlang.org/docs/handbook/2/everyday-types.html|url-status=live}}

Type annotations can be exported to a separate declarations file to make type information available for TypeScript scripts using types already compiled into JavaScript. Annotations can be declared for an existing JavaScript library, as has been done for Node.js and jQuery.

The TypeScript compiler makes use of type inference when types are not given. For example, the add method in the code above would be inferred as returning a number even if no return type annotation had been provided. This is based on the static types of left and right being numbers, and the compiler's knowledge that the result of adding two numbers is always a number.

If no type can be inferred because of lack of declarations (such as in a JavaScript module without types), then it defaults to the dynamic any type. Additional module types can be provided using a .d.ts declaration file using the declare module "moduleName" syntax.

When a TypeScript script gets compiled, there is an option to generate a declaration file (with the extension .d.ts) that functions as an interface to the components in the compiled JavaScript. In the process, the compiler strips away all function and method bodies and preserves only the signatures of the types that are exported. The resulting declaration file can then be used to describe the exported virtual TypeScript types of a JavaScript library or module when a third-party developer consumes it from TypeScript.

The concept of declaration files is analogous to the concept of header files found in C/C++.

declare namespace Arithmetics {

add(left: number, right: number): number;

subtract(left: number, right: number): number;

multiply(left: number, right: number): number;

divide(left: number, right: number): number;

}

Type declaration files can be written by hand for existing JavaScript libraries, as has been done for jQuery and Node.js.

Large collections of declaration files for popular JavaScript libraries are hosted on GitHub in [https://github.com/DefinitelyTyped/DefinitelyTyped DefinitelyTyped].

{{Further|Generic programming}}

TypeScript supports generic programming using a syntax similar to Java.{{cite web |last1=Turner |first1=Jonathan |date=18 June 2013 |title=Announcing TypeScript 0.9 |url=http://blogs.msdn.com/b/typescript/archive/2013/06/18/announcing-typescript-0-9.aspx |work=TypeScript Language team blog |publisher=Microsoft |access-date=18 June 2013 |archive-date=26 November 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131126093545/http://blogs.msdn.com/b/typescript/archive/2013/06/18/announcing-typescript-0-9.aspx |url-status=live}} The following is an example of the identity function.{{cite web |title=Generics in Typescript |url=https://www.typescriptlang.org/docs/handbook/generics.html#working-with-generic-type-variables |publisher=Microsoft |access-date=8 April 2020 |archive-date=5 April 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200405180639/https://www.typescriptlang.org/docs/handbook/generics.html#working-with-generic-type-variables |url-status=live}}

function id(x: T): T {

return x;

}

TypeScript uses the same annotation style for class methods and fields as for functions and variables respectively. Compared with vanilla JavaScript classes, a TypeScript class can also implement an interface through the implements keyword, use generic parameters similarly to Java, and specify public and private fields.

class Person {

public name: string;

private age: number;

private salary: number;

constructor(name: string, age: number, salary: number) {

this.name = name;

this.age = age;

this.salary = salary;

}

toString(): string {

return `${this.name} (${this.age}) (${this.salary})`;

}

}

{{excerpt|Union type|TypeScript}}

{{excerpt|Enumerated type|TypeScript|subsections=yes}}

TypeScript distinguishes between modules and namespaces. Both features in TypeScript support encapsulation of classes, interfaces, functions and variables into containers. Namespaces (formerly internal modules) use JavaScript immediately-invoked function expressions to encapsulate code, whereas modules (formerly external modules) use existing JavaScript library patterns (CommonJS or ES Modules).{{cite web |url=http://blog.oio.de/2014/01/31/an-introduction-to-typescript-module-system/ |title=An introduction to TypeScript's module system |publisher=blog.oio.de |date=31 January 2014 |last1=Sothmann |first1=Sönke |access-date=21 February 2014 |archive-date=1 February 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140201102512/http://blog.oio.de/2014/01/31/an-introduction-to-typescript-module-system/ |url-status=dead}}

{{Further|JavaScript}}

As TypeScript is simply a superset of JavaScript, existing JavaScript can be quickly adapted to TypeScript and TypeScript program can seamlessly consume JavaScript. The compiler can target all ECMAScript versions 5 and above, transpiling modern features like classes and arrow functions to their older counterparts.

With TypeScript, it is possible to use existing JavaScript code, incorporate popular JavaScript libraries, and call TypeScript-generated code from other JavaScript.{{cite web |title=Welcome to TypeScript |url=http://www.typescriptlang.org/ |access-date=26 April 2015 |work=typescriptlang.org |publisher=Microsoft |archive-date=10 March 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180310153413/https://www.typescriptlang.org/ |url-status=live}} Type declarations for these libraries are usually provided with the source code but can be declared or installed separately if needed.

The TypeScript compiler, named tsc, is written in TypeScript. As a result, it can be compiled into regular JavaScript and can then be executed in any JavaScript engine (e.g. a browser). The compiler package comes bundled with a script host that can execute the compiler. It is also available as a Node.js package that uses Node.js as a host.

The compiler can target a given edition of ECMAScript (such as ECMAScript 5 for legacy browser compatibility), but by default compiles for the latest standards.

• Microsoft provides a plug-in for Visual Studio 2012 and WebMatrix, full integrated support in Visual Studio 2013, Visual Studio 2015, and basic text editor support for Emacs and Vim.{{cite web |last1=Bloch |first1=Olivier |title=Sublime Text, Vi, Emacs: TypeScript enabled! |url=http://blogs.msdn.com/b/interoperability/archive/2012/10/01/sublime-text-vi-emacs-typescript-enabled.aspx |publisher=Microsoft |date=1 October 2012 |access-date=28 October 2012 |archive-date=29 October 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121029094413/http://blogs.msdn.com/b/interoperability/archive/2012/10/01/sublime-text-vi-emacs-typescript-enabled.aspx |url-status=live}}
• Visual Studio Code supports TypeScript in addition to several other languages, and offers features like debugging and intelligent code completion.
• alm.tools is an open source cloud IDE for TypeScript built using TypeScript, ReactJS and TypeStyle.
• JetBrains supports TypeScript with code completion, refactoring and debugging in its IDEs built on IntelliJ platform, such as PhpStorm 6, WebStorm 6, and IntelliJ IDEA,{{cite web |title=TypeScript support in WebStorm 6 |date=27 February 2013 |url=http://blog.jetbrains.com/webide/2013/02/typescript-support-in-webstorm-6 |publisher=JetBrains |access-date=20 April 2013 |archive-date=2 June 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160602072057/http://blog.jetbrains.com/webide/2013/02/typescript-support-in-webstorm-6/ |url-status=live}} as well as their Visual Studio Add-in and extension, ReSharper 8.1.{{cite web |title=TypeScript support in ReSharper 8.1 |date=28 October 2013 |url=http://blog.jetbrains.com/dotnet/2013/10/28/typescript-support-resharper-81/ |publisher=JetBrains |access-date=21 January 2014 |archive-date=2 February 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140202124541/http://blog.jetbrains.com/dotnet/2013/10/28/typescript-support-resharper-81/ |url-status=live}}{{Cite web|url=https://www.jetbrains.com/resharper/|title=ReSharper: The Visual Studio Extension for .NET Developers by JetBrains|website=JetBrains}}
• Atom has a TypeScript plugin with support for code completion, navigation, formatting, and fast compilation.{{Cite web|url=https://atom.io/packages/atom-typescript|title=atom-typescript|website=Atom|language=en|access-date=9 January 2020|archive-date=4 October 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161004165736/https://atom.io/packages/atom-typescript|url-status=live}}
• The online Cloud9 IDE and Codenvy support TypeScript.
• A plugin is available for the NetBeans IDE.
• A plugin is available for the Eclipse IDE (version Kepler)
• TypEcs is available for the Eclipse IDE.
• The Cross Platform Cloud IDE Codeanywhere supports TypeScript.
• Webclipse An Eclipse plugin designed to develop TypeScript and Angular 2.
• Angular IDE A standalone IDE available via npm to develop TypeScript and Angular 2 applications, with integrated terminal support.
• Tide{{snd}} TypeScript Interactive Development Environment for Emacs.

{{Further|Build automation}}

Using plug-ins, TypeScript can be integrated with build automation tools, including Grunt (grunt-ts{{cite web |url=https://github.com/basarat/grunt-ts |title=TypeStrong/grunt-ts |work=GitHub |access-date=26 April 2015 |archive-date=16 April 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200416143221/https://github.com/TypeStrong/grunt-ts |url-status=live}}), Apache Maven (TypeScript Maven Plugin{{cite web |url=https://github.com/ppedregal/typescript-maven-plugin |title=ppedregal/typescript-maven-plugin |work=GitHub |access-date=26 April 2015 |archive-date=11 June 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180611002148/https://github.com/ppedregal/typescript-maven-plugin |url-status=live}}), Gulp (gulp-typescript{{cite web |url=https://github.com/ivogabe/gulp-typescript |title=ivogabe/gulp-typescript |work=GitHub |access-date=14 July 2017 |archive-date=11 June 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180611024633/https://github.com/ivogabe/gulp-typescript |url-status=live}}) and Gradle (TypeScript Gradle Plugin{{cite web |url=https://github.com/sothmann/typescript-gradle-plugin |title=sothmann/typescript-gradle-plugin |work=GitHub |access-date=26 April 2015 |archive-date=11 June 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180611010933/https://github.com/sothmann/typescript-gradle-plugin |url-status=live}}).

TSLint{{Cite web |url=https://palantir.github.io/tslint/ |title=TSLint |website=palantir.github.io |access-date=11 February 2019 |archive-date=21 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221221214353/https://palantir.github.io/tslint/ |url-status=live}} scans TypeScript code for conformance to a set of standards and guidelines. ESLint, a standard JavaScript linter, also provided some support for TypeScript via community plugins. However, ESLint's inability to leverage TypeScript's language services precluded certain forms of semantic linting and program-wide analysis.{{Cite web |url=https://medium.com/palantir/tslint-in-2019-1a144c2317a9 |title=TSLint in 2019 |last1=Palantir |date=19 February 2019 |website=Medium |access-date=24 April 2019}} In early 2019, the TSLint team announced the linter's deprecation in favor of typescript-eslint, a joint effort of the TSLint, ESLint and TypeScript teams to consolidate linting under the ESLint umbrella for improved performance, community unity and developer accessibility.{{Cite web |url=https://www.infoq.com/news/2019/02/tslint-deprecated-eslint |title=TSLint Deprecated to Focus Support on typescript-eslint |website=InfoQ |access-date=24 April 2019 |archive-date=9 August 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240809080105/https://www.infoq.com/news/2019/02/tslint-deprecated-eslint/ |url-status=live}}

{{Version|l|show=111111}}

{{Portal|Free and open-source software}}

• Dart
• Kotlin
• JS++
• PureScript

{{Reflist}}

{{Refbegin}}

• [https://www.genuitec.com/products/webclipse/ "Webclipse: Eclipse Plugin"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161216150734/https://www.genuitec.com/products/webclipse/ |date=16 December 2016}} Genuitec. Retrieved 9 November 2016.
• [https://www.genuitec.com/products/angular-ide/ "Angular IDE by Webclipse: Standalone IDE"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161110043934/https://www.genuitec.com/products/angular-ide/ |date=10 November 2016}} Genuitec. Retrieved 9 November 2016.

{{Refend}}

• {{Official website|www.typescriptlang.org}}
• {{GitHub|Microsoft/TypeScript}}

{{JavaScript}}

{{ECMAScript}}

{{Programming languages}}

{{Microsoft APIs}}

{{Microsoft FOSS}}

{{NodeJs}}

{{Authority control}}

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