Type 094 submarine
{{Short description|Chinese ballistic missile submarine class}}
{{Use American English|date=March 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2016}}
The Type 094 ({{zh|c=09-IV型核潜艇}}; Chinese designation: 09-IV; NATO reporting name: Jin class) is a class of nuclear-powered ballistic missile submarines developed by China for the People's Liberation Army Navy Submarine Force. The Type 094 succeeds the Type 092 submarine and precedes the Type 096 submarine, which is under development.
Description
The Type 094's chief designer was Zhang Jinlin.{{Cite web |last=周劼 (Zhou, Jie) |date=2023-01-09 |title=张金麟院士在汉逝世，花甲之年挑起核潜艇研制工作重担 |trans-title=Zhang Jinlin passed away in Wuhan, ...... |url=http://news.cjn.cn/whpd/yw_19947/202301/t4409198.htm |access-date=2023-01-14 |website=news.cjn.cn |publisher=Yangtze Daily |language=zh |publication-place=Wuhan, China}} It is likely based on the Type 093 nuclear-powered attack submarine.
A Type 094 was photographed by commercial satellites in late 2006 at the Xiaopingdao Submarine Base.{{cite web |last=Kristensen |first=Hans M. |date=4 October 2007 |title=Two More Chinese SSBNs Spotted |url=https://fas.org/blogs/security/2007/10/two_more_chinese_ssbns_spotted/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150422231607/http://fas.org/blogs/security/2007/10/two_more_chinese_ssbns_spotted/ |archive-date=22 April 2015 |access-date=21 April 2015 |website=fas.org |publisher=Federation of American Scientists |df=dmy-all}} The first commissioned in 2007 and six were in commission in 2020. They began nuclear deterrence patrols in December 2015.{{Cite journal |last=Fisher |first=Richard D. Jr. |date=16 December 2015 |title=China advances sea- and land-based nuclear deterrent capabilities |journal=Jane's Defence Weekly |location=Surrey, UK |publisher=Jane's Information Group |volume=53 |issue=6 |issn=0265-3818}}
The Type 094 is China's "first credible sea-based nuclear deterrent" according to the United States Department of Defense.{{Cite news |last1=Funaiole |first1=Matthew P. |last2=Bermudez Jr. |first2=Joseph S. |last3=Hart |first3=Brian |date=4 August 2021 |title=A Glimpse of Chinese Ballistic Missile Submarines |work=Center for Strategic International Studies |url=https://www.csis.org/analysis/glimpse-chinese-ballistic-missile-submarines}}{{Cite web |year=2020 |title=2020 Military and Security Developments Involving the People's Republic of China: Annual Report to Congress |url=https://media.defense.gov/2020/Sep/01/2002488689/-1/-1/1/2020-DOD-CHINA-MILITARY-POWER-REPORT-FINAL.PDF |website=United States Department of Defense}} They were initially armed with 12 JL-2 SLBMs;{{cite book |last1=Saunders |first1=Stephen |title=IHS Jane's Fighting Ships 2015-2016 |year=2015 |isbn=978-0-7106-3143-5 |page=128}} each missile had one warhead{{cite report |author=United States National Air and Space Intelligence Center |author-link=National Air and Space Intelligence Center |date=June 2017 |title=Ballistic and Cruise Missile Threat |id=NASIC-1031-0985-17 |url=https://www.nasic.af.mil/Portals/19/images/Fact%20Sheet%20Images/2017%20Ballistic%20and%20Cruise%20Missile%20Threat_Final_small.pdf?ver=2017-07-21-083234-343 |access-date=12 May 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190514222937/https://www.nasic.af.mil/Portals/19/images/Fact%20Sheet%20Images/2017%20Ballistic%20and%20Cruise%20Missile%20Threat_Final_small.pdf?ver=2017-07-21-083234-343 |archive-date=14 May 2019 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all }} and a {{convert|7200|km|mi|abbr=on}} range capable of reaching parts of Alaska launched from near China. By late 2022, they were rearmed with JL-3 SLBMs able to reach the continental United States from the South China Sea; ranges of over {{convert|10,000|km|mi|abbr=on}} have been reported.{{cite web |last1=Capaccio |first1=Anthony |date=18 November 2022 |title=China Has Put Longer-Range ICBMs on Its Nuclear Subs, US Says |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2022-11-18/us-says-china-s-subs-armed-with-longer-range-ballistic-missiles |access-date=19 November 2022 |website=Bloomberg}}
The Type 094A is a variant with a modified and improved sail. The sail appears to incorporate features from one installed on a modified Type 093.{{cite web |last1=Fisher |first1=Richard D Jr. |date=15 July 2016 |title=Images show possible new variant of China's Type 094 SSBN |url=http://www.janes.com/article/62282/images-show-possible-new-variant-of-china-s-type-094-ssbn |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161123132842/http://www.janes.com/article/62282/images-show-possible-new-variant-of-china-s-type-094-ssbn |archive-date=23 November 2016 |access-date=22 November 2016 |website=IHS Jane's 360 |df=dmy-all}}
= Noise =
The Type 094 is noisier than contemporary submarines. In 2004,{{sfn|Erickson|Goldstein|2007|p=19}} a Chinese researcher reported that the Type 094 had an acoustic signature of 120 decibels, comparable to the {{sclass|Los Angeles|submarine}}.{{sfn|Erickson|Goldstein|2007|p=14}} In 2009, the Office of Naval Intelligence of the United States Navy listed the Type 094 as noisier than Soviet/Russian SSBNs from the late 1970s.{{Cite report |url=https://fas.org/irp/agency/oni/pla-navy.pdf |title=The People's Liberation Army Navy, A Modern Navy with Chinese Characteristics |author=Office of Naval Intelligence |date=August 2009 |page=22 (pp25 of PDF) |author-link=Office of Naval Intelligence |access-date=24 January 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140909231931/http://fas.org/irp/agency/oni/pla-navy.pdf |archive-date=9 September 2014 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all}} In 2015, Australian researchers Brendan Thomas-Noone and Rorey Medcalf noted that noisiness and the range of the JL-2 limited the submarine's effectiveness in attacks on the contiguous United States, but not on India.{{Cite report |url=http://www.lowyinstitute.org/files/nuclear-armed-submarines-in-indo-pacific-asia-stabiliser-or-menace_0.pdf |title=Nuclear-armed submarines in Indo-Pacific Asia: Stabiliser or menace? |last1=Thomas-Noone |first1=Brendan |last2=Medcalf |first2=Rory |date=September 2015 |publisher=Lowy Institute for International Policy |page=6 (pp8 of PDF) |access-date=5 October 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150909003141/http://www.lowyinstitute.org/files/nuclear-armed-submarines-in-indo-pacific-asia-stabiliser-or-menace_0.pdf |archive-date=9 September 2015 |url-status=dead |df=dmy-all}}
Boats
Gallery
File:Type 094 SSBN.JPG
File:Jin (Type 094) Class Ballistic Missile Submarine.JPG
See also
References
{{commons category|Type 09IV submarines}}
=Notes=
{{Reflist|35em}}
=Sources=
- {{cite journal |last1=Erickson |first1=Andrew S. |last2=Goldstein |first2=Lyle J. |date=2007 |title=China's Future Nuclear Submarine Force |url=https://digital-commons.usnwc.edu/nwc-review/vol60/iss1/6 |journal=Naval War College Review |volume=60 |number=1 |pages= |doi= |access-date=}}
{{Ship classes of the Chinese Navy|state=collapsed}}
{{SSBN classes in service|state=collapsed}}
Category:Ballistic missile submarines