USS Nautilus (SSN-571)

File:Hyman Rickover inspecting USS Nautilus.jpg aboard the Nautilus]]

File:nautiluscore.jpg

The conceptual design of the first nuclear submarine began in March 1950 as project SCB 64.Friedman, Submarines, pp 182Hewlett & Duncan, Nuclear Navy, pp. 162 In July 1951, the United States Congress authorized the construction of a nuclear-powered submarine for the U.S. Navy, which was planned and personally supervised by Captain (later Admiral) Hyman G. Rickover, USN, known as the "Father of the Nuclear Navy."{{cite web |url=http://www.history.navy.mil/bios/rickover.htm |publisher=Naval History & Heritage Command |title=Biography of Admiral Hyman G. Rickover|access-date=6 September 2012|archive-date=10 February 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120210172002/http://www.history.navy.mil/bios/rickover.htm}} On 12 December 1951, the US Department of the Navy announced that the submarine would be called Nautilus, the fourth U.S. Navy vessel officially so named. The boat carried the hull number SSN-571.{{cite web |url=https://www.history.navy.mil/research/histories/ship-histories/danfs/n/nautilus-ssn-571-iv.html |title=Nautilus IV (SSN-571) |work=Dictionary of American Naval Fighting Ships |year=1970 |publisher=Naval History & Heritage Command}}

Designers drew inspiration from the advanced hydrodynamic hull design of the German Type XXI U-boat developed during World War II.

The Type XXI U-boat featured a streamlined shape, which allowed for greater underwater speed and efficiency compared to earlier submarine designs that were primarily optimized for surface travel. Its revolutionary approach to underwater performance influenced post-war submarine development worldwide, including the U.S. Navy's decision to focus on fully submerged operations.

Nautilus benefited from the Greater Underwater Propulsion Power (GUPPY) improvements to the American {{sclass|Gato|submarine|5}}-, {{sclass|Balao|submarine|5}}-, and {{sclass|Tench|submarine|5}}-class submarines.{{citation needed|date=June 2016}}

File:nautilus core.jpg

Nautilus{{'}}s keel was laid at General Dynamics' Electric Boat Division in Groton, Connecticut, by Harry S. Truman on 14 June 1952.{{Cite AV media |year=1952 |title=Video: Atom Sub. President Officiates At Laying Of Keel, 1952/06/16 (1952) |url=https://archive.org/details/1952-06-16_Atom_Sub |publisher=Universal Newsreels}} She was christened on 21 January 1954 and launched into the Thames River, sponsored by Mamie Eisenhower. Nautilus was commissioned on 30 September 1954, under the command of Commander Eugene P. Wilkinson, USN.

Nautilus was powered by the Submarine Thermal Reactor (STR), later redesignated the S2W reactor, a pressurized water reactor produced for the US Navy by Westinghouse Electric Corporation. Bettis Atomic Power Laboratory, operated by Westinghouse, developed the basic reactor plant design used in Nautilus after being given the assignment on 31 December 1947 to design a nuclear power plant for a submarine.{{cite press release |url=http://www.ne.anl.gov/About/hn/news960121.shtml |title=Lab's early submarine reactor program paved the way for modern nuclear power plants |work=Argonne's Nuclear Science and Technology Legacy |date=21 January 1996 |publisher=Argonne National Laboratory |access-date=6 September 2012}} Nuclear power had a crucial advantage in submarine propulsion because it is a zero-emission process that consumes no air. This design is the basis for nearly all of the US nuclear-powered submarine and surface combat ships, and was adapted by other countries for naval nuclear propulsion. The first actual prototype (for Nautilus) was constructed and tested by the Argonne National Laboratory in 1953 at S1W at the Naval Reactors Facility, part of the National Reactor Testing Station in Idaho.{{Cite web |url=http://www.ne.anl.gov/About/hn/news960121.shtml |title=Argonne National Laboratory News Release, 21 January 1996, retrieved 31 December 2014 |access-date=3 May 2012 |archive-date=27 April 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170427064440/http://www.ne.anl.gov/About/hn/news960121.shtml |url-status=live }}{{Cite web |url=http://www.ne.anl.gov/About/reactors/lwr3.shtml |title=Reactors designed by Argonne National Laboratory, retrieved 31 December 2014 |access-date=1 January 2015 |archive-date=22 June 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120622185310/http://www.ne.anl.gov/About/reactors/lwr3.shtml |url-status=live }}

Nautilus ship's patch was designed by The Walt Disney Company, and her wardroom currently displays a set of tableware made of zirconium, as the nuclear fuel cladding was partly made of zirconium.{{Citation_needed|date=August 2019}}

Following her commissioning, Nautilus remained dockside for further construction and testing. On the morning of 17 January 1955, at 11 am EST, Nautilus{{'}} first Commanding Officer, Commander Eugene P. Wilkinson, ordered all lines cast off and signaled the memorable and historic message, "Underway on nuclear power."{{cite web |url=http://www.ussnautilus.org/events/2005Jan1750thAnnUnderNP/Wilkinson_speech.shtml |title=USS Nautilus Events |website=www.ussnautilus.org |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110613170217/http://www.ussnautilus.org/events/2005Jan1750thAnnUnderNP/Wilkinson_speech.shtml |archive-date=2011-06-13}} On 10 May, she headed south for shakedown. Submerged throughout, she traveled {{cvt|1100|nmi|km smi|lk=on|sp=us}} from New London to San Juan, Puerto Rico and covered {{cvt|1200|nmi|km smi|sp=us}} in less than ninety hours. At the time, this was the longest submerged cruise by a submarine and at the highest sustained speed (for at least one hour) ever recorded.{{Citation_needed|date=August 2019}}

File:SS-571-Nautilus-trials.gif

From 1955 to 1957, Nautilus continued to be used to investigate the effects of increased submerged speeds and endurance. These improvements rendered the progress made in anti-submarine warfare during World War II virtually obsolete. Radar and anti-submarine aircraft, which had proved crucial in defeating submarines during the war, proved ineffective against a vessel able to move quickly out of an area, change depth quickly and stay submerged for very long periods.Friedman, Submarines, pp 109

On 4 February 1957, Nautilus logged her 60,000th nautical mile ({{cvt|60000|nmi|disp=output only}}), matching the endurance of her namesake, the fictional Nautilus described in Jules Verne's novel Twenty Thousand Leagues Under The Sea.{{cite web |url=https://www.history.navy.mil/research/histories/ship-histories/danfs/n/nautilus-ssn-571-iv.html |title=Nautilus IV (SSN-571) |publisher=Naval History & Heritage Command |work=Dictionary of American Naval Fighting Ships |quote=On 4 February 1957, Nautilus logged her 60,000th nautical mile to bring to reality the achievements of her fictitious namesake in Jules Verne's 20,000 Leagues Under the Sea. |access-date=6 September 2012}} In May, she departed for the Pacific Coast to participate in coastal exercises and the fleet exercise, operation "Home Run," which acquainted units of the Pacific Fleet with the capabilities of nuclear submarines.{{Citation_needed|date=August 2019}}

File:GWBridgeUSSNautilus.agr.jpg during a visit to New York Harbor in 1956]]

Nautilus returned to New London, Connecticut, on 21 July and departed again on 19 August for her first voyage of {{cvt|1200|nmi|km smi|sp=us}} under the polar pack ice. Thereafter, she headed for the Eastern Atlantic to participate in NATO exercises and conduct a tour of various British and French ports where she was inspected by defense personnel of those countries. She arrived back at New London on 28 October, underwent upkeep, and then conducted coastal operations until the spring.{{Citation_needed|date=August 2019}}

{{see also|Operation Sunshine (USS Nautilus)|label 1=Operation Sunshine}}

In response to the Soviet Union's successful launch of Sputnik, President Eisenhower ordered the U.S. Navy to attempt a submarine transit of the North Pole as a technological showpiece.{{cite web |url=http://ct.arrl.org/IceDiariesFactSheet.pdf |title=Fact Sheet – USS Nautilus and Voyage to North Pole, August 1958 |last=Anderson |first=William R |access-date=6 September 2012 |archive-date=30 March 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120330182429/http://ct.arrl.org/IceDiariesFactSheet.pdf }} On 25 April 1958, Nautilus was underway again for the West Coast, now commanded by Commander William R. Anderson, USN. Stopping at San Diego, San Francisco, and Seattle, she began her history-making polar transit, "Operation Sunshine", as she departed the latter port on 9 June. On 19 June, she entered the Chukchi Sea, but was turned back by deep drift ice in those shallow waters. On 28 June, she arrived at Pearl Harbor to await better ice conditions.{{Citation_needed|date=August 2019}}

By 23 July, her wait was over, and she set a course northward.{{Cite web |url=http://www.submarinemuseum.org/nautilus/index.shtml |title=Submarine Force Museum, History of USS NAUTILUS (SSN 571) |access-date=10 June 2016 |archive-date=19 June 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160619060331/http://www.submarinemuseum.org/nautilus/index.shtml }} She submerged in the Barrow Sea Valley on 1 August and on 3 August, at 2315 hrs. EDT she became the first watercraft to reach the geographic North Pole. The ability to navigate at extreme latitudes without surfacing was enabled by the technology of the North American Aviation N6A-1 Inertial Navigation System, a naval modification of the N6A used in the Navaho cruise missile; it had been installed on Nautilus and {{USS|Skate|SSN-578|2}} after initial sea trials on {{USS|Compass Island|AG-153|6}} in 1957.{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1T0NbffwteoC&pg=PA71 |title=Steel Boats, Iron Men: History of the US Submarine Force |publisher=Turner |page=71 |isbn=978-1-56311-081-8 |year=1994 |access-date=6 September 2012}} From the North Pole, she continued and after 96 hours and {{cvt|1590|nmi|sp=us}} under the ice, surfaced northeast of Greenland, having completed the first successful submerged voyage around the North Pole. The technical details of this mission were planned by scientists from the Naval Electronics Laboratory including Dr. Waldo Lyon who accompanied Nautilus as chief scientist and ice pilot.{{Cite book |title=Under Ice: Waldo Lyon and the Development of the Arctic Submarine |first=William M. |last=Leary |location=College Station, TX |publisher=Texas A&M University Press |year=1999}}

File:Nautilus 90N Record.png

Navigation beneath the arctic ice sheet was difficult. Above 85°N both magnetic compasses and normal gyrocompasses become inaccurate. A special gyrocompass built by Sperry Rand was installed shortly before the journey. There was a risk that the submarine would become disoriented beneath the ice and that the crew would have to play "longitude roulette". Commander Anderson had considered using torpedoes to blow a hole in the ice if the submarine needed to surface.{{cite book |last=Konstam |first=Angus |title=Naval Miscellany |orig-date=2008 |date=May 2010 |publisher=Oxprey |isbn=978-1-84603-989-8 |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/navalmiscellany0000kons}}

The most difficult part of the journey was in the Bering Strait. The ice extended as much as {{cvt|60|ft|m}} below sea level. During the initial attempt to go through the Bering Strait, there was insufficient room between the ice and the sea bottom. During the second, successful attempt to pass through the Bering passage, the submarine passed through a known channel close to Alaska (this was not the first choice, as the submarine wanted to avoid detection).{{Citation_needed|date=August 2019}}

The trip beneath the ice cap was an important boost for America as the Soviets had recently launched Sputnik, but had no nuclear submarine of their own. During the address announcing the journey, the president mentioned that one day nuclear cargo submarines might use that route for trade.{{cite book |last1=Anderson |first1=William R |author-link=William Anderson (naval officer) |last2=Blair |first2=Clay |title=Nautilus 90 North |orig-date=1959 |date=May 1989 |publisher=McGraw-Hill |isbn=0-8306-4005-3}}

As Nautilus proceeded south from Greenland, a helicopter airlifted Commander Anderson to connect with transport to Washington, D.C. At a White House ceremony on 8 August, President Eisenhower presented him with the Legion of Merit and announced that the crew had earned a Presidential Unit Citation.{{Cite news |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/richmond-times-dispatch-atomic-sub-cross/145509360/ |title=Atomic Sub Crosses North Pole |newspaper=Richmond Times-Dispatch |place=Washington |agency=AP |pages=1, [https://www.newspapers.com/article/richmond-times-dispatch-atomic-sub-cross/145509583/ 7] |date=1958-08-08 |publication-date=9 August 1958 |access-date=2024-04-16 |via=Newspapers.com}}

At her next port of call, the Isle of Portland, England, she received the Unit Citation, the first ever issued in peace time, from American Ambassador JH Whitney, and then crossed the Atlantic reaching New London, Connecticut, on 29 October. For the remainder of the year, Nautilus operated from her home port of New London.{{Citation needed|date=August 2019}}

File:USS Nautilus SSN-571 - 0857101.jpg

File:SSN571_damage.jpg

File:SSN571.svg

Following fleet exercises in early 1959, Nautilus entered the Portsmouth Naval Shipyard in Kittery, Maine, for her first complete overhaul (28 May 1959 – 15 August 1960). Overhaul was followed by refresher training and on 24 October she departed New London for her first deployment with the Sixth Fleet in the Mediterranean Sea, returning to her home-port on 16 December.{{Citation_needed|date=August 2019}}

Nautilus spent most of her career assigned to Submarine Squadron 10 (SUBRON 10) at State Pier in New London, Connecticut. Nautilus and other submarines in the squadron made their home tied up alongside the tender, where they received preventive maintenance, and if necessary, repairs, from the well-equipped submarine tender USS Fulton (AS-11) and her crew of machinists, millwrights, and other craftsmen.{{Citation_needed|date=August 2019}}

Nautilus operated in the Atlantic, conducting evaluation tests for ASW improvements and participating in NATO exercises. During October 1962, Nautilus participated in the naval blockade of Cuba until she headed east again for a two-month Mediterranean tour in August 1963. On her return she joined in fleet exercises until entering the Portsmouth Naval Shipyard for her second overhaul on 17 January 1964.{{Citation_needed|date=August 2019}}

On 2 May 1966, Nautilus returned to her homeport to resume operations with the Atlantic Fleet, and at some point during that month, logged her 300,000th nautical mile ({{cvt|300000|nmi|km mi|disp=output only}}) underway. For the next year and a quarter she conducted special operations for ComSubLant and then in August 1967, returned to Portsmouth, for another year's stay. During an exercise in 1966 she collided with the aircraft carrier {{USS|Essex|CV-9|6}} on 10 November, while at shallow depth.{{Cite web |url=http://www.submarinesailor.com/bbs2/forums/thread-view.asp?tid=3713&start=1 |title=Viewing a thread}} Following repairs in Portsmouth she conducted exercises off the southeastern seaboard. She returned to New London in December 1968 and operated as a unit of Submarine Squadron 10 for most of the remainder of her career.{{Citation_needed|date=August 2019}}

On 9 April 1979, Nautilus set out from Groton, Connecticut on her final voyage{{cite web |title=Nautilus (SSN-571) |url=https://www.history.navy.mil/browse-by-topic/ships/submarines/uss-nautilus.html |website=history.navy.mil |access-date=19 May 2023}} under the command of Richard A. Riddell.{{cite web |title=Book Talk with Dick Riddell |url=https://thekensingtonfallschurch.com/events/book-talk-signing-dick-riddell/ |website=thekensingtonfallschurch.com |publisher=KENSINGTON SENIOR LIVING |access-date=2 June 2023}} She reached Mare Island Naval Shipyard of Vallejo, California on 26 May 1979, her last day underway. She was decommissioned and stricken from the Naval Vessel Register on 3 March 1980.{{cite news |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=aQtWAAAAIBAJ&pg=6820%2C1031573 |newspaper=Eugene Register-Guard |agency=Associated Press |title=Navy retires Nautilus sub after 25 years |date=4 March 1980 |page=7B |place=Mare Island, California |access-date=2024-04-16 |via=Google News Archive}}

Toward the end of her service, the hull and sail of Nautilus vibrated sufficiently that sonar became ineffective at more than {{cvt|4|kn}} speed.{{cite web |url=http://www.ussnautilus.org/events/2004Nov17goldenyear/Riddell_lecture.shtml |title=Riddell lecture 2004 |access-date=21 December 2014 |archive-date=3 July 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190703190926/http://www.ussnautilus.org/events/2004Nov17goldenyear/Riddell_lecture.shtml }} As noise generation is extremely undesirable in submarines, this made the vessel vulnerable to sonar detection. Lessons learned from this problem were applied to later nuclear submarines.{{cite book |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=p8WkkBIeKR4C&q=noise+nautilus&pg=PT161 |author=Norman Polmar and Kenneth J. Moore |title=Cold War Submarines. The Design and Construction of U.S. and Soviet Submarines. |publisher=Potomac Books, 2004 |chapter=Chapter 4 |date=14 May 2014 |isbn=978-1-57488-530-9}}

{{Blockquote|For outstanding achievement in completing the first voyage in history across the top of the world, by cruising under the Arctic ice cap from the Bering Strait to the Greenland Sea.

During the period 22 July 1958 to 5 August 1958, USS Nautilus, the world's first nuclear powered ship, added to her list of historic achievements by crossing the Arctic Ocean from the Bering Sea to the Greenland Sea, passing submerged beneath the geographic North Pole. This voyage opens the possibility of a new commercial seaway, a Northwest Passage, between the major oceans of the world. Nuclear-powered cargo submarines may, in the future, use this route to the advantage of world trade.

The skill, professional competency and courage of the officers and crew of Nautilus were in keeping with the highest traditions of the Armed Forces of the United States and the pioneering spirit which has always characterized the country.{{cite web |url=http://www.ussnautilus.org/events/panopo50th/puc.html |title=Citation – Presidential Unit Citation for making the first submerged voyage under the North Pole |website=US Navy Submarine Force Museum |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090204062318/http://www.ussnautilus.org/events/panopo50th/puc.html |archive-date=4 February 2009}}}}

To commemorate the first submerged voyage under the North Pole, all Nautilus crewmembers who made the voyage may wear a Presidential Unit Citation ribbon with a special clasp in the form of a gold block letter N (image above).{{cite web |url=http://www.amtrac.org/1atbn/Commendations/description/PUC.asp |title=Navy Presidential Unit Citation |publisher=1st Amphibian Tractor Battalion |access-date=6 September 2012}}

Nautilus was designated a National Historic Landmark by the United States Secretary of the Interior on 20 May 1982.

{{cite web |url={{NHLS url |id=79002653}}

|title=National Register of Historic Places Inventory-Nomination / USS Nautilus (SSN-571)

|format=pdf

|date=12 February 1982

|first=James W.

|last=Sheire

|publisher=National Park Service

|access-date=6 September 2012

}} and
{{cite web |url={{NHLS url |id=79002653 |photos=y}}

|title=Accompanying Photos

|publisher=National Park Service

|access-date=6 September 2012

}}

She was named as the official state ship of Connecticut in 1983.{{cite web |url=http://www.sots.ct.gov/RegisterManual/SectionX/SITESEALSYMB.htm |title=State of Connecticut, Sites, Seals, Symbols |access-date=4 January 2007 |work=Connecticut State Register & Manual |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070120064339/http://www.sots.ct.gov/RegisterManual/SectionX/SITESEALSYMB.htm |archive-date=20 January 2007}} Following an extensive conversion at Mare Island Naval Shipyard, Nautilus was towed back to Groton, under the command of Captain John Almon, arriving on 6 July 1985. On 11 April 1986, Nautilus opened to the public as part of the Submarine Force Library and Museum.{{cite web |url=http://www.ussnautilus.org/nautilus/index.shtml |title=History of USS Nautilus (SSN 571) |publisher=Submarine Force Library and Museum |access-date=6 September 2012 |archive-date=9 April 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100409071834/http://www.ussnautilus.org/nautilus/index.shtml }}

Nautilus now serves as a museum of submarine history operated by the Naval History and Heritage Command. The ship underwent a five-month preservation in 2002 at Electric Boat, at a cost of approximately $4.7 million (~${{Format price|{{Inflation|index=US-GDP|value=4700000|start_year=2002}}}} in {{Inflation/year|US-GDP}}). Nautilus attracts some 250,000 visitors annually to her present berth near Naval Submarine Base New London.{{cite web |title=WELCOME TO NAVAL SUBMARINE BASE NEW LONDON |url=https://cnrma.cnic.navy.mil/Installations/SUBASE-New-London/ |website=cnrma.cnic.mil |publisher=Official U.S. Navy Website |access-date=2 June 2023}}

Nautilus celebrated the 50th anniversary of her commissioning on 30 September 2004 with a ceremony that included a speech from Vice Admiral Eugene P. Wilkinson, her first Commanding Officer, and a designation of the ship as an American Nuclear Society National Nuclear Landmark.{{Citation_needed|date=August 2019}}

Visitors may tour the forward two compartments, with guidance from an automated system. Despite similar alterations to exhibit the engineering spaces, tours aft of the control room are not permitted due to safety and security concerns.{{Citation_needed|date=August 2019}}

In March 2022, Nautilus began a restoration process that was expected to last 6 to 8 months. Included in the work: blasting and painting of the hull, installation of new top decks, as well as upgraded interior lighting and electrical.{{Cite web |url=https://www.bostonglobe.com/2022/03/19/metro/facelift-fabled-submarine-that-has-sailed-into-history/ |title=Facelift for a fabled submarine that has sailed into history - the Boston Globe |website=The Boston Globe}} The restoration was completed at a cost of US$36 million.{{cite web |last1=Moser |first1=Erica |title=World's First Nuclear-Powered Submarine Returns Home After a $36 Million Facelift |url=https://www.military.com/daily-news/2022/09/10/worlds-first-nuclear-powered-submarine-returns-home-after-36-million-facelift.html |website=Military.com |access-date=11 September 2022 |language=en |date=10 September 2022}}

• {{USS|Skate|SSN-578}} (first submarine to surface at the North Pole)
• National Register of Historic Places listings in New London County, Connecticut
• List of museum ships
• Submarine Cargo Vessel
• Merchant submarine

{{Reflist}}

• {{cite book |last=Friedman |first=Norman |title=U.S. Submarines Since 1945: An Illustrated Design History |publisher=United States Naval Institute |year=1994 |location=Annapolis, Maryland |url= |doi= |isbn=1-55750-260-9}}
• {{cite book |last1=Hewlett |first1=Richard |last2=Duncan |first2=Francis |title=Nuclear Navy 1946-1962 |publisher=University of Chicago Press |year=1974 |location=Chicago, Illinois |url=https://www.energy.gov/lm/articles/hewlett-and-duncan-nuclear-navy-1946-1962 |isbn=0-226-33219-5 |via=U.S. Department of Energy}}

{{Commons category}}

• [http://www.ussnautilus.org US Navy Submarine Force Museum]: Official home of USS Nautilus
• {{HNSA|uss-nautilus-ssn-571}}: USS Nautilus
• [http://eisenhower.archives.gov/research/online_documents/uss_nautilus.html Documents regarding the USS Nautilus (SSN-571)], Dwight D. Eisenhower Presidential Library
• {{Internet Archive film clip|id=1958-08-11_A-Sub_Epic|description=A-Sub Epic. Nautilus Pioneers North Pole Seaway, 1958/08/11 (1958))}}
• {{cite web |last=Reagle |first=Jason |title=The First ICEX: A Historical Journey of USS Nautilus (SSN-571) |url=http://www.navy.mil/navydata/cno/n87/usw/usw_summer_09/nautilus.html |date=Summer 2009 |work=Undersea Warfare |publisher=U.S. Navy |access-date=3 March 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100404075315/http://www.navy.mil/navydata/cno/n87/usw/usw_summer_09/nautilus.html |archive-date=4 April 2010 |df=dmy-all}}
• [http://www.navsource.org/archives/08/08571.htm Photo gallery of USS Nautilus at NavSource.org]
• [https://web.archive.org/web/20150101040825/http://www.navsource.org/archives/08/08571a.htm Old NavSource USS Nautilus Photo gallery]
• {{DANFS|http://www.history.navy.mil/research/histories/ship-histories/danfs/n/nautilus-ssn-571-iv.html}}

{{National Register of Historic Places}}

{{US state ships}}

{{Polar exploration|state=collapsed}}

{{US submarine classes after 1945}}

{{Coord|41|23|14|N|72|05|18|W|type:landmark_region:US-CT|display=title}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Nautilus (Ssn-571)}}

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