USC&GS Explorer (1904)

Explorer was built by Pusey & Jones of Wilmington, Delaware, with yard number 316 and delivered to the U.S. Coast and Geodetic Survey on 30 November 1904.{{cite report |title=Report Of the Superintendent of the United States Coast and Geodetic Survey |year=1904 |publisher=U.S. Government Printing Office |location=Washington, D.C. |pages=17, 20=22}}{{cite web |last=Colton |first=Tim |title=Pusey & Jones, Wilmington DE |publisher=ShipbuildingHistory |date=September 12, 2014 |url=http://shipbuildinghistory.com/shipyards/large/pusey.htm |access-date=19 August 2019}}

Explorer was schooner-rigged with two masts with sails which were intended to steady the ship, not for propulsion. Propulsion was by means of a steam engine with cylinders of {{cvt|13|in|cm|1|abbr=on}} and {{cvt|26|in|cm|1|abbr=on}} with a {{cvt|20|in|cm|1|abbr=on|adj=on}} stroke driving a single {{cvt|7|ft|6|in|m|1|abbr=on|adj=on}} bronze propeller. A boiler {{cvt|10|ft|6|in|m|1|abbr=on}} in diameter and {{cvt|11|ft|m|1|abbr=on}} long provided steam. The Coast and Geodetic Survey intended the ship to perform extensive magnetic survey work in which the extensive of metal in her construction would distort observations, so she was constructed primarily of wood, with metal used only when needed and where it could be used "without defeating the purpose of the wooden hull." The hull's length was {{cvt|147|ft|m|1|abbr=on}} overall an {{cvt|139|ft|m|1|abbr=on}} between perpendiculars, its extreme beam was {{cvt|27|ft|m|1|abbr=on}}, and its depth was {{cvt|14|ft|6.5|in|m|1|abbr=on}}. Displacement was 450 tons on a mean draft of {{cvt|8|ft|7.5|in|m|1|abbr=on}}.{{cite journal |date=October 19, 1905 |title=Coast Survey Steamer Explorer |journal=Marine Review |volume=32 |issue=16 |page=27 |location=Cleveland |publisher=The Penton Publishing Co. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MR05AQAAMAAJ&pg=RA11-PA27 |access-date=20 August 2019}}

Explorer′s registry information for 1906 shows a vessel of {{GRT|335}} with the signal letters GVWJ, a speed of {{cvt|10.3|knots|mph km/h}}, an 85-ton coal capacity, and a crew of seven officers and 36 men.{{cite book |year=1906 |title=Thirty-Eighth Annual List of Merchant Vessels of the United States, Year ended June 30, 1906 |location=Washington, D.C. |publisher=Department of Commerce and Labor, Bureau of Navigation |page=411 |url=https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=nyp.33433023734100&view=image&seq=429 |access-date=20 August 2019}}

Explorer was commissioned on 29 December 1904 but was weatherbound at Wilmington until 9 March 1905, at which time she departed for Puerto Rico. She began magnetic observations at Norfolk, Virginia, and continued them during the remainder of the voyage. She then commenced hydrographic surveys and updating United States Coast Pilot information. After completing her work at Puerto Rico, she proceeded to Baltimore, Maryland, making magnetic observations during the voyage. She arrived at Baltimore on 21 June 1905 and began repairs.

Explorer left Baltimore on 26 July 1905 and reached Rockland, Maine, on 30 July 1905 to begin surveys. The cruise lasted until 2 November 1905, when Explorer returned to Baltimore for repairs. She got underway again on 4 January 1906 for the winter survey season, bound for the south coast of Puerto Rico, taking magnetic observations on the voyage. She arrived off Puerto Rico on 20 January 1906. She completed her surveys on 28 May 1906 and on 5 June 1906 arrived at Baltimore, where she undertook repairs.{{cite report |title=Report Of the Superintendent of the United States Coast and Geodetic Survey |year=1905 |publisher=U.S. Government Printing Office |location=Washington, D.C. |pages=16}} Explorer left Baltimore for northern surveys on 23 July 1906, working until the end of the season on 11 December 1906.{{cite report |title=Report Of the Superintendent of the United States Coast and Geodetic Survey |year=1907 |publisher=U.S. Government Printing Office |location=Washington, D.C. |pages=14}}

Explorer returned to Baltimore on 15 December 1906 for repairs before a major transfer in operations. On 19 February 1907 she departed Baltimore for Seattle, Washington by way of the Strait of Magellan, making magnetic observations during the voyage. On 3 July 1907 she reached San Diego, California, and she arrived at Seattle on 15 July 1907. On 17 August 1907, she sailed for the District of Alaska, beginning a pattern of conducting surveys in the north in Alaskan waters during summer and to the south along portions of the United States West Coast in winter.{{cite report |title=Report Of the Superintendent of the United States Coast and Geodetic Survey |year=1908 |publisher=U.S. Government Printing Office |location=Washington, D.C. |pages=14}} On 12 November 1907, her launch was run down by the steamer {{SS|Indianapolis||2}} in thick fog at Seattle, and two of four crewmen aboard the launch drowned in the incident.{{cite web |url=https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=hvd.hb1k9l&view=1up&seq=277 |title=Annual report of the Supervising Inspector-general Steamboat-inspection Service, Year ending June 30, 1908 |publisher=Harvard University |access-date=12 September 2019}}

The United States entered World War I in April 1917, and Explorer was transferred to the United States Navy on 22 May 1918 for war service as a patrol vessel. The Navy commissioned her as USS Explorer on 3 June 1918. The ship was assigned to patrol the canneries and fishing grounds of what was by then the Territory of Alaska, including Prince William Sound.{{cite DANFS |url=https://www.history.navy.mil/research/histories/ship-histories/danfs/e/explorer.html |title=Explorer |author=Naval History And Heritage Command |work=Dictionary of American Naval Fighting Ships |publisher=Naval History And Heritage Command |access-date=19 August 2019}} The ship. along with USC&GS Patterson and the U.S. Navy submarine chasers {{USS|SC-309}} and {{USS|SC-310}}, was assigned the patrol duty as a result of rumors of German and Industrial Workers of the World activity among the cannery and fishery workers.{{cite journal |year=1918 |title=Naval Patrol |journal=Reports of the Department of the Interior 1918 |volume=2, Indian Affairs and Territories |pages=570 |publisher=United States Department of the Interior |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=R18AAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA570 |access-date=19 August 2019}} The Navy returned Explorer to the Coast and Geodetic Survey on 31 March 1919.

Upon Explorer′s return from naval service, she was condemned in anticipation of selling her,{{cite report |title=Report Of the Superintendent of the United States Coast and Geodetic Survey |year=1919 |publisher=U.S. Government Printing Office |location=Washington, D.C. |pages=83}} and the Coast and Geodetic Survey laid up her up at Seattle. However, the Coast and Geodetic Survey director's annual report for fiscal year 1920, covering 1 July 1919 to 30 June 1920, contained an entire section dealing with the urgent need to survey Alaskan waters to enable commerce to develop in the Territory of Alaska. The report emphasized the shortage and limitations of vessels.{{cite report |title=Alaska Needs Immediate, Definite, and Adequate Relief |journal=Report of the Superintendent of the United States Coast and Geodetic Survey |year=1920 |publisher=U.S. Government Printing Office |location=Washington, D.C. |pages=37–52}} Explorer thus was put back in commission for Coast and Geodetic Survey work in February 1920. The ship was equipped for wire-drag surveying and to serve as mother ship for smaller vessels, and the survey launches USC&GS Helianthus and USC&GS ScandinaviaThe survey launches served on the section patrol during U.S. Navy World War I service as {{USS|Helianthus|SP-585}} and {{USS|Scandinavia}} (SP-3363), both of which had been repaired after World War I U.S. Navy service on the section patrol, were assigned to her. The vessels proceeded to Alaska for triangulation, topographic survey, and hydrographic survey of Stephens Passage.{{cite report |title=Annual Report Of the Director, United States Coast and Geodetic Survey to the Secretary of Commerce |year=1920 |publisher=U.S. Government Printing Office |location=Washington, D.C. |page=95}}

Explorer continued in service, and appears in the Coast and Geodetic Survey annual reports and the United States registry under "Vessels of the Coast and Geodetic Survey," into 1939.{{cite report |title=Annual Report Of the Director, United States Coast and Geodetic Survey to the Secretary of Commerce |year=1939 |publisher=U.S. Government Printing Office |location=Washington, D.C. |page=101}}{{cite book |year=1938 |title=Merchant Vessels of the United States 1938 |location=Washington, D.C. |publisher=Department of Commerce and Labor, Bureau of Navigation |page=530 |url=https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=osu.32435066707019&view=image&seq=534 |access-date=20 August 2019}} With a new survey ship, also named {{ship|USC&GS|Explorer|OSS 28}}, due to enter service in the Coast and Geodetic Survey in the spring of 1940, Explorer performed her final work for the Survey in Puget Sound in the fall of 1939 and was decommissioned after 35 years of service.{{cite report |title=Annual Report Of the Director, United States Coast and Geodetic Survey to the Secretary of Commerce |year=1940 |publisher=U.S. Government Printing Office |location=Washington, D.C. |page=121}}

After her decommissioning, Explorer was transferred to the National Youth Administration in 1939. In 1941, the United States Army acquired her, converted her into a "freight and supply ship" (FS), and renamed her Atkins (FS 237). The United States Army Corps of Engineers then used her for hydrographic survey work during World War II.{{cite book |last=Grover |first=David |title=U.S. Army Ships and Watercraft of World War II |page=80 |publisher=Naval Institute Press |year=1987 |isbn=0-87021-766-6 |lccn=87015514}}

{{reflist|group=note}}

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• USC&GS McArthur (1874)
• USC&GS Cosmos
• USC&GS Guide (1918)

{{reflist}}

• [https://digital.hagley.org/72350_0005 The steamer, Explorer, under construction. Possible launch day.]
• [https://www.history.noaa.gov/stories_tales/patterson.html "Through the Straits of Magellan on the Patterson"]
• [http://www.navsource.org/archives/12/179918.htm Navsource.com]
• [https://web.archive.org/web/20131225204518/http://www.shipbuildinghistory.com/history/shipyards/2large/inactive/pusey.htm List of ships built by Pusey and Jones]

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Category:Ships of the United States Coast and Geodetic Survey

Category:Survey ships of the United States

Category:World War I patrol vessels of the United States

Category:Ships of the United States Army

Category:Ships built by Pusey and Jones

Category:1904 ships

Category:National Youth Administration