Typhoon Warren

{{Infobox weather event

| name = Typhoon Warren (Huaning)

| image = Warren Jul 17 1988 0300Z.png

| caption = Typhoon Warren near peak intensity on the morning of July 17

| formed = July 12, 1988

| dissipated = July 20, 1988

}}{{Infobox weather event/JMA

| winds = 90

| pressure = 940

}}{{Infobox weather event/JTWC

| winds = 115

| pressure =

| basin = Wpac

}}{{Infobox weather event/Effects

| year = 1988

| fatalities = 23 total

| damage = 281400000

| areas = Philippines, China

| ibtracs =

| refs =

}}{{Infobox weather event/Footer

| season = 1988 Pacific typhoon season

}}

Typhoon Warren, known in the Philippines as Typhoon Huaning,{{cite report|url=http://www.typhoon2000.ph/stormstats/1963-1988_PTC.txt|title=PAGASA Tropical Cyclone Names 1963–1988|first1=Michael V.|last1=Padua|publisher=Typhoon 2000|access-date=August 14, 2018|date=November 6, 2008}} struck the Philippines and China during July 1988. An area of disturbed weather developed within the vicinity of the Caroline Islands during the second week of July. A tropical depression developed southeast of Guam on July 12, and on the next day, intensified into a tropical storm. Tracking generally west-northwest, Warren deepened into a typhoon on July 14. The storm subsequently entered a period of rapid intensification, commencing with Warren reaching its highest intensity on July 16. The following evening, the typhoon brushed Luzon, resulting in a weakening trend, although Warren was still a typhoon when it made landfall near Shantou. Warren rapidly dissipated inland.

Across the Philippines, 3,560 houses were damaged and 21,329 more were destroyed, displacing 19,224 families. Six people were killed and damage was estimated at US$11.4 million. In Hong Kong, severe flooding occurred, especially in low-lying areas, several trees were downed, and there were reports of five landslides. There, 13 people were injured. In Shantou, six people died, 106 were injured, 4,500 homes were destroyed and 38,000 were damaged. Throughout Guangdong Province, 150,000 homes were damaged and 13,000 were destroyed. Overall, 17 people died and 153 were wounded. Financial damage was estimated at $270 million.{{#tag:ref|All Philippine currencies are converted to United States Dollars using [http://www.measuringworth.com/datasets/exchangeglobal/result.php?year_source=1988&year_result=1988&countryE Philippines Measuring worth] with an exchange rate of the year 1988.|group=nb}}

Meteorological history

Typhoon Warren developed from an area of disorganized convection in the eastern Caroline Islands that was first noted by the Joint Typhoon Warning Center (JTWC) on July 11. An increase in organization and improved upper-level outflow promoted the JTWC to raise its development chances. A Tropical Cyclone Formation Alert was issued for the system, which was located around {{convert|330|km|mi|abbr=on|round=5}} southeast of Guam, at 05:30 UTC on July 12.{{cite report|title=Annual Tropical Cyclone Report: 1987|publisher=United States Navy, United States Air Force|url=https://www.metoc.navy.mil/jtwc/products/atcr/1988atcr.pdf|author2=Naval Pacific Meteorology and Oceanography Center|author=Joint Typhoon Warning Center|access-date=August 14, 2018|year=1989}} Shortly thereafter, the Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA) declared the system a tropical depression{{cite report|author=Japan Meteorological Agency|date=October 10, 1992|title=RSMC Best Track Data – 1980–1989|access-date=August 14, 2018|url=http://www.jma.go.jp/jma/jma-eng/jma-center/rsmc-hp-pub-eg/Besttracks/bst8089.txt|format=.TXT|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141205202709/http://www.jma.go.jp/jma/jma-eng/jma-center/rsmc-hp-pub-eg/Besttracks/bst8089.txt|archive-date=December 5, 2014|url-status=dead}}{{#tag:ref|The Japan Meteorological Agency is the official Regional Specialized Meteorological Center for the western Pacific Ocean.{{cite web|publisher=Japan Meteorological Agency|title=Annual Report on Activities of the RSMC Tokyo – Typhoon Center 2000|date=February 2001|access-date=August 14, 2018|url=http://www.jma.go.jp/jma/jma-eng/jma-center/rsmc-hp-pub-eg/AnnualReport/2000/Text/Text2000.pdf|page=3}}|group="nb"}}{{#tag:ref|Wind estimates from the JMA and most other basins throughout the world are sustained over 10 minutes, while estimates from the United States-based Joint Typhoon Warning Center are sustained over 1 minute. 10 minute winds are about 1.14 times the amount of 1 minute winds.{{cite book|author=Christopher W Landsea|author2=Hurricane Research Division|title=Frequently Asked Questions|chapter=Subject: D4) What does "maximum sustained wind" mean? How does it relate to gusts in tropical cyclones?|access-date=August 14, 2018|publisher=National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory|url=http://www.aoml.noaa.gov/hrd/tcfaq/E7.html|date=April 26, 2004}}|group="nb"}} At noon, satellite images showed a central dense overcast and satellite intensity estimates supported winds of {{convert|35|mph|km/h|abbr=on|round=5|order=flip}}. At 16:00 UTC on July 12, the JTWC classified the system as a tropical depression. Tracking westward, the depression passed within {{convert|100|km|mi|abbr=on|round=5}} north of Guam. On the morning of July 13, the depression was upgraded into Tropical Storm Warren by the JTWC, although post-storm analysis revealed that the depression actually became a tropical storm late on July 12.{{cite report|author1=Kenneth R. Knapp |author2=Michael C. Kruk |author3=David H. Levinson |author4=Howard J. Diamond |author5=Charles J. Neumann |year=2010|work=The International Best Track Archive for Climate Stewardship (IRACS): Unifying tropical cyclone best track data|title=1988 Typhoon Warren (1988193N09149)|publisher=Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society|access-date=August 14, 2018|url=http://ibtracs.unca.edu/index.php?name=v04r00-1988193N09149}} At 00:00 UTC on July 14, the JMA declared the system a tropical storm, with the JTWC upgrading Warren to a typhoon that evening.

Tracking west-northwestward{{cite report|author1=Hong Kong Observatory|author-link=Hong Kong Observatory|title=Meteorological Results: 1988|chapter=Part III – Tropical Cyclone Summaries|journal=Meteorological Results|year=1989|url=https://www.hko.gov.hk/en/publica/tc/files/tc1988.pdf|access-date=August 10, 2018|publisher=Hong Kong Observatory}} while also accelerating, Warren continued to gradually deepen. On the morning of July 15, the JMA designated Warren a severe tropical storm. At the time of the upgrade, Warren was located around {{convert|1360|km|mi|abbr=on|round=5}} east of Manila. Twenty-four hours later, the JMA upped Warren into a typhoon. Around this time, the storm entered a rapid intensification phase, with the JTWC estimating that Warren reached its peak intensity of {{convert|130|mph|km/h|abbr=on|round=5|order=flip}}, equal to a low-end Category 4 hurricane on the Saffir-Simpson scale, on July 16. Around the same time, the JMA estimated that Warren achieved its peak intensity of {{convert|105|mph|km/h|abbr=on|round=5}} and a minimum barometric pressure of {{convert|940|mbar|inHg|abbr=on}}.

While tracking across the Philippine Sea, many tropical cyclone forecast models showed Warren tracking northward near Taiwan and eventually recurving out to sea. Forecasters at the JTWC continued to predict a westward motion because satellite imagery and mid-level synoptic analysis showed a subtropical ridge to its north. According to the JTWC, the typhoon weakened slightly on July 17, though data from the JMA suggested that Warren maintained its maximum intensity until Warren skirted Luzon that evening. Land interaction resulted in some weakening, with the JTWC and JMA lowering the intensity of the typhoon to {{convert|110|mph|km/h|abbr=on|round=5|order=flip}} and {{convert|90|mph|km/h|abbr=on|round=5|order=flip}} at 00:00 UTC on July 18. After entering the South China Sea, Warren made landfall near the city of Shantou on the morning of July 19. At the time, the JTWC estimated winds of {{convert|85|mph|km/h|abbr=on|round=5|order=flip}} while the JMA reported winds of {{convert|75|mph|km/h|abbr=on|round=5|order=flip}}. The storm rapidly weakened overland, and the storm dissipated on July 20 over the province of Guangdong.

Preparations and impact

The inner core of the typhoon brushed the northern Philippines, prompting flooding that resulted in the suspension of classes. Around 60 people fled their homes in Baguio.{{cite news |title=Typhoon triggers flooding, evacuations |agency=United Press International |date=July 18, 1988}} {{subscription required|via=Lexis Nexis}} Somewhere in the northern portion of the country, a man was killed when his motorcycle skidded on a slippery road as he went to inspect storm damage. Nationwide, the storm damaged {{convert|28,750|acre|ha|abbr=on|round=5|order=flip}} of rice and {{convert|70,500|acre|ha|abbr=on|round=5|order=flip}} of corn. Approximately 1,600 families lost access to drinking water.{{cite news |title=International News |agency=United Press International |date=July 19, 1988}} {{subscription required|via=Lexis Nexis}} A total of 3,560 homes were damaged and an additional 21,329 were destroyed, which resulted in 102,169 people or 19,224 families that either sought shelter or were homeless. Six people were killed in the country.{{cite report|url=http://baseportal.com/cgi-bin/baseportal.pl?htx=/miso/typhoons&range=100,20|title=Destructive Typhoons 1970–2003|date=November 9, 2004|publisher=National Disaster Coordinating Council|access-date=August 15, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20041109181317/http://baseportal.com/cgi-bin/baseportal.pl?htx=%2Fmiso%2Ftyphoons&range=100%2C20|archive-date=November 9, 2004}} The storm inflicted US$11.4 million in damage to the country, including $10.1 million from infrastructure.{{cite report|url=http://baseportal.com/cgi-bin/baseportal.pl?htx=/miso/typhoons&range=100,20&cmd=all&Id=107|title=Destructive Typhoons 1970–2003|date=November 9, 2004|publisher=National Disaster Coordinating Council|access-date=August 15, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120824022824/http://baseportal.com/cgi-bin/baseportal.pl?htx=%2Fmiso%2Ftyphoons&cmd=list&range=100%2C20&cmd=all&Id=107|archive-date=August 24, 2012}}

Further north, in Hong Kong, a No 1. hurricane signal was issued on July 18. Later that day, the signal was increased to a No. 3 signal, but on July 20, all signals were dropped. A minimum pressure of {{convert|995.3|mbar|inHg|abbr=on|comma=off}} was recorded at the Hong Kong Royal Observatory (HKO) on July 19, when the storm made its closest approach to Hong Kong. Tai Mo Shan recorded a peak wind speed of {{convert|87|km/h|mph|abbr=on}}. Meanwhile, Tate's Cairn observed a peak wind gust of {{convert|133|km/h|mph|abbr=on}}. North Point observed {{convert|302|mm|in|abbr=on}} of rain over a five-day period, including {{convert|459|mm|in|abbr=on}} in a 24-hour period. In Hong Kong, severe flooding occurred, especially in low-lying areas, several trees were downed, and five minor landslides were reported. Many village houses were submerged. In Sheung Shui, more than 20 people were stranded. About {{convert|100|ha|acre|abbr=on}} of ponds were flooded and {{convert|220|MT|ST|abbr=on|round=5}} of fish were lost, worth $760,000. In addition, {{convert|270|ha|acre|abbr=on}} of agricultural land were also flooded, resulting in the drownings of 1,370 pigs and 133,000 poultry. Along the Tuen Mun Highway, a {{convert|15|m|ft|abbr=on|sigfig=1}} tree collapsed, damaging a van and injuring two men. Seventeen flights were called off at the airport and ferry services to Tap Mun, Macau, and mainland China were suspended. Throughout Hong Kong, 12 people were injured and a 5-year-old boy was reported missing after falling into the sea at a local park.

Throughout Shantou, six people were killed and 106 people were injured. There, {{convert|50,000|MT|ST|abbr=on}} of food were lost. About 4,500 houses and 14,000 huts collapsed, and 38,000 houses sustained damage. About {{convert|178,000|ha|acre|abbr=on|round=5}} of agricultural area were destroyed, of which {{convert|68,000|ha|acre|abbr=on|round=5}} were paddy fields. In addition, seven ships sunk and another 178 were damaged. Twenty-seven electricity sub-stations were destroyed and five hydroelectric power stations were damaged.{{cite news |title=Six in south China killed by typhoon |newspaper=The Globe and Mail |date=July 21, 1988}} {{subscription required|via=Lexis Nexis}} In Jieyang, 749 power lines were downed.{{cite news |title=typhoon warren hits hard |agency=Xinhua General News Service |date=July 21, 1988}} {{subscription required|via=Lexis Nexis}} In Qiqihar, 14,000 structures were destroyed.{{cite news |title=Floods, Drought Plague China |agency=Associated Press |date=July 23, 1988}} {{subscription required|via=Lexis Nexis}} The city of Canton, to the southwest of Shantou, was spared by the typhoon. Across Guangdong Province, power and phone service was knocked out for 24 hours. Province-wide, 13,000 homes were demolished, with 150,000 others damaged. A total of 270 bridges in addition to {{convert|620|mi|km|abbr=on|round=5}} of telephone lines and roughly {{convert|480|mi|km|round=10|order=flip}} of roads were destroyed.{{cite news |title=Flood Hits China's Northeast, 14,000 Houses Destroyed |agency=Associated Press |date=July 23, 1988}} {{subscription required|via=Lexis Nexis}} Close to {{convert|1,000,000|MT|ST|abbr=on}} of crops were flooded. According to press reports, 17 people were killed and 153 injured. Damage was estimated at $270 million,{{cite news |title=International News |agency=United Press International |date=July 21, 1988}} {{subscription required|via=Lexis Nexis}} including $9.5 million from rice fields and $6 million from fruit trees.{{cite news |title=Typhoon Kills Six, Causes Extensive Damage |agency=Associated Press |date=July 21, 1988}} {{subscription required|via=Lexis Nexis}}

Notes

References

External links

[http://www.jma.go.jp/en/typh/ Japan Meteorological Agency]
[http://www.usno.navy.mil/JTWC/ Joint Typhoon Warning Center] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150809201922/http://www.usno.navy.mil/JTWC/ |date=2015-08-09 }}
[http://agora.ex.nii.ac.jp/digital-typhoon/summary/wnp/s/198828.html.en JMA Track]

Warren